3451 45th Anniversary ^ 75 Cents THE

MCCARTHY A Documented Record

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DEDICATED TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WHO SHARE OUR DETERMINATION TO MAKE THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY PREVAIL OVER COMMUNISM AND McCARTHYISM The Progressive Founded in 1909 by Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Ye ShatlKnow the Truth and f he Truth Shall f^ke YoqFree'

Editor MOKRIS H. RUBII MCCARTHY: A Documented Record Associate BcUtor MARY SHERIDAN^ f>>úí Business )OManageN SlNYKIr u^t Ml^JtJîJLt ^ lA*^ D ^eedom^B Most Effective Weapon - ^__-_____ 8 GorøOanN ManageKSlNYKI^ ^ tVi#|^| ait ^ ^ Advertlsins JOHN The Judge on Trial -i ————— ^ Office Staff Wisconsin Supreme Court Accuses McCarthy of Violating ROSE L< REI»SKB. HELEN KLEPPE, State's Constitution and Laws DORIS BLUM, DOROTHY BEYLER, BETTY HAMRB, ELEANOR WIND

Off To War 1. 9 THB PKOGRESMVJS ta-imblUhed montb^ ly. Copyright 1Í64 by The ProgrmtTS. Some Notes on the Conflicting Stories of McCarthy's Service loe., 40S We»t Goriwm Strcot, HadiHW S, Wisccosln. Entered as aeeond etan matter and His Decorations ai the port 4>ffies, MadiMm, Wiseoiudn, imder the act of March S, 1S7B.

Six Riddles —.^ . - -12 CHANGE OF ADDBBSS: Tml weda BO- tlce is reqnired tor diaiise of addreaa, and The Strange Story of McCarthy's Complex Financial Tran­ the old addresi moat be Indaded aa Twll sactions and Tax Troubles at the new.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICES: D. 8. and for> sign—One year tt ; Two yeara (7 : llirea The Numbers Game -22 years (10. Trial sobseription (for nev The Origiruil Charges of Communism and How the Facts subsorifaen only)—nine montl» for. ftM, Exploded Them . MANUSCRIPTS; The PracreaiiTe cannot assnine reqionsibUity for nnsoUdted arti^ del and letters^ None wtU be returned Quarding America's Security -._^ —.. 30 unless K> requested and accompanied by stamped, seU>addressed envelope. An Elaborate System Protects the Government from Spies and Subversives CIRGULiATION: The PrOgreasiva «ircii- lates in every state in the nnlon and 62 foreign coontries. ^ McCarthy Takes Over ^____^ _33 ADVISTISINGi BMaoss of severe aPMe As Chairman of the Investigating Committee McCarthy Pro- limitations, this issue ^of The PrOgresrive contains no advertitiag bnt oidinarily the -'- duced Many A Headline That Did Not Stand Up magazine carries Ixith display and elassi^ f led ads. The display rate is 18.40 lier column inch! the classified rate is SOe a line. Space and time dlscoonts are al­ McCarthyism in. Action _-———Ç-_ „51 lowed oa eaefa type of advertising. Tlw Advertising Manager will welcome yoor Case Studies of the Major Ingredients of the 'Ism/ Inctud- inquiry. ing Smearing the Innocent, and The Big Lie •v. The Progressive maka no attempt to exact complete coniotmity ftOm its Striláng at the Freedom of the Press _^—_,—_—.-^—59 ' contfibviora, bat rather welcome» a "The Whole Thing Reeks with Totalitarianism" Said the variety o{ opiniona consistent wUh Us general policies.. Signed »ticks, Voice of the t/.S. Press therelore, do nt^ neceasarilg repre­ sent the opinion of the Managanent Win At Any Cost ^^_„-_ __._^^„^ ^-63 of the Magazine, The Man WhQ Ran With Communist Support and Later Copyright 1954 by The Progressive. with the Support of the Far Right ,- Inc. Short excerpts up to 500 words may be used without permissioo' in reviews or articles, but peraiission iot Sowing Seeds of Disunity ^___—„__„^-______^_76 more extensive reprlnàng must be Facts on the Extent to Which McCarthy Has Helped obtained trcmi the Editors. Strengthen the Communist Cause

