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Download (7MB) Syarahan Perdana Profesor UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH AIR DAN KEMANDIRIAN PULAU Menyelami Nadi Alam Yang Tersirat oleh Mohd Harun abdullah Sekolah Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Malaysia Sabah PENGENALAN Air : asas bagi kehidupan semua organisma; perlu untuk kemapanan sesebuah ekosistem termasuk ekosistem pulau. Memahami sistem dan sifat sumber air di ekosistem pulau wajar diterokai. Eilandhydrology – bidang mempelajari taburan, pergerakan dan sifat air dalam ekosistem pulau bersaiz kecil secara saintifik. Air : nadi alam oleh kerana aliran dan kitarannya di dalam alam merupakan penentu kemandirian sesuatu organisma mahupun sesebuah ekosistem. SIFAT DAN KEISTIMEWAAN AIR Ketumpatan Air. Air mempunyai ketumpatan yang berbeza berdasarkan tahap kemasinan yang berlainan (air masin lebih tumpat daripada air tawar). Providing safe drinking water is reachable goal for every islander … sifat dan keistimewaan air Ketegangan Permukaan Air. Molekul air mampu menghasilkan banyak ikatan hidrogen yang kuat. The totality of the force is so great on the water column found in xylem elements; the water is physically pulled upwards to meet the demand of the transpiring cells. This pull or force that drains the water is called transpiration pull or suction pressure. … sifat dan keistimewaan air Kepolaran Air. Kepolaran dan pemalar dwielektrik yang tinggi menjadikan air sebagai pelarut yang sangat baik. Each water molecule can make or accept two H-Bonds, the strong attraction between hydrogen atoms on one water molecule to the oxygen atom on another water molecule. … sifat dan keistimewaan air Muatan Haba Air. Muatan haba air yang besar, 75.5 J/mol K, menyimpan haba di dalam air dengan kuantiti yang banyak tetapi dengan perubahan suhu yang minimum. Molecules undergo many characteristic internal vibrations. Potential energy stored in these internal degrees of freedom contributes to a sample’s energy content, but not to its temperature. More internal degrees of freedom tend to increase a substance's specific heat capacity, so long as temperatures are high enough to overcome quantum effects. Tumbuh-Tumbuhan dan Keistimewaan Air Tumbuhan-tumbuhan komponen utama menduduki permukaan bumi di sesebuah pulau. MENGENALI KEISTIMEWAAN DAN EKOSISTEM PULAU Keistimewaan Pulau Pulau suatu lokasi yang mempunyai pelbagai fungsi dan nilai (sosio-ekonomi, pelancongan, alam sekitar, pertahanan dll.). .... keistimewaan Pulau Menjadi daya tarikan dan destinasi pelancongan yang membawa banyak manfaat khususnya menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Negeri Sabah mencatat ketibaan pelancong seramai 2.5 juta orang dan pendapatan hasil daripada pelancongan sekitar RM4 billion pada tahun 2009. Tourism Economy revenue Keunikan Pulau Bersaiz Kecil dan Sumber Air Kebanyakan pulau yang terdapat di sekitar perairan Malaysia bersaiz kecil. Pulau bersaiz kecil mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal, demografi dan ekonomi yang tersendiri. Geologi pulau mempengaruhi kualiti dan kehadiran air bawah tanah di pulau. air laut air laut air payau air payau pulau pulau air tawar air tawar air masin batuan dasar batuan dasar air masin (a) Pulau batu karang (b) Pulau dengan dasar yang tak telap Keadaan sumber air bawah tanah di pulau bersaiz kecil yang berlainan geologi KEMAPANAN PULAU DARI PERSPEKTIF SUMBER AIR Kewujudan dan Simpanan Air di Pulau Pulau