Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A CompilationTurtles Project ofof the the IUCN/SSC World – Tortoise Taxonomy and Freshwater and Synonymy Turtle Specialist Group 000.1 A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, and J.B. Iverson, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v1.2008 © 2008 by Chelonian Research Foundation • Published 8 December 2008

Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy

An d e r s G.J. Rh o d i n 1, Pe t e r Pa u l v a n Di j k 2, a n d Ja m e s F. Pa r h a m 3

1Chair, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich St., Lunenburg, MA 01462 USA [[email protected]]; 2Deputy Chair, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202 USA [[email protected]]; 3Biodiversity Synthesis Center, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA, and Dept. of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA [[email protected]]

Ab s t r a c t . – We compiled an annotated checklist of the named taxa of the world’s modern chelo- nian fauna, documenting recent changes in nomenclature and including all primary synonyms. This is an updating and major expansion of our previous checklist, published by Turtle Taxonomy Working Group in 2007. We strive to uncritically record the most recent justified assignment of terminal taxa in a hierarchical framework, and for some generic placements we show competing schemes. The list should provide an impetus for future work aimed at clarifying and resolving areas of taxonomic disagreement and/or uncertainty, and will be continuously updated on the web (www. iucn-tftsg.org) with new versions published periodically as necessary­—­­this version is current as of December 2008. The diversity of turtles and tortoises in the world that have existed in modern times (since 1500 AD), and currently generally recognized as distinct, consists of approximately 324 species and 140 additional subspecies, or 464 total taxa—and of these, 10 taxa have gone extinct.

Ke y Wo r d s . – Reptilia; Testudines; turtle; tortoise; chelonian; taxonomy; nomenclature; genera; species; subspecies; primary synonyms; suprageneric hierarchy; systematics; extinction

The diversity of turtles and tortoises (chelonians) in the numbers for living tortoises and freshwater turtles with the world that have existed in modern times (since 1500 AD), few taxa of living sea turtles gives us a currently recognized and currently generally recognized as distinct by specialists global total of 317 species and 137 additional subspecies, or in turtle taxonomy and systematics, consists of approximately 454 total taxa of living chelonians. 324 species and 140 additional subspecies, or 464 total taxa of The following checklist of modern turtle taxa was first modern chelonians. compiled and published by the TTWG (2007), but has since As there are always some disagreements among experts been modified to include periodic updates reflecting more as to which taxa are distinct and valid and at what systematic recent changes as required by subsequent publications with level (species or subspecies), these numbers are variable de- taxonomic novelties or proposed changes, in addition to add- pending on the authorities presenting their data or interpreta- ing primary synonyms for all recognized taxa. This updated tions. For a previous listing of all recognized modern turtle checklist is current through December 2008. taxa as of 2007, with extensive annotations regarding areas of Comments on names that have undergone recent taxo- recent taxonomic change, instability, or controversy, see the nomic change or are associated with instability or uncertainty publication by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG are indicated by superscript numbers that refer to annotations 2007). In addition, the turtle checklist produced for CITES at the end of the checklist. All names that were previously and published by Fritz and Havas (2007) is an excellent re- annotated in the earlier checklist (TTWG 2007) are indicated cent source for taxonomic relationships and full synonymies, by the superscript (1) – please refer to TTWG 2007 for those including type localities and distributional data. annotations; all newer annotations in this checklist start with Of all modern turtle taxa, 7 species plus 1 additional the superscript (2) and ascend in order. These newer comments subspecies are marine turtles, leaving 317 species and 139 have been added chronologically as we have incorporated additional subspecies, or 456 total taxa of modern tortoises them, rather than in the order of the checklist. This chrono- and freshwater turtles. Of the currently recognized modern logic arrangement of annotations will continue into future tortoise and freshwater turtle taxa, 7 species plus 3 additional updated versions of this checklist. subspecies (10 total taxa) have gone extinct since 1500 AD The list includes all currently recognized named taxa (see table at the end of the checklist), leaving us currently with (species and subspecies) of modern turtles (extant after 1500 310 species and 136 additional subspecies, or 446 total taxa AD). By “currently recognized” we mean those taxa that have of living tortoises and freshwater turtles. Combining these not been explicitly refuted or synonymized in published lit- 000.2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

erature. In order to be as objective as possible we have ac- and references or helped update this checklist since publica- cepted most recent published taxonomic recommendations tion of the original TTWG 2007 checklist. Specific thanks are relatively uncritically, even if we may not completely agree due to John B. Iverson, Uwe Fritz, Holger Vetter, Peter Pra- with the proposed changes. Since there are also different in- schag, and Oscar Flores-Villela. terpretations for many genera as to which names are valid and whether to lump or split the related taxa, we list most recent Ph y l o g e n e t i c Hi e r a r c h i c a l Or d e r o f competing generic name usages. However, our one criterion Su p r ag e n e r i c Ca t e g o r i e s u s e d i n t h i s Ch e c k l i s t for accepting proposed changes is that they be accompanied by data or at least arguments justifying the taxonomic revi- Testudines sion. Consequently, some proposed taxonomic changes from • Cryptodira lists or publications with unsupported revisions (e.g., from __Chelydridae herpetoculturist and/or web-based sources) have not been in- _Chelonioidea __Cheloniidae corporated. __Dermochelyidae The folllowing list does not constitute an official rec- _Kinosternoidea ommendation by the authors or the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and __Dermatemydidae Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group regarding the validity or __Kinosternidae non-validity of any included or excluded taxonomic names ___Kinosterninae or systematic relationships, as such matters are best left to in- ___Staurotypinae dividual researchers and specialists working in these areas. _Testudinoidea However, we have tried to be consistent in our listing of what __Emydidae appear to be valid taxa and relationships, as based on criteria ___Deirochelyinae ___Emydinae of published scientific descriptions and proposed taxonomic __Platysternidae changes accompanied by data and reasonably sound argu- __Geoemydidae mentation. __Testudinidae Recognized modern turtles and tortoises (genera and _Trionychia terminal taxa, including species and subspecies) are listed __Carettochelyidae in bold italics. Original description names and synonymized __Trionychidae names are in non-bold italicized text. Higher suprageneric ___Cyclanorbinae group-level names are listed in bold non-italic text and are ___Trionychinae presented in the same indented phylogenetic hierarchy as in • Pleurodira __Chelidae TTWG (2007). Competing generic names are listed in the or- __Pelomedusidae der of general current preference of usage, but does not imply __Podocnemididae a specific selection of one name over another. Turtle taxa that have gone extinct within modern times (since 1500 AD) are CHECKLIST indicated by a (†) and also listed at the end of the checklist. This list includes all primary description names, syn- Testudines Batsch 1788 onyms, and nomina nova (using Fritz and Havas 2007 as a Testudinata Klein 1751 (invalid pre-Linnaean name) starting point), but excluding nomina nuda, typographical ex Testudines Linnaeus 1758 (invalid vernacular name) errore names, and subsequent new combination names), and Testudines Batsch 1788 updating as necessary based on new data. Testudinea Batsch 1796 Underlined text in parentheses below (CBFTT Account) Cheloniens Brongniart 1800 (invalid vernacular name) Chelonii Latreille 1800 also indicate those taxa for which accounts have been pub- Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802 lished in this monograph series in the TFTSG project on Cataphractae Link 1807 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises Testudinata Oppel 1811 (CBFTT). We will gradually publish CBFTT Accounts for Perostia Rafinesque 1814 all non-marine taxa—species accounts also include subspe- Cataphracta Hemprich 1820 cies within the account, but some subspecies have separate Pholidota Testudinata Merrem 1820 accounts and are so indicated. As of the publication of this Chelonea Fleming 1822 version of the checklist we have published 21 accounts. Fornicata Haworth 1825 Please help us and the TFTSG keep future versions of Chelynae Wagler 1828 Sterrichrotes Ritgen 1828 this Turtles of the World checklist up to date by e-mailing us Hedraeoglossae Wagler 1830 [[email protected], [email protected], jpar- Chelonites Burmeister 1837 [email protected]] about new taxonomic information Chelonides Swainson 1839 and revisions that should be included here. Tylopoda Mayer 1849 Testudina Fry 1850 Acknowledgments. — We thank the various members of Chersemydes Strauch 1862 the TFTSG and other individuals who have provided input Rhynchochelones Dollo 1886 Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.3

Thecophora Dollo 1886 Testudo nasicornis Lacépède 1788 Cheloniae Hoffman 1890 Caretta nasuta Rafinesque 1814 Casichelydia Gaffney 1975 Caretta atra Merrem 1820 Testudoformes Song 1984 Chelonia pelasgorum Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833 Anapsida Gauthier 1994 Caouana elongata Gray 1844 Parareptilia Laurin and Reisz 1995 Thalassochelys corticata Girard 1858 Pantestudines Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Caretta gigas Deraniyagala 1933 • Cryptodira Cope 1868b (20) ____Chelonia Brongniart 1800 Cryptoderes Duméril and Bibron 1834 (invalid ver- Chelonia Brongniart 1800 nacular name) Chelone Brongniart 1805 (nomen novum) Cryptodera Lichtenstein 1856 (unavailable name) Chelonias Rafinesque 1814 (nomen novum) Cryptodira Cope 1868b Chelona Fleming 1828 (nomen novum) Cryptodiromorpha Lee 1995 Mydas Cocteau in Cocteau and Bibron 1838 Pancryptodira Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Mydasea Gervais 1843 __Chelydridae Gray 1831d Euchelonia Tschudi 1846 Chelydrae Gray 1831d Megemys Gistel 1848 (nomen novum) Chelydridae Swainson 1839 Euchelys Girard 1858 Panchelydridae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Midas Herrera 1901 (nomen novum and suppressum) ____Chelydra Schweigger 1812 (1) mydas Linnaeus 1758 (1) Chelydra Schweigger 1812 Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758 Chelonura Fleming 1822 (senior homonym) Testudo macropus Walbaum 1782 (nomen illegitimum) Ophichelone Jarocki 1822 Testudo viridis Schneider 1783 Rapara Gray 1825 Testudo japonica Thunberg 1787 Saurochelys Latreille in Berthold 1827 Testudo marina vulgaris Lacépède 1788 (nomen novum) Cheliurus Rafinesque 1832 Testudo macropus Gmelin 1789 Emysaurus Duméril and Bibron 1835 Testudo chloronotus Bechstein 1800 Devisia Ogilby 1905 Testudo cepediana Daudin 1801 acutirostris Peters 1862 Testudo rugosa Daudin 1801 (senior homonym) Chelydra serpentina acutirostris Peters 1862 Chelonia virgata Schweigger 1812 rossignonii Bocourt 1868 Caretta cepedii Merrem 1820 (nomen novum) Emysaurus rossignonii Bocourt 1868 Caretta esculenta Merrem 1820 serpentina Linnaeus 1758 (5) Caretta thunbergii Merrem 1820 (nomen novum) Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758 Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier 1829 Testudo serpentaria Wiedemann 1802 (nomen novum) Chelonia maculosa Cuvier 1829 Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812 (senior homonym) Chelonia bicarinata Lesson in Bélanger 1834 Chelydra emarginata Agassiz 1857 Chelonia marmorata Duméril and Bibron 1835 Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905 Chelonia formosa Girard 1858 Chelydra laticarinata Hay 1916 (nomen suppressum) Chelonia tenuis Girard 1858 Chelydra sculpta Hay 1916 (nomen suppressum) Chelonia albiventer Nardo 1864 Chelydra osceola Stejneger 1918 (5) Chelonia agassizii Bocourt 1868 (1) ____Macrochelys Gray 1856a (1) Chelonia lata Philippi 1887 Macrochelys Gray 1856a Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell 1962 Macroclemys Gray 1856b (nomen novum) ____Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843 Gypochelys Agassiz 1857 Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843 temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835 Herpysmostes Gistel 1868 Testudo planitia Gmelin 1789 (nomen suppressum) Onychochelys Gray 1873h Chelonura temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835 imbricata Linnaeus 1766 _Chelonioidea Baur 1893b imbricata Linnaeus 1766 __Cheloniidae Oppel 1811 Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766 Chelonii Oppel 1811 Chelonia radiata Cuvier 1829 Carettidae Gray 1825 Chelonia griseam Eschscholtz 1829 Cheloniidae Bonaparte 1832 Chelonia pseudocaretta Lesson in Bélanger 1834 Pancheloniidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Chelonia pseudomydas Lesson in Bélanger 1834 ____Caretta Rafinesque 1814 Onychochelys kraussi Gray 1873h Caretta Rafinesque 1814 bissa Rüppell 1835 (1) Thalassochelys Fitzinger 1835 Caretta bissa Rüppell 1835 Caouana Cocteau in Cocteau and Bibron 1838 Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz 1857 Halichelys Fitzinger 1843 Caretta rostrata Girard 1858 Eremonia Gray 1873h Caretta squamosa Girard 1858 (nomen novum) caretta Linnaeus 1758 ____Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843 Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758 Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843 Testudo cephalo Schneider 1783 Cephalochelys Gray 1873h Testudo caouana Lacépède 1788 (nomen novum) Colpochelys Garman 1880 000.4 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