'The Big Truth' -^_^...- -.__,___^- .._91 Aiiril, 1954 Our Great Hope Is a Fighting Faith in Freedom, Not the Volume 18 Number 4 Fear Generated by McCarthys Index —^—— -93 Printed In V.S.A. ^^rEHîSTo^

9v a84ff J ^OFWlsCr rreedom s Most Effective Weapon

HIS ISSUE of The Progressive is devoted entirely T to presenting a documented report of the public record of Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy,

Our purpose is two-fold: 1) to provide the people of the United States with the factual background to help them evaluate the public statements and actions of the junior Senator from Wisconsin; and 2) to make avail­ able to our friends of the free world authentic ma­ terials which will enable them to gain a clearer perspective of the meaning of McCarthyism and the extent to which it is at war with the finest traditions of Americanism.

The urgent need for a solid study of McCarthy's record has never been greater:

• The activities of the Senate Committee over which he presides command front-page headlines throughout the world and provide much of the material by which the world judges American policy and purpose.

• The Senator himself has become the symbol of a state of mind which has lowered our stature and dignity as a nation and reduced measurably our capacity for leadership in the struggle against Conmiunism.

• McCarthy has struck repeatedly at the letter and the spirit of our Bill of Rights by using methods of intolerance and intimidation in an effort to create a national climate of hysteria, fear, and suppression.

• The "ism" added to his name has become a generic symbol and double-checked, and is backed by sponsors of that study bear no re­ of guilt by accusation, character the official records. sponsibility for the contents of this assassination, the big lie, and the Readers of this special issue of The issue of The Progressive. repudiation of our country's tradi­ Progressive may be interested in the tional devotion to fair play and a fair background of the project. In the Ill trial. summer of 1952, when McCarthy was • He has impaired the functioning running for reelection to the Senate, We believe it is especially timely of some of our most important de­ a non-partisan group, the Wisconsin to publish this study of McCarthy's fense laboratories, and he has bat­ Citizens' Committee on McCarthy's record in this year of our 45th Anni­ tered at the morale of those who Record, published The McCarthy versary. Founded in 1909 by the late administer our country's program of Record for use in that campaign. Robert Marion LaFollette, Sr., this military defense, B^ed on 18 months of exhaustive magazine was dedicated from the first research, The McCarthy Record bore issue to the Biblical principle that • He has exercised a decisive in­ the sponsorship of a group of "Ye shall know the truth and the fluence, for the worse, on our civil distinguished citizens—Republicans, truth shall make you free." (See cut.) service and our foreign service. Democrats, and Independents alike— It has a long record of exposing and farmers, workers, educators, indus-- combating political doctrines and • He has left his mark of intoler­ trialists, merchants, doctors, lawyers, demagogues bent on diluting or de­ ance on the government, the church­ clergymen, editors, bankers, and stroying the great American ideals of es, the schools and colleges, the housewives, who were drawn to- freedom and tolerance. This has literature and the press of our- getJier by their "deep concern for the been true for four and a half dec­ country. consequences of McCarthy's conduct" ades, whether the un-Americanism and their determination "to make the were Kluxism, Communijsni, or • He has appointed himself a one- truth available to the people." McCarthyisni. man purge squad committed to Thirty years ago, in his Presi­ smearing and destroying those who The response to their efforts was/n dential campaign of 1924, "Fighting disagree with him, and he has pro­ extraordinary demand for copies at Bob" LaFollette repudiated Com­ claimed to the country that he anä |1 each. The McCarthy Record ran munist support in language that left his methods are to be f Ae dominant through three printings in a few no doubt of his position. Writing in issue in the political campaigi^ of months. The demand for copies this magazine, lie denounced the 1954. came from every state and a score of Communists for seeking, to "divide foreign countries. A year and a half and confuse the Progressive Move» It is in this last field of political after the 1952 election, orders con­ action that the problem is most im­ ment and create a condition of chaos tinue to pour in from every area of favorable to theíf ends. . . . To pre­ mediate, because Sen. McCarthy has our country and from England, Swe­ announced that he plans to campaign tend that Communists can work with den, Germany, France, Italy, Egypt, progressives, who believe in deinoc- in a number of states this year for the Israel, India, Japan, New Zealand, purpose of defeating Senators who racy is deliberately to deceive the Australia, the Philippine Islands, and public. The Communists are an­ have refused to embrace his policies. many another country. This, of course, is his privilege, just tagonistic to the progressive cause and as it is the privilege of tiiose who find But this demand, growing apace their only purpose in joining such a his ways repugnant to fight back by with the world headlines made by movement is to disrupt it." exposing his record. McCarthy's sensational charges, could Twenty-two years later the Com­ not be met. The supply was exhaust* munists a^in sought to attach them­ ed long ago. The Committee that II selves to a Wisconsin political figure, produced The McCarthy Record, this time wi^ greater success. It was formed to serve only during the 1952 the campaign year of 1946; Joseph R. The purpose of this issue of The campaign, has dissolved. But before McCarthy was running against the Progressive is to do just that by pro­ it disbanded, it assigned the copy­ incumbent U.S. Senator, "Tighting viding an arsenal of facts for those right to its Editor, who is also Editor Bob's" son. Bob, Jr. The Communists, who share our abhorrence of McCar­ of The Progressive. furious at LaFollette because he was thy's political morals and methods. Much of the material in The Mc­ even then warning his countrymen of We don't pretend to present Mc­ Carthy Record—^whose accuracy, by the expansionist ^ambitions of Soviet Carthy's story; he has published the way, was never challenged by imperialism, threw their support to books on it, filled countless pages of McCarthy—appears in condensed McCarthy. Unlike the elder LaFol­ the Congressional Record and his form in this issue. It was condensed lette under comparable conditions, Conunittee Reports with his own to make room for the vast amount of McCarthy made no effort to repudi­ views, and has had acœss to the press, new material which has become avail­ ate Communist help in his campaign. platfopn, radio, and television fa­ able since The McCarthy Record The Communists have had little to cilities of this country to a degree un- went to press in June, 1952. Al­ regret since they embraced McCarthy matdied by any other member of the though this issue of The Progressive eight years ago. The factual record Senate. This, unashamedly, is a re- thus represents an up-dated version of shows that in his hunger ior head­ ply to McCarthy—a documented re­ The McCarthy Record and contains lines, the junior Senator from Wis­ ply whose every fact has been checked some of the original material, the consin has actually strengthened the