bersaiz kecil mempunyai keluasan kawasan yang terhad; tidak mempunyai air permukaan sebagai sumber air tawar; mempunyai ciri-ciri dan masalah unik yang tersendiri, dan mudah terancam terhadap ketidak-imbangan hidrologi. Dua masalah yang lazim dikaitkan dalam hal sedemikian yakni aspek kuantiti air dan aspek kualiti air yang wujud di pulau berkenaan. Permukaan tanah Zon air tanah Zon vados pertengahan Zon udara Air vados water Zon rerambut Muka air bawah tanah Air bawah Zon tepu tanah (Air freatik) Batuan tak telap Profil air bawah tanah di pulau. Konsep Imbangan Air di Pulau K – SP – LP – I S = r di mana, K = kerpasan SP = sejatpeluhan LP = larian permukaan I = imbuhan air bawah tanah S = perubahan simpanan air tanah r = jumlah ralat dlm imbangan air SP K LP Small Islands and Groundwater Freshwater lens typical of small islands showing disruption of the freshwater/saltwater interface by pumping wells Pembekalan Air Tawar Dengan sumber air bawah tanah pulau yang terhad, bekalan air tawar di pulau bersaiz kecil lazimnya diperolehi daripada beberapa sumber pilihan yang lain seperti pengumpulan air hujan, pemerangkapan air aliran permukaan, penyahmasinan air laut atau air payau, dan membawa masuk air dari tempat lain. Lakaran rekabentuk penuaian air hujan KAJIAN AIR BAWAH TANAH PULAU DI MALAYSIA Di Malaysia kajian-kajian sumber air bawah tanah di pulau telah dilakukan oleh pelbagai pihak untuk pelbagai tujuan. Praveena et al. (2011) telah mengkategorikan kajian-kajian sedemikian kepada tiga perspektif: • perspektif lokasi penyelidikan • perspektif kaedah penyelidikan • perspektif jenis penyelidikan. Penggunaan Model Numerik dalam Penyelidikan Air Bawah Tanah Pulau Contoh beberapa jenis model: SUTRA, ASMWIN- Aquifer Simulation Model for Windows, MT3D model, Visual MODFLOW dan SEAWAT-2000. Pencuaran di kawasan telaga pengepaman di Pulau Manukan. Contoh aplikasi Model Numerik bagi kawasan rendah di Pulau Manukan mengguna protokol permodelan Numerical model of Manukan Island Analisis Hidrokimia dalam Penyelidikan Air Bawah Tanah Pulau Analisis hidrokimia merupakan kaedah kedua paling banyak diguna dalam kajian air bawah tanah di pulau-pulau di Malaysia. Cara ini paling cepat dan mudah untuk menentu kualiti dan jenis air bawah tanah. Output diguna bagi memahami perubahan kualiti air. Penggunaan Kaedah Geofizik dalam Penyelidikan Air Bawah Tanah Pulau Kaedah geofizik berguna untuk menyokong dapatan yang diperolehi daripada sesuatu kajian air bawah tanah. Kajian mengguna teknik geoelektrik untuk menerangkan ciri-ciri air bawah tanah, dan menentukan bidang temu air tawar-air laut di dalam sesuatu akuifer. PENGURUSAN & PEMONITORAN SUMBER AIR PULAU DI MALAYSIA Kemapanan sumber air tawar di pulau saling bergantung dengan kemapanan ekosistem pulau secara keseluruhan. Di Malaysia, urus tadbir pulau secara umumnya boleh dibahagikan kepada dua kategori, iaitu urus tadbir di bawah bidangkuasa Kerajaan Pusat dan urus tadbir di bawah bidang kuasa Kerajaan Negeri. Pengurusan pulau oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan, seperti bidang kuasa pejabat daerah; ada juga di antara pulau-pulau diurus oleh Jabatan Taman Laut. Rang Undang-Undang Di Malaysia terdapat beberapa rang undang- undang yang berkaitan dengan pemantauan kualiti air bawah tanah, di antaranya Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (1974), Akta Penyiasatan Kajibumi (1974), Enakmen Bekalan Air Negeri dan Akta Makanan (1983). Stesen telaga pemantau kualiti air bawah tanah