kempii Garman 1880 Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857 Testudo viridisquamosa Lacépède 1788 (nomen sup- Kinosterna Gray 1869a pressum) Kinosternidae Hay 1892 Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798 (nomen suppressum) Pankinosternidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempii Garman 1880 ___Kinosterninae Agassiz 1857 olivacea Eschscholtz 1829 Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857 Chelonia multiscutata Kuhl 1820 (nomen suppressum) Kinosternina Gray 1869a Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz 1829 Kinosterninae Lindholm 1929 Chelonia dussumierii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (no- ____Kinosternon Spix 1824 men novum) Kinosternon Spix 1824 Cephalochelys oceanica Gray 1873h Cinosternon Wagler 1830 (nomen novum) Thalassiochelys tarapacona Philippi 1887 Monoclida Rafinesque 1832 Thalassochelys controversa Philippi 1899 Uronyx Rafinesque 1832 Caretta remivaga Hay 1908a Swanka Gray 1844 ____Natator McCulloch 1908 Thyrosternum Agassiz 1857 Natator McCulloch 1908 Platythyra Agassiz 1857 depressus Garman 1880 Cinosternos Herrera 1901 (nomen suppressum) Chelonia depressa Garman 1880 acutum Gray 1831d Natator tessellatus McCulloch 1908 Kinosternon scorpioides acuta Gray 1831d __Dermochelyidae Fitzinger 1843 Cinosternum berendtianum Cope 1865 Sphargidae Gray 1825 Cinosternon effeldtii Peters 1873 Dermatochelydae Fitzinger 1843 alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 Athecae Cope 1871 Kinosternon alamose Pritchard 1979 (nomen sup- Dermochelyidae Lydekker 1889 pressum) Pandermochelys Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 ____Dermochelys Blainville 1816 angustipons Legler 1965 Dermochelys Blainville 1816 Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965 Sphargis Merrem 1820 arizonense Gilmore 1922 (1) Coriudo Fleming 1822 Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore 1922 Scytina Wagler 1828 (nomen novum) Kinosternon flavescens stejnegeri Hartweg 1938 Dermochelis Cuvier 1829 (nomen novum) baurii Garman 1891 Dermatochelys Wagler 1830 (nomen novum) Cinosternum baurii Garman 1891 Chelyra Rafinesque 1832 Kinosternon bauri palmarum Stejneger 1925 coriacea Vandelli 1761 chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson in Rogner 1996 (1) Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761 Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson Testudo arcuata Catesby 1771 in Rogner 1996 Testudo lyra Lacépède 1788 (nomen novum) creaseri Hartweg 1934 Testudo marina Wilhelm 1794 Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934 Testudo tuberculata Pennant in Schoepff 1801 dunni Schmidt 1947 Testudo lutaria Rafinesque 1814 (junior homonym) Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947 Sphargis mercurialis Merrem 1820 (nomen novum durangoense Iverson 1979 (1) and suppressum) Kinosternon flavescens durangoense Iverson 1979 Dermatochelys porcata Wagler 1833 (nomen novum) flavescens Agassiz 1857 (1) Dermochelys atlantica Duméril and Bibron 1835 Cinosternon flavescens Agassiz 1857 Sphargis coriacea schlegelii Garman 1884 Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith 1951 Sphargis angusta Philippi 1899 herrerai Stejneger 1925 _Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925 __Dermatemydidae Gray 1870e hirtipes Wagler 1833 Dermatemydae Gray 1870e hirtipes Wagler 1833 Dermatemydidae Baur 1888b Cinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1833 Pandermatemys Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 chapalaense Iverson 1981 ____Dermatemys Gray 1847 Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense Iverson 1981 Dermatemys Gray 1847 magdalense Iverson 1981 Chloremys Gray 1870e Kinosternon hirtipes magdalense Iverson 1981 Limnochelone Werner 1901b megacephalum Iverson 1981 (†) mawii Gray 1847 Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Iverson 1981 Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847 murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951 Emys berardii Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Kinosternon murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951 Duméril 1851 tarascense Iverson 1981 Dermatemys abnormis Cope 1868a Kinosternon hirtipes tarascense Iverson 1981 Dermatemys salvinii Gray 1870e integrum LeConte 1854 Limnochelone micrura Werner 1901b Kinosternum integrum LeConte 1854 __Kinosternidae Agassiz 1857 Cinosternon rostellum Bocourt 1876b Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.5

Cinosternon guanajuatense Dugès 1888 Kinosternon punctatum Gray 1856a Cinosternum scorpioides integrum mexicana Sie- Swanka fasciata Gray 1869a benrock 1904 (nomen illegitimum) hippocrepis Gray 1856a leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Du- Kinosternon hippocrepis Gray 1856a méril 1851 Kinosternon louisianae Baur 1893c leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Du- steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b méril 1851 Cinosternum steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b Cinosternon leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in ____Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825 (1) Duméril and Duméril 1851 Sternothaerus Bell 1825 (nomen suppressum) Swanka maculata Gray 1869a Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825 Cinosternum brevigulare Günther 1885 (senior hom- Aromochelys Gray 1856a onym) Ozotheca Agassiz 1857 Cinosternum cobanum Günther 1885 Goniochelys Agassiz 1857 Kinosternon mopanum Neill 1965 carinatus Gray 1856a (CBFTT Account) postinguinale Cope 1887 Aromochelys carinata Gray 1856a Cinosternum brevigulare Cope 1885 (junior homonym) Ozotheca triquetra Agassiz 1857 Cinosternum postinguinale Cope 1887 (nomen novum) depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 (1) (CBFTT Account) Cinosternum spurrelli Boulenger 1913 Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980 minor Agassiz 1857 Kinosternon oaxacae Pritchard 1979 (nomen sup- minor Agassiz 1857 pressum) Goniochelys minor Agassiz 1857 Kinosternon oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980 peltifer Smith and Glass 1947 scorpioides Linnaeus 1766 Sternotherus peltifer Smith and Glass 1947 scorpioides Linnaeus 1766 (1) odoratus Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766 Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Testudo tricarinata Retzius in Schoepff 1792 (senior Testudo glutinata Daudin 1801 homonym) Kinosternum guttatum LeConte 1854 Testudo retzii Daudin 1801 Ozotheca tristycha Agassiz 1857 Kinosternon brevicaudatum Spix 1824 ___Staurotypinae Gray 1869a Kinosternon longicaudatum Spix 1824 Staurotypina Gray 1869a Kinosternon shavianum Bell 1825 Staurotypinae Siebenrock 1907 Monoclida retziana Rafinesque 1832 (nomen novum) ____Claudius Cope 1865 Cinosternum scorpioides integrum brasiliana Sie- Claudius Cope 1865 benrock 1907 (nomen illegitimum) angustatus Cope 1865 Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum Müller and Claudius angustatus Cope 1865 Hellmich 1936 Claudius megalocephalus Bocourt 1868 Kinosternon scorpioides seriei Freiberg 1936 ____Staurotypus Wagler 1830 Kinosternon panamensis Schmidt 1946 Staurotypus Wagler 1830 Kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis Cunha 1970 Stauremys Gray 1864b abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925 salvinii Gray 1864b Kinosternon abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925 Staurotypus (Stauremys) salvinii Gray 1864b albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870 Staurotypus marmoratus Fischer 1872 Cinosternon albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870 Claudius severus Cope 1872 cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Du- triporcatus Wiegmann 1828 méril 1851 Terrapene triporcata Wiegmann 1828 Cinosternon cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Du- Claudius pictus Cope 1872 méril and Duméril 1851 _Testudinoidea Fitzinger 1826 Kinosternum mexicanum LeConte 1854 __Emydidae Rafinesque 1815 Kinosternum triliratum LeConte 1860 Emidania Rafinesque 1815 Kinosternon cruentatum consors Stejneger 1941 Emydidae Bell 1825 sonoriense LeConte 1854 Panemydidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 sonoriense LeConte 1854 ___Deirochelyinae Agassiz 1857 Kinosternum sonoriense LeConte 1854 Deirochelyoidae Agassiz 1857 Kinosternum henrici LeConte 1860 Deirochelyinae Gaffney and Meylan 1988 longifemorale Iverson 1981 ____Chrysemys Gray 1844 Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson 1981 Chrysemys Gray 1844 subrubrum Lacépède 1788 picta Schneider 1783 subrubrum Lacépède 1788 picta Schneider 1783 (1) Testudo subrubra Lacépède 1788 Testudo picta Schneider 1783 Testudo pensilvanica Gmelin 1789 Testudo cinerea Bonnaterre 1789 Terrapene boscii Merrem 1820 bellii Gray 1830e Kinosternon (Kinosternon) doubledayii Gray 1844 Emys bellii Gray 1830e Kinosternon (Kinosternon) oblongum Gray 1844 Emys oregoniensis Harlan 1837 000.6 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz 1857 (nomen novum) Emys concentrica polita Gray 1830e Chrysemys pulchra Gray 1873a Emys macrocephalus Gray 1844 (junior homonym) Chrysemys treleasei Hurter 1911 centrata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 dorsalis Agassiz 1857 (1) Testudo centrata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz 1857 Emys concentrica livida Gray 1831d marginata Agassiz 1857 littoralis Hay 1904 Chrysemys marginata Agassiz 1857 Malaclemmys littoralis Hay 1904 ____Deirochelys Agassiz 1857 macrospilota Hay 1904 Deirochelys Agassiz 1857 Malaclemmys macrospilota Hay 1904 reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 (CBFTT pileata Wied 1865 Account) Emys pileata Wied 1865 reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 rhizophorarum Fowler 1906 Testudo reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Malaclemys tuberculifera Gray 1844 (nomen oblitum) Testudo reticulata Daudin 1801 (nomen novum) Malaclemmys littoralis rhizophorarum Fowler 1906 chrysea Schwartz 1956 tequesta Schwartz 1955 Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz 1956 Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz 1955 miaria Schwartz 1956 ____Pseudemys Gray 1856a Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz 1956 Pseudemys Gray 1856a ____Graptemys Agassiz 1857 Ptychemys Agassiz 1857 Graptemys Agassiz 1857 Nectemys Agassiz 1857 (nomen novum) barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942 alabamensis Baur 1893a (CBFTT Account) Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942 Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893a caglei Haynes and McKown 1974 concinna LeConte 1830 (CBFTT Account) Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown 1974 concinna LeConte 1830 (1) ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992 Testudo concinna LeConte 1830 Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992 Emys annulifera Gray 1830e flavimaculata Cagle 1954 Emys hieroglyphica Holbrook 1836 Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954 Emys mobilensis Holbrook 1838 geographica LeSueur 1817 (18) Emys labyrinthica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril Testudo geographica LeSueur 1817 and Duméril 1851 Emys lesueurii Gray 1830e (18) Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz 1857 Emys megacephala Holbrook 1836 Emys orthonyx Wied 1865 gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992 Pseudemys elonae Brimley 1928 Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992 Pseudemys vioscana Brimley 1928 nigrinoda Cagle 1954 (CBFTT Account) Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward 1984 nigrinoda Cagle 1954 floridana LeConte 1830 (1) Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954 Testudo floridana LeConte 1830 delticola Folkerts and Mount 1969 suwanniensis Carr 1937 (1) Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount 1969 Pseudemys floridana suwanniensis Carr 1937 oculifera Baur 1890 gorzugi Ward 1984 (1) Malacoclemmys oculifera Baur 1890 Pseudemys concinna gorzugi Ward 1984 ouachitensis Cagle 1953 nelsoni Carr 1938a ouachitensis Cagle 1953 Deirochelys floridana Hay 1908b (nomen dubium) Graptemys pseudogeographica ouachitensis Cagle 1953 Trachemys jarmani Hay 1908b (nomen dubium) sabinensis Cagle 1953 (1) Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938a Graptemys pseudogeographica sabinensis Cagle 1953 peninsularis Carr 1938b (1) pseudogeographica Gray 1831d Pseudemys floridana peninsularis Carr 1938b pseudogeographica Gray 1831d (19) rubriventris LeConte 1830 Emys pseudogeographica Gray 1831d Testudo rubriventris LeConte 1830 kohnii Baur 1890 Emys irrigata Bell in Duméril and Bibron 1835 Malacoclemmys kohnii Baur 1890 Emys rivulata Gray 1844 (junior homonym) pulchra Baur 1893b Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Babcock 1937 Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893b texana Baur 1893a versa Stejneger 1925 Pseudemys texana Baur 1893a Graptemys pseudogeographica versa Stejneger 1925 ____Trachemys Agassiz 1857 (1) ____Malaclemys Gray 1844 Trachemys Agassiz 1857 Malaclemys Gray 1844 Callichelys Gray 1863c Malacoclemmys Agassiz 1857 (nomen novum) Redamia Gray 1870g terrapin Schoepff 1793 adiutrix Vanzolini 1995 terrapin Schoepff 1793 Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini 1995 Testudo terrapin Schoepff 1793 callirostris Gray 1856b Testudo concentrica Shaw 1802 callirostris Gray 1856b (1) Testudo ocellata Link 1807 Emys callirostris Gray 1856b Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.7