The PROGRESSIVE Communist cause by exploiting and Milwaukee County, by far the larg­ The great hope of the professional magnifying tensions at home and est in the state, is a good example. demagogue is to avoid public ex­ sowing the seeds of doubt and dis­ Although it had tipped the election posure while he plies his trade of unity among our friends and allies to McCarthy in 1946, Milwaukee creating hysteria, capitalizing on abroad. ' turned against him by nearly 100,000 people's fears> and diverting public Similarly, contrast the political votes in 1952—mainly because the attention from basic problems with practices of a LaFollette and McCar­ Milwaukee /oMrna/ had conducted à side-show stunts. We are' convinced thy in dealing with support from crusading campaign against the man —and the events of the recent past racists and merchants of hate. In the and his methods. Dane County strengthen that conviction—that the campaign of 1946, Gerald L. K. (Madison) rejected McCarthy 48,000 most effective weapon against Mc­ Smith, one of the country's most no­ to 29,000, largeiy because of the Carthyism, as, indeed, against Com­ torious racists, sought to attach him­ superb exposure of McCarthyism by munism, or any other counterfeit self to the candidacy of Robert M. the Madison Capital Times. philosophy, is the truth. LaFollette, Jr. But Bob LaFollette repudiated that support in unmis­ UlilliillllllllillliltltllillMllifiillllllllllillilliiiiiililiiHlliiiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiillliliiilil takable terms July 5, 1946: "I want to make it as emphatically clear as I can that I absolutely and I Volume 2, Number 1, 4S Years Ago | without reservation . of any kind whatsoever repudiate the support of Gerald L. K. Smith and^ any others who preach a gospel of hate and intolerance." In contrast, McCarthy has made no public statement repudiating the support of Smith and his breed. In publishing this special issue of The Progressive on McCarthy's rec­ 1 WEEKiy M/SGAZINE ord, we are mindful of the fact that YS SHALL ICNOIV THE Tl^TH AND «HE TRUTH SHALL MAKE YOU PBBB we shall be criticized by sincere and thoughtful Americans who share our repugnance för ^^U^ÖS^rthy. Their position, we suspect, will be based on their genuine conviction that we are aiding and abetting him by "riving him more publicity" and "bunding him up by taking him so seriously." We can respect and sympathize with this point of view because we held it once ourselves. We aband­ oned it, however, when the facts proved us wrong. It is a dangerous error, we are convinced, for the forces of decency in America to fail to Tre­ gård the man and his "ism" with deep seriousneœ. His power today comes in great measure from our failure to , fight back earlier. The evidence is overwhelming that McCarthyism can­ not long survive where the people are given the truth about the character of his "crusade." The most convincing proof was the 1952 election in Wisconsin. McCar­ thy carried every county in the state where all or a majority of the news­ papers supported him, or refused to expose his contemptible conduct, or stood silent. But he lost every county in the state in which either a daily paper or a labor weekly fought him with the facts. nifimiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiimitiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiin

April, Í954 The Judge On Trial

Wisconsin Supreme Court Accuses McCarthy of Violating State's Constitution and Laws

N ANY great controversy the char­ McCarthy decided to cling to his "He madie few speeches, but he met I acter and credibility of the prin­ Democratic Party affiliations for a every farmer in the äisöict.-His spe­ cipal antagonists play a decisive part. while. In August, 1936, he was cialty was sick cows. He^ would get The first portion of this study is de­ elected president of the Young Dem­ the coWs symptoms, drive on to die voted to an examination of Mc­ ocratic Clubs of Wisconsin's Seventh next farm and ask the farmer what Carthy's beginnings in public life. District, which includes eleven coun­ he would do for à cow with, those It is a story in which documented ties. Shortly afterward he announced symptoms. He kept a dictaphone in evidence shows that even in his first his candidacy for district attorney of his car, and as he drove away he would years in politics he was accused of Shawano County on the Democratic dictate a lettar to the first farmer, unethical conduct, ran afoul of the ticket. McCarthy was defeated, and giving the second farmer's advice as highest legal and judicial agencies thereafter never ran as a Democrat, Joe's own. Both farmers would be of his state, and was condemned by In 1939 McCarthy, aged 29, an­ flattered by this attention." the Wisconsin Board of Bar Commis­ nounced his candidacy for judge of McCarthy served about four years sioners for a characteristic which was the Tenth Judicial Circuit, which in­ altogether as a Wisconsin circuit to become even more dominant in cludes Shawano, Outagamie, and judge. In 1941 he gained considerable his career in the years to follow: Langlade Counties. The announce­ state-wide attention when the Wis­ ment of his candidacy came as a stag­ consin Supreme Court sharply re­ "Knowingly and willfully plac­ gering blow to his senior partner buked him for improper conduct on ing the gratification of his and benefactor, Mike Eberlein, who the bench. Marvin B. Rosenberry, personal ambition above the in­ had had his heart set on running for highly respected Chief Justice of the terests of the public and the the circuit judgeship in that district. Wisconsin Supreme Court, on June rights of litigants." Greatly saddened by the experience, 18, 1941, wrote the sharp criticism Following his graduation from the Eberlein decided against running of McCarthy for the Court. law school of Marquette University, but announced that the young Mc­ Justice Rosenberry said that Mc­ Milwaukee, McCarthy began his Carthy and he were no longer as­ Carthy had committed an "abuse of legal career in Waupaca, Wis., in sociated in the practice of law. judicial power," had been "highly 1935. Less than a year later he left McCarthy won the election. He improper" in ordering the destruc­ Waupaca to become associated in received 15,165 votes. The incum­ tion of a portion of the record, and Shawano, Wis., with Mike Eberlein, bent, Judge Edgar V. Werner, re­ had, in general, created a "regret­ a prominent Republican lawyer, al­ ceived 11,219 votes, and the third table state of affairs." though McCarthy had already iden­ candidate got 9,949. Here is a de­ iSíaíe ex rel Department of Agriculture, tified himself as a Democrat, scription of McCarthy's first suc­ Petitioner v. McCarthy i Circuit This was the year the Democrats cessful race, published in Time mag­ fudge. Respondent 238 Wis* 258 were riding high with the New Deal. azine, Oct. 22, 1951: This sharp denunciation of Judge

