Fictional Names and Fictional Discourse

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Fictional Names and Fictional Discourse Fictional names and fictional discourse Chiara Panizza ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. 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FICTIONAL NAMES AND FICTIONAL DISCOURSE Universitat de Barcelona Facultat de Filosofia Departament de Filosofia Programa de Doctorat en Ciència Cognitiva i Llenguatge Director de la tesi: Manuel García-Carpintero Sánchez-Miguel Director de la tesi: Josep Macià Fàbrega Tutor de la tesi: Josep Macià Fàbrega Doctorand: Chiara Panizza FICTIONAL NAMES AND FICTIONAL DISCOURSE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Manuel García-Carpintero and Josep Macià, for encouraging and motivating my research, and for their invaluable contributions, with written comments and discussion, to the ideas and arguments I put forward in this dissertation. Special thanks go to Manuel García-Carpintero and Sven Rosenkranz for allowing me to combine my research with my administrative job (for the PERSP, PETAF and DIAPHORA research projects) over the past six years. Additional thanks go to the (past and present) members of the LOGOS research group, for a much valuable philosophical discussion, and for creating a friendly and stimulating work environment. I thank Stacie Friend for supervising me during a visiting term at Heythrop College, University of London, in 2007. I also would like to thank Paco Murcia, for being such a great colleague. I finally thank Michael Maudsley for the grammatical revision of this dissertation. My research was funded through a predoctoral fellowship offered by the Catalan Government (Generalitat de Catalunya), and by different research projects (‘Truth in Special Contexts’, ‘Semántica y Pragmática de los Contextos Especiales’, ‘La Naturaleza de la Aseveración: Consecuencias para el Relativismo y el Ficcionalismo’ and ‘About Ourselves’). 3 FICTIONAL NAMES AND FICTIONAL DISCOURSE RESUMEN EN CASTELLANO Los nombres de ficción como ‘Sherlock Holmes’, ‘Anna Karenina’ y ‘Don Quijote de la Mancha’ aparecen en diferentes contextos de discurso, en los que hablamos de los personajes de ficción de una forma que muestra que nuestras intuiciones preteóricas sobre el uso de este tipo de nombres a menudo tienden en direcciones opuestas. Por ejemplo, hablando sobre la obra de ficción Las aventuras de Sherlock Holmes, podríamos decir que Sherlock Holmes es un brillante detective que colabora con Scotland Yard; sin embargo, si nos preguntaran si Sherlock Holmes podría ayudar a la policía británica, diríamos que, siendo sólo un detective ficticio, evidentemente no podría ser de ninguna ayuda para resolver crímenes en la realidad. También nos referimos a Sherlock Holmes como a un personaje de ficción creado por el escritor escocés Sir Arthur Conan Doyle y, al mismo tiempo, como a un detective de ficción y, por lo tanto, como a un ejemplo de algo que no existe. El punto de partencia de esta disertación es precisamente un análisis semántico de los enunciados que contienen nombres de ficción. Ejemplos de enunciados de este tipo son ‘Sherlock Holmes fuma la pipa’, ‘Sherlock Holmes no existe’ o ‘Sherlock Holmes es un personaje de ficción’. El problema semántico fundamental que postulan dichos enunciados podría sintetizarse de la siguiente manera: ¿cómo es posible explicar la intuición de que tales enunciados dan lugar a usos lingüísticos significativos y, en algún sentido, verdaderos, aun cuando parezca que uno no está hablando acerca de nada o nadie real? En el debate filosófico contemporáneo sobre la ficción hay dos corrientes teóricas principales: por una parte, las teorías irrealistas, que argumentan que los nombres de ficción carecen de referentes y, por la otra, las teorías realistas, que argumentan que los nombres de ficción refieren a entidades ficticias. Si asumimos que los nombres de ficción carecen de referentes, como teorizan los irrealistas, nos enfrentamos a preguntas semánticas sobre cómo dar sentido a los aparentes fenómenos de referencia y verdad en el discurso de ficción. Las teorías irrealistas suelen proponer que los enunciados que contienen nombres de ficción deben ser parafraseados en términos de enunciados generales que expresan proposiciones conceptuales, esto es, enunciados que no contienen nombres de ficción en posiciones referenciales y, de ese 4 FICTIONAL NAMES AND FICTIONAL DISCOURSE modo, evitan comprometerse con objetos ficticios que oficien de referentes de tales nombres. Por otra parte, las teorías realistas se comprometen con la existencia de objetos ficticios, por lo general referidos por los nombres de ficción. Si asumimos que los nombres de ficción refieren a entidades ficticias, como teorizan los realistas, nos enfrentamos a cuestiones semánticas sobre los enunciados en los que parece haber referencia y verdad acerca de las entidades ficticias, juntamente con cuestiones metafísicas sobre la naturaleza de dichas entidades. Esta disertación consta de seis capítulos. Después de presentar los datos y los objetivos de mi investigación en el Capítulo 1, en el Capítulo 2 analizo las que considero ser dos de las propuestas irrealista más influyentes, la de Kendall L. Walton (1990) y la de Mark Sainsbury (2005 y 2010), que ofrecen un análisis de los nombres de ficción, y a la vez de los enunciados en los que aparecen, sin invocar entidades ficticias. Posteriormente, analizo las tres principales teorías realistas sobre la ficción, es decir el Meinongianismo, el Posibilismo y el Creacionismo. Si las tres teorías comparten la asunción ontológica de que sí hay entidades ficticias, sin embargo discrepan acerca de la naturaleza metafísica de tales entidades. Los capítulos 3, 4 y 5 están dedicados a un análisis detallado de los pros y los contras de cada una de esta teoría realista, con respecto al análisis semántico de los nombres de ficción y de los enunciados en los que aparecen. Finalmente, en el Capitulo 6 asumo la teoría ontológica y metafísica conocida como Creacionismo, según la cual los personajes de ficción existen en la realidad como artefactos creados por la actividad artística de los autores. Por lo tanto, son artefactos en el mismo sentido en que lo es una silla o un coche, pero con una diferencia: son abstractos, lo que significa que carecen de ubicación espacio-temporal (Amie L. Thomasson, 1999). En este último capitulo, presento varios argumentos a favor del creacionismo que no son de carácter metafísico, sino más bien de carácter semántico y cognitivo. Desde un punto de vista semántico, defiendo la tesis de que los nombres de ficción son términos singulares que refieren a objetos ficticios, y que los enunciados en los que aparecen expresan proposiciones singulares, constituidas en parte por tales objetos ficticios. El análisis semántico se complementa con el análisis cognitivo de los nombres de ficción, y de los mecanismos que subyacen a los usos de dichos nombres, 5 FICTIONAL NAMES AND FICTIONAL DISCOURSE basado en la teoría cognitiva de Robin Jeshion sobre el pensamiento singular, conocida como Cognitivismo. (2002, 2004, 2009, 2010a, 2010b y 2014). En concreto, desde un punto de vista cognitivo, defiendo la tesis de que los nombres de ficción son expresiones referenciales directas que nos llevan a tener pensamientos de re o singulares sobre los personajes de ficción, a través del uso de ‘archivos mentales’. Con el fin de dar cuenta de las aparentes incoherencias en el discurso acerca de la ficción, voy a distinguir entra una explicación semántica de los principales tipos de enunciados que contienen nombres de ficción, y una explicación cognitiva sobre las intuiciones preteóricas de la verdad o falsedad de dichos enunciados.
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