chichiriviche Pritchard and Trebbau 1984 (1) Testudo palustris Gmelin 1789 (senior homonym) Pseudemys scripta chichiriviche Pritchard and Treb- Testudo fasciata Suckow 1798 (senior homonym) bau 1984 Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802 (nomen dubium and ju- decorata Barbour and Carr 1940 nior homonym) Pseudemys decorata Barbour and Carr 1940 Emys rugosa livida Gray 1831d decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830 Pseudemys felis Barbour 1935 decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830 (17) venusta Gray 1856b Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802 (nomen dubium and ju- venusta Gray 1856b (1) nior homonym) Emys venusta Gray 1856b Emys decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830 Emys valida LeConte 1860 Emys vermiculata Gray 1844 Emys (Clemmys) salvini Günther 1885 Emys gnatho Vilaró in Poey 1868 cataspila Günther 1885 (1) Emys jamao Vilaró in Poey 1868 Emys ventricosa Gray 1856b (nomen suppressum) Pseudemys decussata plana Barbour and Carr 1940 Emys (Clemmys) cataspila Günther 1885 angusta Barbour and Carr 1940 grayi Bocourt 1868 (1) Pseudemys decussata angusta Barbour and Carr 1940 Emys grayi Bocourt 1868 (senior homonym) Pseudemys granti Barbour and Carr 1941 Emys umbra Bocourt 1876a (nomen novum) dorbigni Duméril and Bibron 1835 (1) yaquia Legler and Webb 1970 (1) Emys dorbigni Duméril and Bibron 1835 Pseudemys scripta yaquia Legler and Webb 1970 Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) orbignyi Fitzinger 1835 ___Emydinae Rafinesque 1815 (nomen novum) Emidania Rafinesque 1815 Clemmys dorbignyi Boulenger 1886b (nomen novum) Emydidae Bell 1825 Pseudemys dorbignyi brasiliensis Freiberg 1969 Emydinae Cope 1870 emolli Legler 1990 (1) ____Actinemys Agassiz 1857 or Emys Duméril 1806 Pseudemys scripta emolli Legler 1990 Actinemys Agassiz 1857 gaigeae Hartweg 1939 marmorata Baird and Girard 1852 (1) (CBFTT Account) gaigeae Hartweg 1939 (1) Emys marmorata Baird and Girard 1852 Pseudemys scripta gaigeae Hartweg 1939 Emys nigra Hallowell 1854 (senior homonym) hartwegi Legler 1990 (1) Clemmys wosnessenskyi Strauch 1862 Pseudemys scripta hartwegi Legler 1990 Clemmys hesperia Hay 1903 nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895 Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger 1945 nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895 (1) ____Clemmys Ritgen 1828 Chrysemys nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895 Clemmys Ritgen 1828 hiltoni Carr 1942 (1) Chelopus Rafinesque 1832 Pseudemys scripta hiltoni Carr 1942 Nanemys Agassiz 1857 ornata Gray 1830c (1) Melanemys Shufeldt 1919 Emys ornata Gray 1830c guttata Schneider 1792 scripta Schoepff 1792 Testudo guttata Schneider 1792 scripta Schoepff 1792 Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792 (junior homonym) Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 Geoclemmys sebae Gray 1869a Testudo serrata Daudin 1801 (senior homonym) ____Emydoidea Gray 1870 or Emys Duméril 1806 (1) Emys occipitatis Gray 1830c Emydoidea Gray 1870 Emys vittata Gray 1830e Neoemys Lindholm 1929 (nomen novum) elegans Wied 1839 blandingii Holbrook 1838 (CBFTT Account) Emys elegans Wied 1839 Testudo flava Lacépède 1788 (nomen suppressum) Emys holbrookii Gray 1844 Testudo meleagris Shaw 1793 (nomen suppressum) Emys sanguinolenta Gray 1856b Cistuda blandingii Holbrook 1838 Trachemys lineata Gray 1873a Emys twentei Taylor 1943 troostii Holbrook 1836 ____Emys Duméril 1806 (1) Emys troosti Holbrook 1836 Emydes Brongniart 1805 (nomen suppressum) Emys cumberlandensis Holbrook 1840 Emys Duméril 1806 stejnegeri Schmidt 1928 Hydrone Rafinesque 1814 stejnegeri Schmidt 1928 Emyda Rafinesque 1815 (nomen novum) Emys olivacea Gray 1856b (junior homonym) Lutremys Gray 1844 Pseudemys stejnegeri Schmidt 1928 orbicularis Linnaeus 1758 malonei Barbour and Carr 1938 orbicularis Linnaeus 1758 Pseudemys malonei Barbour and Carr 1938 Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758 vicina Barbour and Carr 1940 Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758 (senior homonym) Pseudemys vicina Barbour and Carr 1940 Testudo europaea Schneider 1783 taylori Legler 1960 (1) Testudo pulchella Schoepff 1801 (senior homonym) Pseudemys scripta taylori Legler 1960 Emys turfa Meyer 1835 terrapen Lacépède 1788 Emys lutaria borealis Nilsson 1841 Testudo terrapen Lacépède 1788 Cistudo anhaltina Giebel 1866 000.8 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emys lutaria taurica Mehnert 1890 Cistudo Say 1825 (nomen novum) Emys europaea concolor Dürigen 1897 Didicla Rafinesque 1832 Emys europaea punctata Dürigen 1897 Pyxidemys Fitzinger 1835 Emys europaea sparsa Dürigen 1897 Emyoides Gray 1844 Emys orbicularis aralensis Nikolsky 1915 Onychotria Gray 1849 capolongoi Fritz 1995 Pariemys Cope 1895 Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) capolongoi Fritz 1995 Toxaspis Cope 1895 colchica Fritz 1994 Cistudos Herrera 1901 (nomen suppressum) Emys orbicularis colchica Fritz 1994 carolina Linnaeus 1758 eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and Amthauer 1998 carolina Linnaeus 1758 Emys orbicularis eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758 (senior homonym) Amthauer 1998 Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758 fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993 Testudo brevicaudata Lacépède 1788 Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993 Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre 1789 galloitalica Fritz 1995 Testudo incarceratostriata Bonnaterre 1789 Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) galloitalica Fritz 1995 Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789 hellenica Valenciennes in Bibron and Bory de Saint- Testudo virgulata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Vincent 1832 Emys schneideri Schweigger 1812 Cistuda hellenica Valenciennes in Bibron and Bory Monoclida kentukensis Rafinesque 1822 (nomen de Saint-Vicent 1832 suppressum) Emys antiquorum Valenciennes in Bory de Saint- Terrapene maculata Bell 1825 Vincent 1833 Terrapene nebulosa Bell 1825 Emys (Emys) hofmanni Fitzinger 1835 (nomen novum) Emys kinosternoides Gray 1830e Emys orbicularis hoffmani Schreiber 1875 Cistudo virginea Agassiz 1857 Emys orbicularis atra Werner 1897 Cistudo eurypygia Cope 1869 Emys europaea maculosa Dürigen 1897 bauri Taylor 1895 hispanica Fritz, Keller, and Budde 1996 Terrapene bauri Taylor 1895 Emys orbicularis hispanica Fritz, Keller, and Budde 1996 Terrapene innoxia Hay 1916 iberica Eichwald 1831 (1) major Agassiz 1857 Emys europaea iberica Eichwald 1831 Cistudo major Agassiz 1857 Emys orbicularis kurae Fritz 1994 mexicana Gray 1849 (1) ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, Lamagni, Ortale, and Cistudo (Onychotria) mexicana Gray 1849 Genta 2004 Terrapene goldmani Stejneger 1933 Emys orbicularis ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, triunguis Agassiz 1857 Lamagni, Ortale, and Genta 2004 Cistudo triunguis Agassiz 1857 lanzai Fritz 1995 Terrapene whitneyi Hay 1916 Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) lanzai Fritz 1995 Terrapene bulverda Hay 1920 luteofusca Fritz 1989 Terrapene impressa Hay 1924 Emys orbicularis luteofusca Fritz 1989 Terrapene llanensis Oelrich 1953 occidentalis Fritz 1993 yucatana Boulenger 1895 (1) Emys orbicularis occidentalis Fritz 1993 Cistudo yucatana Boulenger 1895 persica Eichwald 1831 (1) coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944 Emys europaea persica Eichwald 1831 Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944 Emys orbicularis orientalis Fritz 1994 nelsoni Stejneger 1925 trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, nelsoni Stejneger 1925 Joger, and Wink 2005 Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925 Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, klauberi Bogert 1943 Pennisi, Lenk, Joger, and Wink 2005 Terrapene klauberi Bogert 1943 ____Glyptemys Agassiz 1857 (1) ornata Agassiz 1857 Calemys Agassiz 1857 ornata Agassiz 1857 Glyptemys Agassiz 1857 Cistudo ornata Agassiz 1857 insculpta LeConte 1830 Terrapene ornata cimarronensis Cragin 1894 Testudo insculpta LeConte 1830 luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952 Emys speciosa Gray 1830e Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952 Emys speciosa levigata Gray 1831d __Platysternidae Gray 1869a (1) muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801 Platysternidae Gray 1869a Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801 Panplatysternon Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Emys biguttata Say 1824 ____Platysternon Gray 1831c Emys (Cistuda) carolinae fusca Gray 1830e Platysternon Gray 1831c Clemmys nuchalis Dunn 1917 megacephalum Gray 1831c ____Terrapene Merrem 1820 megacephalum Gray 1831c (1) Terrapene Merrem 1820 Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831c Cistuda Fleming 1822 Platysternon megacephalum tristernalis Schleich Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.9

and Gruber 1984 Pyxiclemmys Gray 1863e peguense Gray 1870d amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801 Platysternon peguense Gray 1870d amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801 Platysternon megacephalum vogeli Wermuth 1969 Testudo melanocephala Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801 shiui Ernst and McCord 1987 (nomen oblitum) Platysternon megacephalum shiui Ernst and Mc- Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801 Cord 1987 Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana Gray 1830e __Geoemydidae Theobald 1868 (1) couro Schweigger 1812 Geoemydidae Theobald 1868 Emys couro Schweigger 1812 Batagurina Gray 1869a Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826 Bataguridae Gray 1870g kamaroma Rummler and Fritz 1991 Panbataguridae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler and Fritz 1991 ____Batagur Gray 1856b (1) (9) lineata McCord and Philippen 1998 Tetraonyx Gray 1830e (junior homonym) Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord and Philippen 1998 Tetronyx Lesson in Bélanger (nomen oblitum) aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988 Batagur Gray 1856b Cuora aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988 Kachuga Gray 1856b evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 (21) Batagurella Gray 1869a Cuora evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 Dongoka Gray 1869a flavomarginata Gray 1863e (21) Callagur Gray 1870g Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863e Cantorella Gray 1870g Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis Hsü 1930 (1) (21) affinis Cantor 1847 (9) Terrapene culturalia Yeh 1961 Tetraonyx affinis Cantor 1847 galbinifrons Bourret 1939b Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979 (no- galbinifrons Bourret 1939b (1) men dubium) Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1939 baska Gray 1830d (1) (9) Cyclemus flavomarginata hainanensis Li 1958 Emys baska Gray 1830d Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992 Emys batagur Gray 1830e (partim, hybrid) Trionyx (Tetraonyx) cuvieri Gray 1830e bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994 Tetronyx longicollis Lesson in Bélanger 1834 Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992 Tetraonyx lessonii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (nomen (partim, hybrid) novum) Cuora galbinifrons bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994 Emys tetraonyx Temminck and Schlegel 1835 (no- picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998 men novum) Cuora galbinifrons picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998 Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979 (no- mccordi Ernst 1988 men dubium) Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988 borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845 (1) mouhotii Gray 1862a Emys borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845 mouhotii Gray 1862a (1) Batagur picta Gray 1862b Cyclemys mouhotii Gray 1862a Clemmys grayi Strauch 1865 (nomen novum) Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992 Kachuga major Gray 1873c (partim, hybrid) Kachuga brookei Bartlett 1895 obsti Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998 dhongoka Gray 1832 (1) Pyxidea mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998 Emys dhongoka Gray 1832 pani Song 1984 Emys duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Cuora pani Song 1984 Kachuga hardwickii Gray 1869a Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst and McCord 1987 Batagur durandi Lydekker 1885 trifasciata Bell 1825 (1) kachuga Gray 1831a (1) Sternothaerus trifasciatus Bell 1825 Emys lineata Gray 1830e (nomen oblitum) Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991 Emys kachuga Gray 1831a (partim, hybrid) Batagur ellioti Gray 1862b Sacalia pseudocellata McCord and Iverson 1992a Kachuga fusca Gray 1870g (partim) (partim, hybrid) Batagur bakeri Lydekker 1885 Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992b trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835 (1) (partim, hybrid) Emys trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835 Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992 (partim, hybrid) Kachuga peguensis Gray 1869a Cuora [cyclornata] cyclornata Blanck, McCord, Kachuga trilineata Gray 1869a and Le 2006 Kachuga fusca Gray 1870g (partim) Cuora cyclornata meieri Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006 Batagur iravadica Anderson 1879 yunnanensis Boulenger 1906 (1) ____Cuora Gray 1856a (1) Cyclemys yunnanensis Boulenger 1906 Cuora Gray 1856a zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990 Cistoclemmys Gray 1863e Cuora zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990 Pyxidea Gray 1863e Cuora pallidicephala McCord and Iverson 1991 000.10 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