The PROGRESSIVE McCarthy resulted from a case in lic denunciation of McCarthy during a presiding judge? Are Wisconsin which the State Department of Agri­ his career as a judge, as the report courts the place in which to settle culture had asked the court Nov. 4, below of the case State of Wisconsin political debts?" — 1940, to force the Quaker Dairy of v. Joseph R. McCarthy makes clear. The editorial concluded that Appleton to obey the state marketing Meanwhile, when McCarthy re­ "Judge McCarthy, whose burning am­ law. Although the law was not to ex­ turned from his wartime service (See bition for political advancement h ac­ pire until Dec. 31, 1941, Judge Pages 9-11} he early decided to build companied by an astonishing disre­ McCarthy dismissed the case in June, a political machine around the gard for things ethical and tradition­ 1941, after a number of postpone­ Young Republicans of the state. At al, is doing serious iiijury to the judi­ ments. about this time, McCarthy, the ju­ ciary of this state.'* The State appealed to the Supreme dicial records of Wisconsin show, be­ But the most severe attack on Mc­ Court, where it was quickly discov­ gan to grant "quickie" divorces to Carthy's legal and judicial ethics came ered that an important statement couples not resident in his judicial as a result of his decision to run for made by McCarthy in dismissing the district. The records show that in the U.S. Senate in 1946 while still action was missing. Judge McCarthy several cases one of the principals, or sitting as a circuit judge. explained he had ordered the state­ the attorney, or both were'active in The basic law of Wisconsin, the ments destroyed by the court reporter. supporting McCarthy's political am­ State Constitution, which McCarthy The Wisconsin Supreme Court bitions, sometimes with cash. swore to support, is clear in its at­ unanimously found McCarthy's ac­ McCarthy's granting of "quickie" tempt to keep judges out of partisan tions an abuse of judicial power. divorces to political friends and sup­ politics. Section 10, Article VII, of the "We are cited no authority and we porters created a considerable stir in Wisconsin Constitution reads: find none which justifies a court in the state. Said the independent Mil­ "Each of the judges of the Supreme suspending the operation of a statute waukee Journal, largest daily in and Circuit Courts . . . shall hold no on the ground that it will work a Wisconsin: office of public trust, except a ju­ hardship if it is enforced," the Court "Is Wisconsin justice to be used to dicial office, during the term for said. accommodate political supporters of which they are respectively elected, "It must be concluded that the grounds upon which the trial court JMcCiurthy] acted did not constitute a sufficient or proper legal reason therefor and that this action con­ stituted an abuse of judicial power." Moreover, the Court found, "a judi­ cial officer is required to administer the law without respect to persons so long as it is enforced. Any other AT SEPIIMBER PRIMARY course would constitute an infringe­ "ÄiS-SSt. ment upon the powers and functions of the legislature, interfere with the operation of agencies . . : and result in advantage to persons who disobey the law." «wiiiimiii The Court sharply criticized Mc­ Carthy for having ordered the destruc­ tion of notes he had dictated during the case—notes on which he had based his "improper" ruling. "Ordering destruction of these notes was highly improper," the Court said. ". . . We can only say that if it were necessary to a decision, the ** ^ "^w, CMI Boyie. destruction of evidence under these «"»HT Ann» circumstances could only be open to the inference that the evidence KHmiv "•«.CniÄ», destroyed contained statements of fact iKHKiitrr contrary to the position taken by the '*% A. OáSmm. »».,„ person [McCarthy] destroying the w™» evidence." 238 Wis, 258 The Supreme Court's shocked re­ sponse to Judge McCarthy's destruc­ Here is a facsimile of the 1936 Wisconsin election notice showing tion of trial records and his flouting that Joseph R. McCarthy, then a young attorney in Shawano, ran of the law was not to be its only pub­ on the Danocratic ticket the first time he sought public office.