Jabatan Alam Sekitar, di Pulau Manukan Pemantauan Sumber Air Tawar Sejenis alat penyampel air bawah tanah Penilaian Kualiti Air Bawah Tanah Rajah Piper PETUNJUK Air laut Pulau Sipadan: Suatu Iktibar dan Harapan Pulau Sipadan Kemerosotan Kualiti Sumber Air dan Alam Sekitar Pulau Sipadan SEJARAH PEMBINAAN RESORT DI PULAU SIPADAN: • Wujud sebuah syarikat resort pada penghujung tahun 1980an. • Bertambah menjadi tiga buah pengusaha resort yang berlainan pada tahun 1990. • Seterusnya meningkat menjadi enam buah syarikat resort yang beroperasi di pulau ini. PETUNJUK Percampuran terus air tawar dengan air laut Air laut Komposisi asal kation air bawah tanah yang tawar Peralihan kation Peningkatan (peningkatan ion kandungan Na; pengurangan klorida ion Ca) Evolusi komposisi ion utama air bawah tanah di Pulau Sipadan Harapan Masa Depan Pada tahun 2002, Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa (ICJ) memutuskan bahawa Pulau Sipadan dan Pulau Ligitan milik Malaysia. Menyusuli, arahan Kerajaan: semua pengusaha pelancongan diminta berpindah dari Pulau Sipadan bagi melindungi ekosistem pulau. …..harapan masa depan Kepekatan klorida di dalam air bawah tanah kawasan tengah Pulau Sipadan mula menurun tahun 2005. (Arahan semua resort keluar dari Pulau Sipadan pada tahun 2003) ISU DAN CABARAN Outstanding Balanced Experiencing water tourist between stress due to Vulnerable to destinations recharge & groundwater climate change discharge extraction Economic Extractions, Easily Pressure of island growth evapotranspiration, overexploited resources and discharge and impacts of mixing of seawater freshwater resources Masalah Pertama Penerobosan Air Laut Pumping causes a cone of depression and... …draws the salt water upwards into the well. Masalah Kedua Ancaman pada Kestabilan Ekosistem Luahan air bawah tanah secara berterusan akan menurunkan kualiti sumber air tawar pulau, dan selanjutnya berpotensi mengancam kestabilan ekosistem pulau secara keseluruhannya. "Water, water everywhere but not a drop to drink." - SAMUEL COLERIDGE, The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Masalah Ketiga Larut resap air buangan Kehadiran manusia di atas pulau mengundang penyerapan air buangan dan larut resap ke dalam akuifer. Cabaran Pertama Peningkatan bilangan pelawat atau pelancong di sesebuah pulau yang mengakibatkan permintaan terhadap air tawar turut meningkat melebihi daya tampungan pulau tersebut Cabaran Kedua Pemanasan global menjadi cabaran kedua dan merupakan ancaman besar terhadap kemandirian dan kewujudan pulau-pulau yang bersaiz kecil dan bertopografi rendah. PENUTUP Pulau aset penting Negara. Sumber air dalam pulau amat berkait rapat dengan kestabilan ekosistem sesebuah pulau. Justeru, strategi the way forward dalam penyelidikan dan pengurusan pulau-pulau di Malaysia perlu dirangka. Perlu ada perancangan yang strategik untuk jangkamasa panjang. Pulau Layang-Layang Penghargaan & Ucapan Terima Kasih Kepada: Naib Canselor UMS; Para pelajar saya; Guru saya; Jabatan Hidupan Liar Sabah; Kement.Pelancongan & Pembang. Alam Sekitar; Taman-Taman Sabah; Rakan-rakan seperjuangan; Penghargaan & Ucapan Terima Kasih Khas: ibu & ayah; isteri & anak-anak; Jwtnkuasa Penganjur, Pej Pendaftar, Unit Penerbitan, BPK, UMTP, JPP & individu2. TERIMA KASIH Buku-Buku berikut diterbitkan pada Mei 2012 oleh Penerbit UMS .
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  • Malaysia Special :: X-RAY Magazine :: Issue 3
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