____Cyclemys Bell 1834 (1) (6) Cyclemys annandalii Boulenger in Annandale and Cyclemys Bell 1834 Robinson 1903 atripons Iverson and McCord 1997 depressa Anderson 1875 Cyclemys atripons Iverson and McCord 1997 Geoemyda depressa Anderson 1875 dentata Gray 1831d (7) Geoemyda arakana Theobald 1876 Emys dhor Gray 1830e (nomen oblitum) grandis Gray 1860d Emys dentata Gray 1831d (nomen novum) Geoemyda grandis Gray 1860d Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834 spinosa Gray 1830a Cistudo diardii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (nomen Emys spinosae Gray 1830a novum) ____Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaffer 2000 Cyclemys ovata Gray 1863e Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaf- Cyclemys bellii Gray 1863e fer 2000 enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995 (1) Hundsdörfer 2008 (6) Geoemyda yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995 Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Som- ____Malayemys Lindholm 1931 mer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 Damonia Gray 1869a (junior homonym) fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdör- Malayemys Lindholm 1931 (nomen novum) fer 2008 (6) macrocephala Gray 1859 (1) Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Geoclemmys macrocephala Gray 1859 Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845 gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hunds- Emys herrmanni Schweigger 1812 (nomen dubium) dörfer 2008 (6) Emys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845 Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Emys nuchalis Blyth 1863 Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 Damonia crassiceps Gray 1870g oldhamii Gray 1863e (8) Damonia oblonga Gray 1871c Cyclemys oldhamii Gray 1863e ____Mauremys Gray 1869b (1) Cyclemys dhor shanensis Annandale 1918 Mauremys Gray 1869b Geoemyda tcheponensis Bourret 1939 Ocadia Gray 1870g Cyclemys tiannanensis Kou 1989 Emmenia Gray 1870g pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997 Eryma Gray 1870g (junior homonym) Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997 Cathaiemys Lindholm 1931 ____Geoclemys Gray 1856b Pseudocadia Lindholm 1931 Geoclemys Gray 1856b Chinemys Smith 1931 hamiltonii Gray 1830e Annamemys Bourret 1939 Emys hamiltonii Gray 1830e annamensis Siebenrock 1903a (1) Emys guttata Gray 1831b Cyclemys annamensis Siebenrock 1903a Emys picquotii Lesson 1831 Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1939 Melanochelys pictus Murray 1884 Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994 Clemmys palaeindica Lydekker 1889 (partim, hybrid) ____Geoemyda Gray 1834b (1) caspica Gmelin 1774 Geoemyda Gray 1834b caspica Gmelin 1774 Nicoria Gray 1856b Testudo caspica Gmelin 1774 japonica Fan 1931 (CBFTT Account) siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Fritz and Wischuf 1997 Geoemyda spengleri japonica Fan 1931 Emys grayi Günther 1869 (junior homonym) spengleri Gmelin 1789 Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789 Fritz and Wischuf 1997 Testudo serrata Shaw 1802 (junior homonym) ventrimaculata Wischuf and Fritz 1996 Testudo tricarinata Bory 1804 (junior homonym) Mauremys caspica ventrimaculata Wischuf and Geoemyda spengleri sinensis Fan 1931 Fritz 1996 ____Hardella Gray 1870g japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1835 (CBFTT Account) Hardella Gray 1870g Emys vulgaris japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1835 thurjii Gray 1831d (1) leprosa Schweigger 1812 Emys thuryi Gray 1830e (nomen oblitum) leprosa Schweigger 1812 (1) Emys thurjii Gray 1831d (nomen novum) Emys leprosa Schweigger 1812 Emys flavonigra Lesson 1831 Emys lutescens Schweigger 1812 Kachuga oldhami Gray 1869a Emys marmorea Spix 1824 Hardella indi Gray 1870g Clemmys sigriz Michahelles 1829 Batagur cautleyi Lydekker 1885 Emys vulgaris Gray 1830e Batagur falconeri Lydekker 1885 Emys laticeps Gray 1854a ____Heosemys Stejneger 1902 Emys fuliginosus Gray 1860c Heosemys Stejneger 1902 Emys laniaria Gray 1869b Hieremys Smith 1916 Emys flavipes Gray 1869c annandalii Boulenger in Annandale and Robinson 1903 (1) Emys fraseri Gray 1869c (nomen dubium) Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.11

Mauremys leprosa atlantica Schleich 1996 trijuga Schweigger 1812 Mauremys leprosa erhardi Schleich 1996 trijuga Schweigger 1812 Mauremys leprosa marokkensis Schleich 1996 Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812 Mauremys leprosa wernerkaestlei Schleich 1996 Emys belangeri Lesson in Bélanger 1834 saharica Schleich 1996 Emys trijuga madraspatana Anderson 1879 Emys fraseri Gray 1869c (nomen dubium) Clemmys theobaldi Lydekker 1885 Mauremys leprosa saharica Schleich 1996 Geoemyda trijuga plumbea Annandale 1915 Mauremys leprosa zizi Schleich 1996 coronata Anderson 1879 Mauremys leprosa vanmeerhaeghei Bour and Ma- Emys trijuga coronata Anderson 1879 ran 1999 edeniana Theobald 1876 (1) mutica Cantor 1842 Melanochelys edeniana Theobald 1876 mutica Cantor 1842 Emys trijuga burmana Anderson 1879 Emys muticus Cantor 1842 Geoemyda trijuga wiroti Reimann in Nutaphand 1979 Clemmys schmackeri Boettger 1894 indopeninsularis Annandale 1913 Annamemys grochovskiae Tien 1957 Geoemyda indopeninsularis Annandale 1913 Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991 parkeri Deraniyagala 1939 (partim, hybrid) Melanochelys trijuga parkeri Deraniyagala 1939 Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992 (partim, hybrid) thermalis Lesson 1830 Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997 (partim, hybrid) Emys thermalis Lesson 1830 kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson 1996 Emys sebae Gray 1831d Mauremys mutica kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iver- ____Morenia Gray 1870g son 1996 Morenia Gray 1870g nigricans Gray 1834a (1) ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835 Emys nigricans Gray 1834a Emys ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835 Geoclemys kwangtungensis Pope 1934 Emys berdmorei Blyth 1859 Geoclemys palaeannamitica Bourret 1941 (nomen petersi Anderson 1879 dubium) Batagur (Morenia) petersi Anderson 1879 reevesii Gray1831d (1) ____Notochelys Gray 1863e Emys reevesii Gray 1831d Notochelys Gray 1863e (senior homonym) Emys vulgaris picta Schlegel 1844 platynota Gray 1834a Emys japonica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Emys platynota Gray 1834a Duméril 1851 (nomen novum) Cyclemys giebelii Hubrecht 1881 Damonia unicolor Gray 1873d ____Orlitia Gray 1873b Geoclemys grangeri Schmidt 1925 Orlitia Gray 1873b Geoclemys paracaretta Chang 1929 Heteroclemmys Peters 1874 Chinemys megalocephala Fang 1934 Brookeia Bartlett 1896 Chinemys pani Tao 1988 Adelochelys Baur 1896 Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997 (partim, hybrid) Liemys Boulenger 1897 rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833 borneensis Gray 1873b Emys rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b 1833 (senior homonym) Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera Peters 1874 Emys tristrami Gray 1869a Hardella baileyi Bartlett 1895 Emys caspica arabica Gray 1870g Adelochelys crassa Baur 1896 Emys pannonica Gray 1870g Liemys inornata Boulenger 1897 Clemmys caspica orientalis Bedriaga 1881 ____Pangshura Gray 1856b (1) Clemmys caspica obsoleta Schreiber 1912 Pangshura Gray 1856b Clemmys caspica cretica Mertens 1946 Cuchoa Gray 1870g sinensis Gray 1834a (1) Emia Gray 1870g Emys sinensis Gray 1834a Jerdonella Gray 1870g Emys bennettii Gray 1844 smithii Gray 1863g Testudo anyangensis Ping 1930 smithii Gray 1863g Ocadia sinensis changwui Tao 1988 Batagur smithii Gray 1863g Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992 pallidipes Moll 1987 (partim, hybrid) Kachuga smithii pallidipes Moll 1987 Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994 sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 (partim, hybrid) Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 ____Melanochelys Gray 1869a tecta Gray 1830b Melanochelys Gray 1869a Emys tectum Gray 1830b Chaibassia Theobald 1876 Emys trigibbosa Lesson 1831 tricarinata Blyth 1856 Pangshura dura Gray 1869a Geomyda tricarinata Blyth 1856 Pangshura ventricosa Gray 1870g Chaibassia theobaldi Anderson 1879 tentoria Gray 1834a Nicoria tricarinata sivalensis Lydekker 1889 tentoria Gray 1834a (1) 000.12 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emys tentoria Gray 1834a nior homonym) Emys (Pangshura) tectum intermedia Blanford 1870 Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Li 1958 (junior hom- Pangshura leithii Gray 1870g onym) circumdata Mertens 1969 Clemmys beali insulensis Adler 1962 (nomen no- Kachuga tecta circumdata Mertens 1969 vum) (24) flaviventer Günther 1864 (1) Sacalia pseudocellata McCord and Iverson 1992a Pangshura flaviventer Günther 1864 (partim, hybrid) ____Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835 ____Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929 Chemelys Rafinesque 1832 (nomen suppressum) Bellia Gray 1869a (junior homonym) Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835 Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929 (nomen novum) Callopsis Gray 1863c Panyaenemys Diesmos, Parham, Stuart, and Brown 2005 annulata Gray 1860b crassicollis Gray 1830e Geoclemmys annulata Gray 1860b Emys crassicollis Gray 1830e Chelopus gabbii Cope 1876 Emys nigra Blyth 1855 (junior homonym) areolata Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851 Pangshura cochinchinensis Tirant 1885 Emys areolata Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and leytensis Taylor 1920 (1) Duméril 1851 Heosemys leytensis Taylor 1920 diademata Mertens 1954 ____Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel, and Geoemyda punctularia diademata Mertens 1954 Fritz 2006 (1) flammigera Paolillo 1985 (25) Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera Paolillo 1985 Gemel, and Fritz 2006 funerea Cope 1876 silvatica Henderson 1912 Chelopus funereus Cope 1876 Geoemyda silvatica Henderson 1912 Geoemyda costaricensis Kanberg 1930 __Testudinidae Batsch 1788 melanosterna Gray 1861b Testudines Linnaeus 1758 (invalid vernacular name) Geoclemmys melanosterna Gray 1861b Testudines Batsch 1788 nasuta Boulenger 1902 Testudines terrestres Meyer 1795 (invalid vernacular Nicoria nasuta Boulenger 1902 name) pulcherrima Gray 1856b Testudia Rafinesque 1814 pulcherrima Gray 1856b Testudinidae Gray 1825 Emys pulcherrimus Gray 1856b Pantestudinidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 incisa Bocourt 1868 ____Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957 or Dipsochelys Emys incisa Bocourt 1868 Bour 1982 (1) (13) Rhinoclemmys frontalis Gray 1873a Megalochelys Fitzinger 1843 (junior homonym) Rhinoclemmys bocourtii Gray 1873e Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957 manni Dunn 1930 Dipsochelys Bour 1982 Geoemyda manni Dunn 1930 arnoldi Bour 1982 (1) rogerbarbouri Ernst 1978 Dipsochelys arnoldi Bour 1982 Callopsis pulcherrima rogerbarbouri Ernst 1978 daudinii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (†) punctularia Daudin 1801 (12) (25) Testudo daudinii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 (12) (nomen oblitum dussumieri Gray 1831d [or gigantea Schweigger 1812] (1) (13) and senior homonym) Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812 (13) (partim, mis- Testudo verrucosa Walbaum 1782 (nomen illegitimum) identified type) Testudo verrucosa Suckow 1798 (junior homonym) Testudo dussumieri Gray 1831d Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801 Testudo elephantina Duméril and Bibron 1835 Testudo dorsata Schoepff 1801 (nomen suppressum) Testudo ponderosa Günther 1877 Emys dorsualis Spix 1824 Testudo sumeirei Sauzier 1892 Rhinoclemys bellii Gray 1863c Testudo gouffei Rothschild 1906 Geoclemys callocephalus Gray 1863h hololissa Günther 1877 Rhinoclemys lunata Gray 1873a Testudo hololissa Günther 1877 Rhinoclemys ventricosa Gray 1873a ____Astrochelys Gray 1873i (1) rubida Cope 1870 Astrochelys Gray 1873i rubida Cope 1870 radiata Shaw 1802 Chelopus rubidus Cope 1870 Testudo coui Daudin 1801 (nomen oblitum) Rhinoclemmys mexicana Gray 1870b Testudo radiata Shaw 1802 perixantha Mosimann and Rabb 1953 Testudo desertorum Grandidier 1869 Geoemyda rubida perixantha Mosimann and Rabb 1953 Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941 ____Sacalia Gray 1870g (1) ____Astrochelys Gray 1873i or Angonoka Le, Raxworthy, McCord, Sacalia Gray 1870g and Mertz 2006 (1) bealei Gray 1831d Angonoka Le, Raxworthy, McCord, and Mertz 2006 Cistuda bealei Gray 1831d yniphora Vaillant 1885a (1) quadriocellata Siebenrock 1903a (24) Testudo yniphora Vaillant 1885 Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Siebenrock 1903 (se- ____Centrochelys Gray 1872c or Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 (1) Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.13

