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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Ciencias Forestales

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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Ciencias Forestales UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES DIVERSIDAD DE LAS MARIPOSAS DIURNAS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA Y HESPERIOIDEA) EN UNA SELVA BAJA ESPINOSA CADUCIFOLIA DE CONDICIÓN PRIMARIA Y SECUNDARIA EN VICTORIA, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO POR BIÓL. EDMAR MELÉNDEZ JARAMILLO COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES JUNIO, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO TESIS DIVERSIDAD DE LAS MARIPOSAS DIURNAS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA Y HESPERIOIDEA) EN UNA SELVA BAJA ESPINOSA CADUCIFOLIA DE CONDICIÓN PRIMARIA Y SECUNDARIA EN VICTORIA, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO POR BIÓL. EDMAR MELÉNDEZ JARAMILLO COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES LINARES, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO JUNIO DE 2017 Meléndez-Jaramillo, E. 2017. Análisis de la Diversidad de Mariposas Diurnas en una Selva Baja Espinosa Caducifolia de Condición Primaria y Secundaria en Tamaulipas, México I. AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi reconocimiento a aquellas personas e instituciones que me apoyaron en la elaboración de este trabajo. Mi sincero agradecimiento y reconocimiento al Dr. César Martín Cantú Ayala, director de la tesis, por darme la oportunidad de colaborar y aprender de él durante mi estancia en la FCF. Así mismo, el apoyo de los miembros del comité académico. Dres. Andrés Eduardo Estrada Castillón, José Isidro Uvalle Sauceda y Jesús García Jiménez, por sus comentarios y su apoyo incondicional en los tutoriales y desarrollo de la tesis. A el M. en C. Uriel Jeshua Sánchez Reyes por su apoyo constante, a la M. en C. Guadalupe Geraldine García Espinoza por su amistad inigualable y, a los ingenieros Ana María Patiño Flores, Deisy Peñaflor Ramírez y Luis Daniel Ruiz Carranza, así como a la licenciada Carolina Sánchez Castillo por su ayuda y amistad incondicional. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca para cursar los estudios de posgrado. A mis compañeros de generación con quienes compartí preocupación, dicha y amistad. A mis padres, hermanos, a mi familia quien tras años de ausencia me apoyó en todo momento. Mi reconocimiento a todos. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Forestales, FCF, UANL Página I Meléndez-Jaramillo, E. 2017. Análisis de la Diversidad de Mariposas Diurnas en una Selva Baja Espinosa Caducifolia de Condición Primaria y Secundaria en Tamaulipas, México II. DEDICATORIA A las personas más importantes en mi vida... ... MIS PADRES... Rebeca Jaramillo Echavarría Luis Lauro Meléndez de la Serna ...Y A MIS HERMANOS... Eysmel Meléndez Jaramillo Luis Eduardo Meléndez Jaramillo Por su apoyo y cariño, sin ustedes no estaría donde estoy A ustedes... Gracias Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Forestales, FCF, UANL Página II Meléndez-Jaramillo, E. 2017. Análisis de la Diversidad de Mariposas Diurnas en una Selva Baja Espinosa Caducifolia de Condición Primaria y Secundaria en Tamaulipas, México III. CONTENIDO 1. RESUMEN ...................................................................................................... 1 2. ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... 2 3. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................ 3 4. ANTECEDENTES ........................................................................................... 5 4.1. Importancia del estudio de la biodiversidad y la distribución de especies 5 4.2. Factores que influyen en la distribución de especies................................ 5 4.2.1. La estacionalidad como un factor que afectan la distribución de insectos ........................................................................................................ 6 4.2.2. La fragmentación como un factor que afectan la distribución de insectos ........................................................................................................ 8 4.3. Las mariposas diurnas como modelo para estudios de biodiversidad .. 9 4.3.1. Aspectos generales de las mariposas diurnas ...................................... 9 4.3.1.1. Situación taxonómica actual ......................................................... 9 4.3.1.2. Características morfológicas ...................................................... 11 4.3.1.3. Biología de las mariposas diurnas ............................................. 16 4.3.2. Riqueza de las mariposas diurnas.................................................... 17 4.3.2.1. Mariposas diurnas en México y Tamaulipas .............................. 18 4.3.3. Los insectos como bioindicadores del hábitat .................................. 19 4.3.3.1. Las mariposas diurnas como bioindicadores ............................. 