Centrochelys Gray 1872c Testudo nigrita Duméril and Bibron 1835 (nomen sulcata Miller 1779 dubium) Testudo sulcata Miller 1779 Testudo porteri Rothschild 1903 Testudo calcarata Schneider 1784 (nomen novum) vicina Günther 1875 (1) (14) Testudo radiata senegalensis Gray 1831d Testudo elephantopus Harlan 1827 (nomen dubium) ____Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835 (1) Testudo microphyes Günther 1875 (14) (nomen dubium) Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835 Testudo vicina Günther 1875 Gopher Gray 1870c Testudo guentheri Baur 1889 (senior homonym) Elephantopus Gray 1874 (junior homonym) Testudo macrophyes Garman 1917 Pampatestudo Lindholm 1929 Testudo vandenburghi De Sola 1930 Darwintestudo Antenbrink-Vetter and Vetter 1998 subspecies indeterminate carbonaria Spix 1824 Testudo planiceps Gray 1854b (nomen dubium and Testudo carbonaria Spix 1824 junior homonym) Testudo boiei Wagler 1833 Testudo clivosa Garman 1917 (nomen dubium) chilensis Gray 1870a (1) Testudo typica Garman 1917 (nomen dubium) Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray 1870a petersi Freiberg 1973 (1) Testudo argentina Sclater 1870 (nomen novum) Geochelone petersi Freiberg 1973 Geochelone donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973 ____Chersina Gray 1830e denticulata Linnaeus 1766 Chersina Gray 1830e Testudo denticulata Linnaeus 1766 (senior homonym) Goniochersus Lindholm 1929 Testudo tabulata Walbaum 1782 (nomen illegitimum) Neotestudo Hewitt 1931 Testudo tessellata Schneider 1792 angulata Schweigger 1812 Testudo tabulata Schoepff 1793 Testudo angulata Schweigger 1812 Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812 (13) (partim, mis- Testudo tabulata africana Schweigger 1812 (junior identified type) homonym) Testudo terrestris americana Schweigger 1812 Testudo bellii Gray 1828 Testudo terrestris brasiliensis Schweigger 1812 Chersina angulata pallida Gray 1831d Testudo terrestris cayennensis Schweigger 1812 ____Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835 Testudo terrestris surinamensis Schweigger 1812 Chelonura Rafinesque 1832 (junior homonym) Testudo hercules Spix 1824 Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835 Testudo sculpta Spix 1824 indica Schneider 1783 (†) (1) Testudo cagado Spix 1824 Testudo indica Schneider 1783 Testudo hercules truncata Gray 1830e (nomen dubium) Chersine retusa Merrem 1820 (nomen novum) nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824 Testudo graii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (nomen novum) nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824 (†) (1) Testudo perraultii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (nomen Testudo californiana Quoy and Gaimard 1824a (no- novum) men oblitum) Chersina grayi Strauch 1865 (nomen novum) Testudo nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824b (nomen novum) Cylindraspis borbonica Bour 1978 Testudo galapagoensis Baur 1889 inepta Günther 1873 (†) abingdonii Günther 1877 Testudo neraudii Gray 1831d (nomen oblitum) Testudo ephippium Günther 1875 (partim, misidenti- Testudo inepta Günther 1873 fied type) Testudo boutonii Günther 1875 Testudo abingdonii Günther 1877 Testudo sauzieri Gadow 1894 becki Rothschild 1901 peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835 (†) Testudo becki Rothschild 1901 Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907 (1) 1801 (partim, nomen dubium) Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902 (partim, nomen Testudo peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835 dubium) triserrata Günther 1873 (†) Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907 Testudo schweigeri Gray 1830e (nomen oblitum) darwini Van Denburgh 1907 Testudo triserrata Günther 1873 Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902 (partim, nomen Testudo leptocnemis Günther 1875 dubium) Testudo microtympanum Boulenger 1891 Testudo darwini Van Denburgh 1907 Testudo guentheri Gadow 1894 (junior homonym) duncanensis Garman in Pritchard 1996 (1) Testudo gadowi Van Denburgh 1914 (nomen novum) Testudo ephippium Günther 1875 (partim, misidenti- vosmaeri Suckow 1798 (†) (1) fied type) Testudo indica vosmaeri Suckow 1798 Geochelone nigra duncanensis Garman in Prit- Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille chard 1996 (partim, nomen dubium) hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907 Testudo rodericensis Günther 1873 Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907 Testudo commersoni Vaillant 1898 phantastica Van Denburgh 1907 (†) (1) ____Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 (1) Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh 1907 Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 porteri Rothschild 1903 (1) elegans Schoepff 1795 000.14 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Testudo elegans Schoepff 1795 Madakinixys Vuillemin 1972 Testudo stellata Schweigger 1812 belliana Gray 1830e Testudo actinodes Bell 1828a belliana Gray 1830e (1) (11) Testudo megalopus Blyth 1853 Testudo (Kinyxis) belliana Gray 1830e platynota Blyth 1863 Kinixys schoensis Rüppell 1845 Testudo platynota Blyth 1863 Kinixys belliana mertensi Laurent 1956 ____Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 domerguei Vuillemin 1972 Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 Madakinixys domerguei Vuillemin 1972 Xerobates Agassiz 1857 zombensis Hewitt 1931 Bysmachelys Johnston 1937 Kinixys belliana zombensis Hewitt 1931 Scaptochelys Bramble 1982 Kinixys belliana zuluensis Hewitt 1931 agassizii Cooper 1863 erosa Schweigger 1812 Xerobates agassizii Cooper 1863 Testudo erosa Schweigger 1812 Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velázquez So- Kinixys castanea Bell 1827 lis 1989 homeana Bell 1827 berlandieri Agassiz 1857 Kinixys homeana Bell 1827 Xerobates berlandieri Agassiz 1857 lobatsiana Power 1927 flavomarginatus Legler 1959 Cinixys lobatsiana Power 1927 Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959 natalensis Hewitt 1935 Gopherus huecoensis Strain 1966 Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935 polyphemus Daudin 1801 nogueyi Lataste 1886 (11) Testudo polyphemus Daudin 1801 Homopus nogueyi Lataste 1886 Testudo depressa Cuvier 1829 Cinixys dorri Lataste 1888 Testudo gopher Gray 1844 spekii Gray 1863d Gopherus praecedens Hay 1916 Kinixys spekii Gray 1863d ____Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1835 (1) Homopus darlingi Boulenger 1902 Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1835 Testudo procterae Loveridge 1923 Chersobius Fitzinger 1835 Kinixys australis Hewitt 1931 Pseudomopus Hewitt 1931 Kinixys jordani Hewitt 1931 areolatus Thunberg 1787 Kinixys youngi Hewitt 1931 Testudo areolata Thunberg 1787 Kinixys australis mababiensis FitzSimons 1932 Testudo miniata Lacépède 1788 ____Malacochersus Lindholm 1929 Testudo fasciata Daudin 1801 (junior homonym) Malacochersus Lindholm 1929 Testudo africana Hermann 1804 tornieri Siebenrock 1903b Chersine tetradactyla Merrem 1820 Testudo tornieri Siebenrock 1903c Testudo areolata pallida Gray 1831d Testudo loveridgii Boulener 1920 boulengeri Duerden 1906 ____Manouria Gray 1854a Homopus boulengeri Duerden 1906 Manouria Gray 1854a femoralis Boulenger 1888a Teleopus LeConte 1854 Homopus femoralis Boulenger 1888a Scapia Gray 1869a signatus Gmelin 1789 emys Schlegel and Müller 1840 signatus Gmelin 1789 emys Schlegel and Müller 1840 Testudo signata Walbaum 1782 (nomen illegitimum) Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840 Testudo signata Gmelin 1789 Testudo emydoides Duméril and Bibron in Duméril Testudo juvencella Gray 1831d and Duméril 1851 cafer Daudin 1801 Manouria fusca Gray 1854a Testudo cafra Daudin 1801 Teleopus luxatus LeConte 1854 Pseudomopus signatus peersi Hewitt 1935 Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a (nomen du- solus Branch 2007 (1) bium) Homopus solus Branch 2007 phayrei Blyth 1853 ____Indotestudo Lindholm 1929 Testudo phayrei Blyth 1853 Indotestudo Lindholm 1929 Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a (nomen du- elongata Blyth 1853 bium) Testudo elongata Blyth 1853 Testudo nutapundi Reimann in Nutaphand 1979 Testudo parallelus Annandale 1913 impressa Günther 1882 forstenii Schlegel and Müller 1845 Geoemyda impressa Günther 1882 Testudo forstenii Schlegel and Müller 1845 Geoemyda latinuchalis Vaillant 1894 travancorica Boulenger 1907 (1) Testudo pseudemys Boulenger in Annandale and Testudo travancorica Boulenger 1907 Robinson 1903 ____Kinixys Bell 1827 ____Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 Kinixys Bell 1827 Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 Cinixys Wagler 1830 (nomen novum) Chersinella Gray 1870g Cinothorax Fitzinger 1835 geometricus Linnaeus 1758 Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.15

Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758 Testudo pardalis babcocki Loveridge 1935 Testudo luteola Daudin 1801 ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 (1) Testudo strauchi Lidth de Jeude 1893 Testudo Linnaeus 1758 oculifer Kuhl 1820 Chersine Merrem 1820 Testudo oculifera Kuhl 1820 Chersus Wagler 1830 Emys kuhlii Gray 1831d (nomen dubium) Peltastes Gray 1869a (junior homonym) Testudo semiserrata Smith 1839 Peltonia Gray 1872c (nomen novum) tentorius Bell 1828a Medaestia Wussow 1916 tentorius Bell 1828a Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams 1957 Testudo tentoria Bell 1828a Protestudo Chkhikvadze 1970 Testudo geometrica nigriventris Gray 1856b Furculachelys Highfield 1990 Chersinella tentoria albanica Hewitt 1933 graeca Linnaeus 1758 (1) Chersinella tentoria tentorioides Hewitt 1933 graeca Linnaeus 1758 Chersinella tentoria piscatella Hewitt 1933 Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 (senior homonym) Chersinella tentoria subsulcata Hewitt 1933 Testudo pusilla Linnaeus 1758 (senior homonym) Chersinella tentoria karuica Hewitt 1933 Testudo mauritanica Duméril and Bibron 1835 Chersinella tentoria duerdeni Hewitt 1933 Testudo whitei Bennett in White 1836 Chersinella tentoria lativittata Hewitt 1933 armeniaca Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 1991 Chersinella tentoria karuella Hewitt 1933 Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze and trimeni Boulenger 1886 Bakradze 1991 Testudo trimeni Boulenger 1886 Testudo graeca pallasi Chkhikvadze and Bakradze Chersinella tentoria hexensis Hewitt 1933 1992 verroxii Smith 1839 buxtoni Boulenger 1921 Testudo verroxii Smith 1839 Testudo ecaudata Pallas 1814 (nomen dubium) Testudo verreauxii Gray 1870b (nomen novum) Testudo buxtoni Boulenger 1921 Testudo fiski Boulenger 1886 Testudo perses Perälä 2002 Testudo smithi Boulenger 1886 cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002 Testudo seimundi Boulenger 1903 Testudo graeca cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002 Testudo boettgeri Siebenrock 1904 (junior homonym) ibera Pallas 1814 Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906 Testudo ibera Pallas 1814 Testudo oscarboettgeri Lindholm 1929 (nomen novum) Testudo ibera bicaudalis Venzmer 1920 Chersinella schonlandi Hewitt 1934 Testudo ibera racovitzai Calinescu 1931 Chersinella fiski cronwrighti Hewitt 1934 Testudo graeca nikolskii Chkhikvadze and Tuni- Chersinella fiski orangensis Hewitt 1934 yev 1986 Chersinella fiski colesbergensis Hewitt 1934 lamberti Pieh and Perälä 2004 Chersinella fiski grica Hewitt 1934 Testudo graeca lamberti Pieh and Perälä 2004 Chersinella fiski gricoides Hewitt 1934 marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004 Chersinella fiski amasensis Hewitt 1934 Testudo graeca marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004 Psammobates depressa FitzSimons 1938 nabeulensis Highfield 1990 ____Pyxis Bell 1827 Testudo flavominimaralis Highfield and Martin 1989 Pyxis Bell 1827 (nomen dubium) Acinixys Siebenrock 1902 Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990 Bellemys Williams 1950 (nomen novum) soussensis Pieh 2001 Pyxoides Vuillemin and Domergue 1972 Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh 2001 arachnoides Bell 1827 terrestris Forsskål 1775 arachnoides Bell 1827 (1) Testudo terrestris Forsskål 1775 (junior homonym, Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827 nomen conservandum) Pyxis madagascariensis Lesson 1831 Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935 brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972 Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger 1987 Pyxoides brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972 Testudo antakyensis Perälä 1996 oblonga Gray 1869a zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896 Pyxis arachnoidea oblonga Gray 1869a Testudo zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896 Pyxis arachnoides matzi Bour 1979 kleinmanni Lortet 1883 (1) planicauda Grandidier 1867 Testudo leithii Günther 1869 (junior homonym) Testudo planicauda Grandidier 1867 Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883 Testudo morondavaensis Vuillemin 1972 Testudo werneri Perälä 2001 (1) ____Stigmochelys Gray 1873i or Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 (1) marginata Schoepff 1793 (1) Stigmochelys Gray 1873i Testudo tabulata campanulata Walbaum 1782 (no- Megachersine Hewitt 1933 men illegitimum) pardalis Bell 1828a Testudo marginata Schoepff 1793 pardalis Bell 1828a (1) Testudo graja Hermann in Schoepff 1793 Testudo pardalis Bell 1828a Testudo campanulata Strauch 1862 babcocki Loveridge 1935 Peltastes marginatus melas Gray 1870g 000.16 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Testudo nemoralis Schreiber 1875 Cyclanosteus senegalensis equilifera Gray 1865 Testudo marginata sarda Mayer 1992 Cyclanosteus senegalensis normalis Gray 1865 Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996 Tetrathyra vaillanti Rochebrune 1884 ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 or Agrionemys Khozatsky and Mlynar- ____Cycloderma Peters 1854 ski 1966 (1) Cycloderma Peters 1854 Testudinella Gray 1870g (junior homonym) Heptathyra Cope 1860 Agrionemys Khozatsky and Mlynarski 1966 Aspidochelys Gray 1860a Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham, and aubryi Duméril 1856 Perälä 2006 Cryptopus aubryi Duméril 1856 hermanni Gmelin 1789 frenatum Peters 1854 hermanni Gmelin 1789 (1) Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854 Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789 Aspidochelys livingstonii Gray 1860a Testudo graeca bettai Lataste 1881 ____Lissemys Smith 1931 Testudo hermanni robertmertensi Wermuth 1952 Emyda Gray 1830e (junior homonym) boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889 Lissemys Smith 1931 (nomen novum) Testudo graeca boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889 (senior punctata Lacépède 1788 homonym) punctata Lacépède 1788 Testudo graeca hercegovinensis Werner 1899 Testudo punctata Lacépède 1788 Testudo enriquesi Parenzan 1932 Testudo granulosa Suckow 1801 (nomen novum) horsfieldii Gray 1844 Testudo scabra Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille horsfieldii Gray 1844 (1) (15) 1801 (nomen novum and junior homonym) Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844 Testudo granosa Schoepff 1801 Homopus burnesii Blyth 1854 Testudo granulata Daudin 1801 (nomen novum) Testudo baluchiorum Annandale 1906 Trionyx coromandelicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1988 (1) (15) Emyda vittata Peters 1854 Agrionemys horsfieldi kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1988 Emyda ceylonensis Gray 1856a rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990 (1) (15) Emyda granosa intermedia Annandale 1912 Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amira- andersoni Webb 1980 nashvili, and Ataev 1990 Lissemys punctata andersoni Webb 1980 _Trionychia Hummel 1929 scutata Peters 1868 __Carettochelyidae Boulenger 1887 Emyda scutata Peters 1868 Carettochelydidae Boulenger 1887 Emyda fuscomaculata Gray 1873c Carettochelyidae Baur 1891 ___Trionychinae Gray 1825 Pancarettochelys Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Amydae Oppel 1811 (nomen oblitum) ____Carettochelys Ramsay 1886 Trionicidae Gray 1825 Carettochelys Ramsay 1886 Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826 insculpta Ramsay 1886 (1) (10) (CBFTT Account) Trionychinae Lydekker 1889 Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886 ____Amyda Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 Carettochelys insculpta canni Wells 2002 (1) (10) Amyda Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 __Trionychidae Gray 1825 Potamochelys Fitzinger 1843 Amydae Oppel 1811 (nomen oblitum) Aspilus Gray 1864a (junior homonym) Trionicidae Gray 1825 Ida Gray 1873g (junior homonym) Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826 cartilaginea Boddaert 1770 Trionychidae Bell 1828 Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770 Pantrionychidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Testudo membranacea Blumenbach 1779 (nomen ___Cyclanorbinae Lydekker 1889 dubium) Cyclanosteina Gray 1864a Testudo boddaerti Schneider 1787 (nomen novum) Cyclanorbinae Lydekker 1889 Testudo striata Suckow 1798 (partim, nomen novum) ____Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a Trionyx javanicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 (se- Cryptopus Duméril and Bibron 1835 (junior hom- nior homonym) onym) Trionyx stellatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 (no- Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a men novum) Cyclanosteus Gray 1856a Trionyx cariniferus Gray 1856b Tetrathyra Gray 1865 Trionyx ornatus Gray 1861a Baikiea Gray 1869a Aspilus punctulatus Gray 1864a elegans Gray 1869a Trionyx phayrei Theobald 1868 Baikiea elegans Gray 1869a Trionyx jeudi Gray 1869a Cyclanorbis oligotylus Siebenrock 1902 Trionyx ephippium Theobald 1875 senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835 Trionyx nakornsrithammarajensis Nutaphand 1979 Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835 Trionyx cartilageneus nakorn Nutaphand 1990 (no- Cyclanorbis petersii Gray 1854a men novum) Tetrathyra baikii Gray 1865 ____Apalone Rafinesque 1832 Cyclanosteus senegalensis callosa Gray 1865 Apalone Rafinesque 1832 Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.17