21 5. JUSTIFICACIÓN .......................................................................................... 23 6. HIPÓTESIS ................................................................................................... 24 7. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................. 25 7.1. Objetivo General ..................................................................................... 25 7.2. Objetivos Específicos ............................................................................. 25 8. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ........................................................................ 26 Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Forestales, FCF, UANL Página III Meléndez-Jaramillo, E. 2017. Análisis de la Diversidad de Mariposas Diurnas en una Selva Baja Espinosa Caducifolia de Condición Primaria y Secundaria en Tamaulipas, México 8.1. Área de estudio....................................................................................... 26 8.2. Ubicación de los sitios de estudio ........................................................... 26 8.3. Muestreo ................................................................................................. 27 8.4. Variables ambientales ............................................................................ 28 8.5. Muestreo de vegetación ......................................................................... 28 8.6. Procesamiento de las muestras y determinación taxonómica de los ejemplares ..................................................................................................... 29 8.7. Análisis de datos..................................................................................... 29 8.7.1. Variación a nivel de comunidad y análisis general de las especies . 29 8.7.1.1. Abundancia ................................................................................ 29 8.7.1.2. Riqueza observada y estimada de especies .............................. 30 8.7.1.3. Diversidad alfa ........................................................................... 32 8.7.1.3.1. Índice de dominancia Simpson ............................................ 33 8.7.1.3.2. Índice de Shannon ............................................................... 34 8.7.1.3.3. Análisis SHE ........................................................................ 35 8.7.1.4. Diversidad beta: índice de Bray-Curtis (índice cuantitativo de Sørensen) ............................................................................................... 36 8.7.2. Asociación de las especies con variables ambientales .................... 37 9. RESULTADOS ............................................................................................. 40 9.1. Variación a nivel comunidad y análisis general de las especies ............. 40 9.1.1. Mariposas diurnas en selva baja espinosa caducifolia del ANP Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México ................................................................... 40 9.1.2. Variación de mariposas diurnas por condición de selva baja espinosa caducifolia en el ANP Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México ....................... 42 9.1.3. Variación temporal de mariposas diurnas en dos condiciones de selva baja espinosa caducifolia del ANP Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México. .. 48 Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Forestales, FCF, UANL Página IV Meléndez-Jaramillo, E. 2017. Análisis de la Diversidad de Mariposas Diurnas en una Selva Baja Espinosa Caducifolia de Condición Primaria y Secundaria en Tamaulipas, México 9.1.4. Diversidad beta de mariposas diurnas entre condiciones de selva baja espinosa caducifolia en el ANP Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México ........ 52 9.2. Variación de las especies de mariposas diurnas en relación a las variables climáticas y de cobertura vegetal .................................................................. 59 10. DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................ 63 10.1. Mariposas diurnas en la selva baja espinosa caducifolia del ANP Altas Cumbres ........................................................................................................ 63 10.2. Variación de la comunidad de mariposas diurnas con la condición y la temporalidad en la selva baja espinosa caducifolia del ANP Altas Cumbres 66 10.3. Influencia de las variables ambientales en las especies de mariposas 71 11. CONCLUSIÓN ............................................................................................ 76 12. LITERATURA CITADA .............................................................................. 78 Anexo 1. Lista taxonómica y abundancia por temporada y condición de selva baja espinosa caducifolia (SBEC) en el ANP Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México. .......................................................................................................................
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