Mesodeca Rafinesque 1832 Trionyx dillwynii Gray 1873c Platypeltis Fitzinger 1835 Trionyx vertebralis Strauch 1890 Callinia Gray 1869a Trionyx pecki Bartlett 1895 Euamyda Stejneger 1944 ____Nilssonia Gray 1872a (1) ferox Schneider 1783 Nilssonia Gray 1872a Testudo ferox Schneider 1783 Isola Gray 1873g Testudo mollis Lacépède 1788 (nomen novum) formosa Gray 1869a Testudo (ferox) verrucosa Schoepff 1795 (senior Trionyx formosus Gray 1869a homonym) Trionyx peguensis Gray 1870g Testudo bartrami Daudin 1801 (nomen novum) Trionyx grayii Theobald 1875 Trionyx carinatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 ____Nilssonia Gray 1872a or Aspideretes Hay 1904 (1) Trionyx georgicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 Aspideretes Hay 1904 Trionyx brongniarti Schweigger 1812 (nomen novum) gangetica Cuvier 1825 mutica LeSueur 1827 Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1825 mutica LeSueur 1827 Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e (partim, junior homonym) Trionyx pusilla Rafinesque 1822 (nomen dubium Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835 and nomen suppressum) (partim, nomen novum) Trionyx muticus LeSueur 1827 Trionyx gangeticus mahanaddicus Annandale 1912 Potamochelys microcephalus Gray 1864a hurum Gray 1830e calvata Webb 1959 Trionyx occellatus Gray 1830d (junior homonym as Trionyx muticus calvata Webb 1959 Trionyx ocellatus) spinifera LeSueur 1827 Trionyx hurum Gray 1830e spinifera LeSueur 1827 (22) Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Trionyx nasica Rafinesque 1822 (nomen suppressum) (partim, nomen novum) Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827 Trionyx sewaare Gray 1872a Trionyx ocellatus LeSueur 1827 (senior homonym) Trionyx bellii Gray 1872a Apalone hudsonica Rafinesque 1832 Trionyx buchanani Theobald 1874 Trionyx annulifer Wied 1839 (nomen novum) leithii Gray 1872a Tyrse argus Gray 1844 Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e (partim, junior homonym) Aspidonectes nuchalis Agassiz 1857 Trionyx leithii Gray 1872a Gymnopus olivaceus Wied 1865 (nomen novum) Aspilus gataghol Gray 1872a Amyda spinifera hartwegi Conant and Goin 1948 (22) Trionyx sulcifrons Annandale 1915 aspera Agassiz 1857 nigricans Anderson 1875 (1) Aspidonectes asper Agassiz 1857 Trionyx nigricans Anderson 1875 Platypeltis agassizii Baur 1888 ____Palea Meylan 1987 atra Webb and Legler 1960 (1) (23) (CBFTT Account) Palea Meylan 1987 Trionyx ater Webb and Legler 1960 steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a emoryi Agassiz 1857 Aspidonectes californiana Rivers 1889 (nomen sup- Aspidonectes emoryi Agassiz 1857 pressum) guadalupensis Webb 1962 Trionyx steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis Webb 1962 ____Pelochelys Gray 1864a pallida Webb 1962 Pelochelys Gray 1864a Trionyx spinifer pallidus Webb 1962 bibroni Owen 1853 ____Chitra Gray 1844 Trionyx (Gymnopus) bibroni Owen 1853 Chitra Gray 1844 cantorii Gray 1864a (CBFTT Account) chitra Nutaphand 1986 Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864a chitra Nutaphand 1986 Pelochelys cumingii Gray 1864a Chitra chitra Nutaphand 1986 Pelochelys cantoris Boulenger 1889 (nomen novum) javanensis McCord and Pritchard 2003 Pelochelys poljakowii Strauch 1890 Chitra selenkae Jaekel 1911 (nomen suppressum) signifera Webb 2003 Chitra chitra javanensis McCord and Pritchard 2003 Pelochelys signifera Webb 2003 indica Gray 1830e ____Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835 (1) Trionyx indicus Gray 1830e Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835 Gymnopus lineatus Duméril and Bibron 1835 Landemania Gray 1869a vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 Psilognathus Heude 1880 Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 Temnognathus Heude 1880 ____Dogania Gray 1844 Gomphopelta Heude 1880 Dogania Gray 1844 Coelognathus Heude 1880 Sarbieria Gray 1869a Tortisternum Heude 1880 subplana Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 Ceramopelta Heude 1880 Trionyx subplanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 Coptopelta Heude 1880 Trionyx frenatus Gray 1856b Cinctisternum Heude 1880 Dogania guentheri Gray 1862c axenaria Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991 000.18 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Trionyx axenaria Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991 Pleuroderes Duméril and Bibron 1834 (invalid ver- maackii Brandt 1857 nacular name) Trionyx maackii Brandt 1857 Pleurodera Lichtenstein 1856 (unavailable name) parviformis Tang 1997 Pleurodera Cope 1864 Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997 Pleurodira Cope 1865 sinensis Wiegmann 1835 Pleurodiromorpha Lee 1995 Testudo rostrata Thunberg 1787 (nomen suppressum) Panpleurodira Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Testudo striata Suckow 1798 (partim, nomen novum) __Chelidae Gray 1825 Testudo semimembranacea Hermann 1804 (nomen Chelides Cuvier 1816 (invalid vernacular name) suppressum) Chelidina Gray 1825 Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1835 Chelydae Gray 1831d Trionyx stellatus japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1835 Chelydidae Gray 1831d Trionyx tuberculatus Cantor 1842 Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836 Tyrse perocellata Gray 1844 Hydraspididae Agassiz 1857 Trionyx schlegelii Brandt 1857 Chelidae Lindholm 1929 Landemania irrorata Gray 1869a Panchelidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Psilognathus laevis Heude 1880 ____Acanthochelys Gray 1873c Temnognathus mordax Heude 1880 Acanthochelys Gray 1873c Gomphopelta officinae Heude 1880 macrocephala Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris 1984 (1) Coelognathus novemcostatus Heude 1880 Platemys macrocephala Rhodin, Mittermeier, and Tortisternum novemcostatum Heude 1880 McMorris 1984 Ceramopelta latirostris Heude 1880 Phrynops chacoensis Fritz and Pauler 1992 Coptopelta septemcostata heude 1880 pallidipectoris Freiberg 1945 Cinctisternum bicinctum Heude 1880 Platemys pallidipectoris Freiberg 1945 Trionyx cartilagineus newtoni Ferreira 1897 radiolata Mikan 1820 Amyda schlegelii haseri Pavlov 1932 Emys radiolata Mikan 1820 Amyda schlegelii licenti Pavlov 1932 Platemys gaudichaudii Gray 1844 Amyda schlegelii laoshanica Pavlov 1933 Platemys werneri Schnee 1900 ____Rafetus Gray 1864a Platemys radiolata quadrisquamosa Luederwaldt 1926 Rafetus Gray 1864a spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Oscaria Gray 1873f Emys depressa Spix 1824 (junior homonym) Yuen Heude 1880 Emys aspera Gray 1830e (nomen oblitum) euphraticus Daudin 1801 Platemys spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Testudo euphratica Daudin 1801 ____Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 (1) (2) Testudo rafcht Olivier 1807 Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 swinhoei Gray 1873f (1) Hydraspis Bell 1828b Oscaria swinhoei Gray 1873f Chelyodina Agassiz 1846 (nomen novum) Yuen leprosus Heude 1880 canni McCord and Thomson 2002 (1) Yuen maculatus Heude 1880 Chelodina canni McCord and Thomson 2002 Yuen elegans Heude 1880 gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a Yuen viridis Heude 1880 Chelodina gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a Yuen pallens Heude 1880 longicollis Shaw 1794 Trionyx swinhonis Boulenger 1889 (nomen novum) Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794 Pelochelys taihuensis Zhang 1984 Chelodina novaehollandiae Duméril and Bibron 1835 Trionyx liupani Tao 1986 Chelodina sulcata Gray 1856a Rafetus leloii Duc 2000 Chelodina sulcifera Gray 1856b (nomen novum) ____Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 mccordi Rhodin 1994b (CBFTT Account) Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 mccordi Rhodin 1994b Aspidonectes Wagler 1830 Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994b Gymnopus Duméril and Bibron 1835 roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007b (1) Tyrse Gray 1844 Chelodina mccordi roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Fordia Gray 1869a and Hagen 2007b triunguis Forsskål 1775 novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b Testudo triunguis Forsskål 1775 Chelodina novaeguineae Boulenger 188b Testudo striata Suckow 1798 (partim, nomen novum) pritchardi Rhodin 1994a Trionyx egyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 Chelodina pritchardi Rhodin 1994a Trionyx niloticus Gray 1831d (nomen novum) reimanni Philippen and Grossmann 1990 Trionyx (Pelodiscus) labiatus Fitzinger 1835 Chelodina reimanni Philippen and Grossman 1990 Trionyx mortoni Hallowell 1844 steindachneri Siebenrock 1914 (1) Aspidonectes aspilus Cope 1860 Chelodina steindachneri Siebenrock 1914 Fordia africana Gray 1869a Chelodina millymillyensis Glauert 1923 Trionyx triunguis rudolfianus Deraniyagala 1948 timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007a (1) • Pleurodira Cope 1864 (20) Chelodina timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.19

Hagen 2007a Hydraspis australis Gray 1841 Chelodina mccordi timorlestensis Kuchling, Rhodin, macquarii Gray 1830e Ibarrondo, and Trainor 2007 macquarii Gray 1830e (1) ____Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 or Macrodiremys McCord and Jo- Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e seph-Ouni 2007b (2) Euchelymys sulcifera Gray 1871a Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b Emydura macquariae Boulenger 1889 (nomen novm) oblonga Gray 1841 (1) (3) binjing Cann 1998 Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 (partim, misidentified type) Emydura macquarii binjing Cann 1998 Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a dharra Cann 1998 ____Chelus Duméril 1806 Emydura macquarii dharra Cann 1998 Chelus Duméril 1806 dharuk Cann 1998 Chelys Oppel 1811 (nomen novum) Emydura macquarii dharuk Cann 1998 Chelyda Rafinesque 1815 (nomen novum) emmotti Cann, McCord, and Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Matamata Merrem 1820 (nomen novum) Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 fimbriata Schneider 1783 (CBFTT Account) Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord, and Jo- Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765 (nomen rejectum) seph-Ouni in McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 Testudo fimbriata Schneider 1783 gunabarra Cann 1998 Testudo fimbria Gmelin 1789 (nomen novum) Emydura macquarii gunabarra Cann 1998 Testudo matamata Bruguière 1792 krefftii Gray 1871b Testudo bispinosa Ruiz de Xelva in Daudin 1801 Chelymys krefftii Gray 1871b Chelys boulengerii Baur 1890 Chelymys victoriae marmorata Gray 1872d ____Elseya Gray 1867 (1) Chelymys victoriae sulcata Gray 1872d Elseya Gray 1867 nigra McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus 2006 Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann, and Jo- Elseya albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus 2006 seph-Ouni 2003 branderhorsti Ouwens 1914 (1) signata Ahl 1932 Emydura branderhorsti Ouwens 1914 Emydura signata Ahl 1932 dentata Gray 1863a subglobosa Krefft 1876 Chelymys dentata Gray 1863a subglobosa Krefft 1876 Elseya intermedia Gray 1872c Euchelymys subglobosa Krefft 1876 irwini Cann 1997c Emydura albertisii Boulenger 1888 Elseya irwini Cann 1997c worrelli Wells and Wellington 1985 (1) jukesi Wells 2007b (1) Tropicochelymys worrelli Wells and Wellington 1985 Elseya jukesi Wells 2007b tanybaraga Cann 1997b lavarackorum White and Archer 1994 Emydura tanybaraga Cann 1997b Elseya lavarackorum White and Archer 1994 victoriae Gray 1842 novaeguineae Meyer 1874 Hydraspis victoriae Gray 1842 Platemys novaeguineae Meyer 1874 ____Hydromedusa Wagler 1830 schultzei Vogt 1911 (1) Hydromedusa Wagler 1830 Elseya schultzei Vogt 1911 Chelomedusa Gray 1873c stirlingi Wells 2007b (1) maximiliani Mikan 1825 Elseya stirlingi Wells 2007b Emys maximiliani Mikan 1825 ____Elseya Gray 1867 or Wollumbinia Wells 2007c (1) Chelodina flavilabris Duméril and Bibron 1835 Wollumbinia Wells 2007c Hydromedusa subdepressa Gray 1854a bellii Gray 1844 (1) Hydromedusa depressa Gray 1856b (nomen novum) Phrynops bellii Gray 1844 Hydromedusa bankae Giebel 1866 georgesi Cann 1997a tectifera Cope 1870 Elseya georgesi Cann 1997a Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1870 latisternum Gray 1867 Hydromedusa platanensis Gray 1873c Elseya latisternum Gray 1867 Hydromedusa wagleri Günther 1884 Euchelymys spinosa Gray 1871a ____Macrochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985 or Chelodina purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985 Fitzinger 1826 (1) (2) Elseya purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985 Macrochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985 ____Elusor Cann and Legler 1994 burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000 Elusor Cann and Legler 1994 Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and macrurus Cann and Legler 1994 Georges 2000 Elusor macrurus Cann and Legler 1994 expansa Gray 1857 ____Emydura Bonaparte 1836 Chelodina expansa Gray 1857 Emydura Bonaparte 1836 kuchlingi Cann 1997d (1) Chelymys Gray 1844 Chelodina kuchlingi Cann 1997d Euchelymys Gray 1871a parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976 Tropicochelymys Wells and Wellington 1985 Chelodina parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976 australis Gray 1841 rugosa Ogilby 1890 (1) 000.20 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 (partim, misidentified type) Spatulemys lasalae Gray 1872b Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890 tuberosus Peters 1870 Chelodina siebenrocki Werner 1901a Platemys tuberosa Peters 1870 Chelodina intergularis Fry 1915 williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983 walloyarrina McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b (4) Phrynops williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983 Macrochelodina walloyarrina McCord and Joesph- ____Platemys Wagler 1830 Ouni 2007b Platemys Wagler 1830 ____Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c (1) platycephala Schneider 1792 Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c platycephala Schneider 1792 gibba Schweigger 1812 Testudo platycephala Schneider 1792 Emys gibba Schweigger 1812 Testudo planiceps Schneider 1792 (senior homonym) Emys stenops Spix 1824 Testudo martinella Daudin 1801 Platemys miliusii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Emys discolor Thunberg in Schweigger 1812 Hydraspis gordoni Gray 1868 Emys canaliculata Spix 1824 Hydraspis bicolor Gray 1873c Hydraspis constricta Gray 1831d perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005 melanonota Ernst 1984 Mesoclemmys perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005 Platemys platycephala melanonota Ernst 1984 ____Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c or Batrachemys Stejneger 1909 (1) ____Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901 Batrachemys Stejneger 1909 Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901 dahli Zangerl and Medem 1958 umbrina Siebenrock 1901 Phrynops (Batrachemys) dahli Zangerl and Me- Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901 dem 1958 Emydura inspectata Glauert 1954 heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001 (1) ____Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980 Batrachemys heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980 and Lamar 2001 leukops Legler and Cann 1980 nasuta Schweigger 1812 Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann 1980 Emys nasuta Schweigger 1812 ____Rhinemys Wagler 1830 (1) Emys barbatula Gravenhorst 1829 Rhinemys Wagler 1830 Platemys schweiggerii Duméril and Bibron 1835 rufipes Spix 1824 (nomen novum) Emys rufipes Spix 1824 Hydraspis maculata Gray 1873c __Pelomedusidae Cope 1868 raniceps Gray 1856b Pelomedusidae Cope 1868 Hydraspis raniceps Gray 1856b Sternothaeridae Baur 1888 Phrynops wermuthi Mertens 1969 Panpelomedusidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 tuberculata Luederwaldt 1926 ____Pelomedusa Wagler 1830 Rhinemys tuberculata Luederwaldt 1926 Pelomedusa Wagler 1830 zuliae Pritchard and Trebbau 1984 Pentonyx Duméril and Bibron 1835 Phrynops (Batrachemys) zuliae Pritchard and Treb- subrufa Lacépède 1788 (1) (CBFTT Account) bau 1984 Testudo planitia Meuschen 1778 (nomen dubium ____Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c or Bufocephala McCord, Joseph- and senior homonym) Ouni, and Lamar 2001 (1) Testudo subrufa Lacépède 1788 Bufocephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001 Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792 vanderhaegei Bour 1973 Testudo badia Donndorff 1798 Phrynops tuberculatus vanderhaegei Bour 1973 Testudo rubicunda Suckow 1798 ____Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c or Ranacephala McCord, Joseph- Emys olivacea Schweigger 1812 (senior homonym) Ouni, and Lamar 2001 (1) Pentonyx capensis Duméril and Bibron 1835 Ranacephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001 Pentonyx gehafie Rüppell 1835 hogei Mertens 1967 Pentonyx americana Cornalia 1849 Phrynops hogei Mertens 1967 Pelomedusa nigra Gray 1863b ____Phrynops Wagler 1830 (1) Pelomedusa gasconi Rochebrune 1884 Phrynops Wagler 1830 Pelomedusa galeata disjuncta Vaillant and Grandi- Spatulemys Gray 1872b dier 1910 geoffroanus Schweigger 1812 Pelomedusa galeata orangensis Hewitt 1935 Emys geoffroana Schweigger 1812 Pelomedusa galeata devilliersi Hewitt 1935 Emys depressa Merrem 1820 (senior homonym) Pelomedusa galeata damarensis Hewitt 1935 Emys viridis Spix 1824 Pelomedusa galeata wettsteini Mertens 1937 Platemys neuwiedii Duméril and Biborn 1835 (no- ____Pelusios Wagler 1830 men novum) Pelusios Wagler 1830 Platemys waglerii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Tanoa Gray 1863f Hydraspis boulengeri Bohls 1895 Notoa Gray 1863f Hydraspis lutzi Ihering in Luederwaldt 1926 Anota Gray 1863f (junior homonym) hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835 adansonii Schweigger 1812 (CBFTT Account) Platemys hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Emys adansonii Schweigger 1812 Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.21

bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932 Dumerilia Grandidier 1867 (junior homonym) Pelusios bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932 Erymnochelys Baur 1888 (nomen novum) broadleyi Bour 1986 madagascariensis Grandidier 1867 Pelusios broadleyi Bour 1986 Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867 carinatus Laurent 1956 Podocnemis madagascariensis bifilaris Boettger 1893 Pelusios carinatus Laurent 1956 ____Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835 castaneus Schweigger 1812 Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835 Emys castanea Schweigger 1812 dumerilianus Schweigger 1812 Sternothaerus leachianus Bell 1825 Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812 Sternotherus derbianus Gray 1844 Emys macrocephala Spix 1824 (senior homonym) castanoides Hewitt 1931 Emys tracaxa Spix 1824 castanoides Hewitt 1931 ____Podocnemis Wagler 1830 Pelusios nigricans castanoides Hewitt 1931 Podocnemis Wagler 1830 Pelusios castaneus kapika Bour 1979 Chelonemys Gray 1864c (junior homonyn) intergularis Bour 1983 (CBFTT Account) Bartlettia Gray 1870f (junior homonym) Pelusios castanoides intergularis Bour 1983 erythrocephala Spix 1824 chapini Laurent 1965 Emys erythrocephala Spix 1824 Pelusios castaneus chapini Laurent 1965 Podocnemis agassizi Coutinho 1868 cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003 Podocnemis coutinhii Göldi 1886 Pelusios cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003 expansa Schweigger 1812 gabonensis Duméril 1856 Emys expansa Schweigger 1812 Pentonyx gabonensis Duméril 1856 Emys amazonica Spix 1824 Sternothaerus steindachneri Siebenrock 1902 Hydraspis bitentaculata Gray 1831d marani Bour 2000 Testudo arrau Humboldt in Gray 1831d Pelusios marani Bour 2000 lewyana Duméril 1852 nanus Laurent 1956 Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852 Pelusios nanus Laurent 1956 sextuberculata Cornalia 1849 niger Duméril and Bibron 1835 Podocnemis expansa sextuberculata Cornalia 1849 Sternotherus niger Duméril and Bibron 1835 Bartlettia pitipii Gray 1870f Sternothaerus oxyrhinus Boulenger 1897 unifilis Troschel 1848 (1) (16) Sternothaerus heinrothi Kanberg 1924 Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812 (nomen dubium) rhodesianus Hewitt 1927 (CBFTT Account) Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e (16) (no- Pelusios nigricans rhodesianus Hewitt 1927 men oblitum) seychellensis Siebenrock 1906c (†) (1) (CBFTT Account) Testudo terekay Humboldt in Gray 1831d (nomen Sternothaerus nigricans seychellensis Siebenrock oblitum) 1906c Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848 sinuatus Smith 1838 vogli Müller 1935 Sternotherus sinuatus Smith 1838 Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935 Sternotherus dentatus Peters 1848 Sternothaerus bottegi Boulenger 1895 ______Pelusios sinuatus zuluensis Hewitt 1927 Pelusios sinuatus leptus Hewitt 1933 Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises subniger Lacépède 1788 that have gone Extinct (†) since 1500 AD subniger Lacépède 1788 Testudo subnigra Lacépède 1788 Taxon — Family; Distribution; Approximate Extinction Date Testudo nigricans Donndorff 1798 ______parietalis Bour 1983 (CBFTT Account) Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983 Chelonoidis nigra nigra (†) — Testudinidae; Ecuador: Galapagos: upembae Broadley 1981 Floreana (Charles); ca. 1850 Pelusios bechuanicus upembae Broadley 1981 Chelonoidis nigra phantastica (†) — Testudinidae; Ecuador: williamsi Laurent 1965 Galapagos: Fernandina (Narborough); ca. 1960 williamsi Laurent 1965 Cylindraspis inepta (†) — Testudinidae; Mauritius; ca. 1730 Pelusios [williamsi] williamsi Laurent 1965 Cylindraspis indica (†) — Testudinidae; Réunion; ca. 1800 laurenti Bour 1984 Cylindraspis triserrata (†) — Testudinidae; Mauritius; ca. 1800 Pelusios williamsi laurenti Bour 1984 Cylindraspis peltastes (†) — Testudinidae; Rodrigues; ca. 1810 lutescens Laurent 1965 Cylindraspis vosmaeri (†) — Testudinidae Rodrigues ca. 1810 Pelusios williamsi lutescens Laurent 1965 Dipsochelys daudinii (†) — Testudinidae; Seychelles; ca. 1850 __Podocnemididae Cope 1868 (1) Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum (†) — Kinosternidae; Podocnemididae Cope 1868 Mexico; ca. 1970 Peltocephalidae Gray 1870f Pelusios seychellensis (†) — Pelomedusidae; Seychelles; ca. 1950 Podocnemidae Baur 1893 ______Panpodocnemidae Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 ____Erymnochelys Baur 1888 000.22 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

ANNOTATIONS NA from type specimens of Cyclemys belli Gray 1863e, Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834 and Cyclemys ovata Gray Areas of taxonomic change or other comments since the 1863e, and confirmed their previous morphology-based TTWG (2007) and Fritz and Havas (2007) checklists are indi- synonymizations with Cyclemys dentata (Gray 1831d) as cated above by superscripts. accurate. 8. Cyclemys oldhamii: Stuart and Fritz (2008) placed the 1. Names that were associated with taxonomic change or names shanensis Annandale 1918, and tcheponensis other comments in the previous TTWG (2007) checklist— Bourret 1939a, into the synonymy of oldhamii, based on please refer to that publication for those annotations. the absence of significant genetic variation between the 2. Chelodina or Macrodiremys: The southwestern long- type specimen of oldhamii, topotypes of shanensis, and necked turtle of Australia (Chelodina oblonga or colliei, samples of tcheponensis from near the type locality. see annotation below) represents one of three lineages 9. Batagur: Praschag et al. (2008) examined mtDNA varia- that were considered unnamed subgenera of Chelodina tion within Batagur baska sensu lato and recommended by Georges et al. (2002). McCord and Joseph-Ouni that the southern populations should be elevated to full (2007b) created the name Macrodiremys for oblonga/ species status and for which the available name affinis colliei, designating Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841, as Cantor 1847 should be used. type species by original designation and monotypy,and 10. Carettochelys insculpta: Fritz and Havas (2007) and elevated this to a full monotypic genus. Whether Chelo- Georges et al. (2008) indicated that Carettochelys in- dina sensu stricto will be a subgenus of Chelodina sensu sculpta canni Wells 2002a is not an available name be- lato along with Macrodiremys and Macrochelodina or if cause it had not been published in accordance with cri- all three will be used as full genera is subjective and not teria established by the International Code of Zoological yet stable. Nomenclature. 3. Chelodina or Macrodiremys oblonga: Within Chelodi- 11. Kinixys nogueyi: This taxon was treated as a full species na, the specific epithet oblonga has long been applied to a by McCord et al. (2005) with minimal argumentation for long-necked species in southwestern Australia. Thomson the change from traditional recognition as a subspecies of (2000) showed that the holotype of oblonga Gray 1841 K. belliana. is a specimen of what is currently regarded as Chelodina 12. Rhinoclemmys punctularia: Testudo scabra Linnaeus rugosa Ogilby 1890 from northern Australia. An appli- 1758 has previously been referred (as a nomen dubium) cation (Thomson 2006, 2007) is before the International to the synonymies of both Melanochelys trijuga (Sch- Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to weigger 1812) and Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin conserve current usage of the name C. rugosa Ogilby 1801) (see Fritz and Havas 2007). Examination of the 1890 for the northern snake-necked turtle and to apply holotype specimen still extant in the Uppsala Linnaean the next available name, Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a, collection indicates that it appears to be a Rhinoclemmys to the long-necked species of southwestern Australia. punctularia (Rhodin and Carr, in press). However, since Separately, McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b) designated the name Testudo scabra has not been used as the name the holotype of colliei as the neotype of oblonga which for a recognized taxon since the early 1800s, it remains would render colliei a junior synonym of oblonga which a nomen oblitum and does not replace the name punctu- would be incompatible with an identification of the ho- laria Daudin 1801, recognized and used as valid since its lotype and name oblonga as pertaining to the northern description, and also protected by the ICZN (1963) as a Australian taxon. We list the southwestern long-necked nomen conservandum. species as oblonga because McCord and Joseph-Ouni 13. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys: The generic and specif- (2007b) is the latest published action but note that, given ic names of the Aldabra tortoise are still being debated the differing taxonomic acts and opinions, this name may (reviewed in TTWG 2007). The original type specimen remain unstable in the coming years. of Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812 is a Chelonoidis 4. Macrochelodina or Chelodina walloyarrina: McCord denticulata from Brazil (Bour 2006), but since the name and Joesph-Ouni (2007b) described the new species gigantea had been associated with tortoises from Aldabra Macrochelodina walloyarrina based on morphological for a long time, Frazier (2006) designated a neotype from criteria. Aldabra, leading to some confusion. The matter is cur- 5. Chelydra serpentina: Shaffer et al. (2008) recommended rently being petitioned to the International Commission synonymization of Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneg- on Zoological Nomenclature (Frazier 2008). er 1918 into Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus 1766) based 14. Chelonoidis nigra vicina: The type locality for Testudo on range-wide patterns in variability of mtDNA. microphyes Günther 1875 was given as follows: “I sup- 6. Cyclemys: Fritz et al. (2008) performed a revision of the pose that the specimen…has come from Hood’s Island,” genus based on molecular and morphological data that and Pritchard (1996) concluded that the name micro- included the description of three new species (enigmati- phyes was a nomen dubium since its type specimen was ca, fusca, and gemeli). not identifiable as either a Hood Island tortoise or any 7. Cyclemys dentata: Stuart and Fritz (2008) analyzed mtD- other recognizable taxon. Fritz and Havas (2007) indi- Turtles of the World – Taxonomy and Synonymy 000.23

cated that Günther (1877) had subsequently designated and Barbour (1917) established the name as pseudogeo- the type locality for microphyes as “Tagus Cove, north- graphica Gray 1831d as pointed out by Bour and Dubois ern Albemarle Island” and they placed microphyes in the (1983), who agreed that Gray should be listed as the au- synonymy of Testudo vicina Günther 1875, but this is not thor. necessarily correct. Günther (1877) simply referred later- 20. Cryptodira and Pleurodira: These subordinal names collected specimens from Tagus Cove to his type-based were based on the French vernacular names, Cryptodères concept of microphyes—the name microphyes therefore and Pleurodères, originally used by Duméril and Bibron remains a nomen dubium until such time as the original 1834. Cope (1864, 1865, 1868b) has generally been type specimen can perhaps be identified as to its exact credited with authorship of these names, and he was the provenance using genetic analysis. first to use the exact names Cryptodira in 1868 and Pleu- 15. Agrionemys or Testudo horsfieldii: Vasilyev et al. (2008) rodira in 1865, but previously used the name Pleurodera demonstrated minimal mitochondrial variation between in 1864. Cope was preceded by Lichtenstein (1856) who populations of horsfieldii Gray 1844 and kazachstanica used Cryptodera and Pleurodera as subordinal names, but Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990 and so in a printed catalogue distributed to zoological colleagues recommended that these taxa be considered subspecies and museums, and not apparently sold in bookstores, so of Agrionemys horsfieldii. Elsewhere in the paper they therefore perhaps not nomenclaturally available. referred to A. h. rustamovi as a third subspecies, but made 21. Cuora evelynae: In the previous checklist (TTWG 2007), no definitive comment on taxonomic status or validity. Cuora flavomarginata (Gray 1863e) had three subspe- 16. Podocnemis unifilis: The terminal taxon lata Bell in cies. Ernst et al. (2008) recommended returning Cuora Gray 1830e has previously been included under the evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 to full species status, synonymy of Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger based on new morphological and previously published 1812) by many previous authors, including Fritz and Ha- molecular data. They also argued that the mainland popu- vas (2007), but Bell (in Gray 1830e) described Chelys lations assigned to taxon sinensis Hsü 1930 are synony- (Hydraspis) lata as having a depressed black shell and mous with nominotypical flavomarginata. orange-spotted head more typical of Podocnemis unifi- 22. Apalone spinifera: In the previous checklist (TTWG lis or P. expansa. Later, Gray (1870f) placed Hydras- 2007), seven subspecies of spinifera LeSueur 1827 were pis lata in the synonymy of his concept of Chelonemys listed. McGaugh et al. (2008) performed a rangewide dumeriliana (= Podocnemis unifilis) and added P. unifilis, phylogeographic study that uncovered patterns of dis- P. cayennensis, and P. erythrocephala to the same syn- cordant molecular and morphological variation. These onymy, while differentiating Peltocephalus tracaxa (= authors conservatively refrained from making sweeping Peltocephalus dumerilianus) as a distinct taxon. Though nomenclatural changes, but noted that there was “little Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e is an older utility” in recognizing the taxon hartwegi Conant and name than Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848, it is a no- Goin 1948 and synonymized it under spinifera. men oblitum not used for a valid taxon since its descrip- 23. Apalone spinifera atra: In the previous checklist (TTWG tion, and therefore does not replace unifilis as the valid 2007), atra Webb and Legler 1960 was referred to as a name for the species. subspecies of spinifera LeSueur 1827 as it is here. This 17. Trachemys decussata: Authorship of this taxon was ac- taxon is sometimes considered a full species (e.g., argu- tually first by Bell (in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830) with mentation cited in Flores-Villela 1993). Several recent a plate. Seidel (1988) listed the author as Gray 1831:28 studies on atra (McGaugh 2008, McGaugh and Janzen (= Gray 1831d), and Fritz and Havas (2007) listed the 2008, McGaugh et al. 2008) have argued in support of author as Gray 1831:11 (= Gray 1830e). Griffith and Pid- subspecies status based on low levels of genetic distinc- geon 1830 was published in September 1830, whereas tiveness and habitat-driven color variation. The subspe- Gray 1830e was published in December 1830, and Gray cific status of atra was followed by Cerdá-Ardura et al. 1831d was published in May 1831. (2008). 18. Graptemys geographica: The name lesueuri Gray 1830d 24. Sacalia quadriocellata: Shi et al. (2008) performed a mi- (= lesueurii Gray 1830e) was shown by Bour and Dubois tochondrial survey of S. quadriocellata based on known- (1983) to be a junior synonym of geographica LeSueur locality and trade specimens. They found that popula- 1827 rather than a senior synonym of pseudogeographi- tions on Hainan are genetically distinct and can also be ca Gray 1831d as recorded by Fritz and Havas (2007). diagnosed by morphological characters. They did not 19. Graptemys pseudogeographica: The name pseudogeo- elevate these populations to species status, but noted that graphica Gray 1831d was originally published only as eventual study might validate this conclusion, in which a nomen nudum of a LeSueur manuscript name in ju- case the name Sacalia insulensis (Adler 1962) would be nior synonymy under geographica LeSueur 1827, but available. They also noted that samples of S. quadriocel- gradually achieved wide usage by many authors. Hol- lata from northern Vietnam are genetically distinct from brook (1842) was the first to actually describe the taxon those from Laos and the type region of central Vietnam, under the name pseudogeographica, and arguably his but there appear to be no obvious morphological differ- name should perhaps be associated with it, but Stejneger ences between these populations. 000.24 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

25. Rhinoclemmys flammigera: Barrio-Amorós and Narbai- the Museum of Comparative Zoology 54(5):381-415. za (2008) elevated Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammig- Ba r b o u r , T. a n d Ca r r , A.F., Jr. 1941. Terrapin from Grand Cayman. era Paolillo 1985 to species status based on distinct head Proceedings of the New England Zoology Club 18:57-60. coloration pattern and allopatric isolated distribution. Bat s c h , A.J.G.C. 1788. Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntniss und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien. Erster Theil. Allgemeine Geschichte der Natur; besondre der Säugthiere, Vögel, Amphibien BIBLIOGRAPHY und Fische. Jena: Akademischen Buchandlung, 528 pp. Bat s c h , A.J.G.C. 1796. Umriss der gesammten Naturgeschichte. Jena: This bibliography is divided into two sections. The first section Christian Ernst Gabler, Vol. 1, 288 pp. is for primary taxonomic literature in which new taxa have been de- Ba u r , G. 1888a. Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien. (Fortsetzung scribed and named, including nomina nova and new genera and new III). Zool. Anz. 11(285):417-424. suprageneric categories. This section is partially incomplete and will Ba u r , G. 1888b. Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien. Fortsetzung be gradually expanded in future versions of this checklist—refer to IV. Zool. Anz. 11(291):591-597. TTWG (2007) and especially Fritz and Havas (2007) for any miss- Ba u r , G. 1889. The gigantic land tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. ing references. The second section is for secondary taxonomic litera- American Naturalist 23(276):1039-1057. ture cited only in the checklist annotations, and includes taxonomic Ba u r , G. 1890a. Two new species of tortoises from the south. Science revisions and related publications without primary taxonomic cita- 16:262-263. tions. Ba u r , G. 1890h. An apparently new species of Chelys. American Naturalist 24:967-968. Pr i m a r y Ta x o n o m i c Li t e r a t u r e Ba u r , G. 1891. 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