April, 1954 and all votes for either of them for ning for governor or another state his conduct, chose to defy the rules of any office, except a judicial office, office, his votes would have been ethical conduct prescribed by the given by the legislature or the people, thrown out and his candidacy Constitution, the laws of the State of shall be void.'* (Italics ours.) disqualified. Wisconsin, and the members of the McCarthy's term as Circuit Judge In 1949 the State Board of Bar profession in order to attain a selfish did not end until December, 1951. Commissioners, the official state body personal advantage. (Italics ours.) He ran for Senator in 1946—five governing the conduct of lawyers, "The gratification of his ambition years before his judicial term was to asked the Wisconsin Supreme Court was in defiance of the declared poli­ expire. tQ take disciplinary action against cy and laws of Wisconsin ..." McCarthy defeated Robert M. La­ McCarthy for "violating the public Continuing, the State Board of Bar Follette, Jr., for the Republican policy of the State of Wisconsin, the Commissioners said: nomination by a vote of 207,935 to Code of Judicial Ethics, his Oath of "The breach of official trust and 202,557—a margin of 5,378 votes. Office as Judge, and his Oath of Of­ obligation is as great when applied While the campaign was in pro­ fice as a Member of the Bar." to a candidate for the office of United gress, the Wisconsin Supreme Court The unprecedented petition by the States Senator as it would be if ap' was asked to bar McCarthy from the official state agency in this case which plied to onefor governor of the «tate. ballot because of the Wisconsin con­ became known as State of Wisconsin "In either situation, to have a stitutional ban on judges running V. Joseph R. McCarthy, had this to judge passing upon the rights of liti­ for political office during their term say: gants appearing before him and us* on the bench. "It is difficult to conceive of any ing his judicial position and pom€r The Wisconsin Supreme Court con­ conduct upon the part of a presiding to influence votes for his candidacy cluded, however, that it had no jur­ judge which would bring judges into and others of his political party, con­ isdiction in this case because it was a greater disrepute and contempt stituted a violation of the State Con­ federal office that McCarthy was than the conduct of the de­ stitution and state lams and was ift- seeking in running for U,S, Senator, fendant [McCarthy] challenged in direct conflict with the duties and The Supreme Court made it clear, this proceeding. obligations of the trust which he however, that if McCarthy were run­ "The defendant [McCarthy], by assumed by his Oath of Office.*' (Italics ours.) After studying the petition of the State Board of Bar Commissioners and McCarthy^'reply, the Wisconsin Supreme Court, aldiough deciding against disciplinary action, made this jud^ent of McCarthy's conduct: "Under the facte of this case we can reach no other conclusion than that the defendant [McCarthy], by accepting and holding the office of United States Senator during the term for which he was elected Cir­ cuit Judge, did so in violation of the terms of the Constitution and. laws of the State of Wisconsin, and in so do­ ing violated his oath as a Circuit Judge and as an attorney of law." State V, McCarthy 255 Wis, 234 McCarthy angrily demanded the resignation of the entire Board of Bar . Commissioners because it dared to petition the Supreme Court for dis­ ciplinary action, but no one took _ this seriously. The branding of. Mc­ Carthy as a kwhreaker and mocker of the Constitution he had sworn to uphold' was the last official mark on Shown at the left^ the brief filed against McCarthy by the State McCarthy's career in Wisconsin a5 he Board of Bar Commissioners asking the Wisconsin Supreme Court moved on to the U.S. Senate. Befoi^ to take disciplinary action against McCarthy. Right above is an we turn to a study of McCíúrth^ excerpt from the Supreme Court decision in State of Wisconsin careöT in the Senate we pause to ex­ V. McCarthy finding that McCarthy violated the constitution, the amine briefly the story of his war­ law« and his oath as a circuit judge and attorney. , time service in the Marines. -. -

The FROGRESSiVe Off to War

Some Notes on the Conflict­ ing Stories of IVIcCarthy's Service and the Decora­ tions He Has Been Awarded

NE OF McCarthy's favorite Much has been written and said they thought had more political ap­ O flourishes in winding up a about McCarthy's service record. Mc­ peal . . . The unanimous answer was speech is to recite an incident which Carthy and his friends have one ver­ the Marine Corps." he claims was a wartime experience sion. His opponents have ^uiother. McCarthyifs story of his military ex­ in the Southwest Pacific' The point The facts are difficult to establish ploits has undergone several curious is never quite clear, but the story because many of the official records changes in the past eight years. carries a powerful emotional impact are not available to the public. As a Thus, after the war and his election for thousands whose lives have been matter of fact, McCarthy threätM^ed tp the Senate, McCarthy's biograph­ touched by the tragedy of war. the then Assistant Secretary of the ical data in the Congressional Direc­ As McCarthy tells it, it was his Navy for Air, John T. Floberg, with tory for thé 80th Congress, his first "task at night after we had lost a drastic reprisals early in 1953 when term, stated that "in June of 1942 Mc­ number of our boys in raids on enemy he thought Floberg had made some of Carthy en/wied in the Marine Corps installations to sit in my dugout and the official data available. (See Page as a buck private and was later com­ write home to the young wives, the missioned." (Senators have an op­ young mothers with the hope that the Perhaps no Wisconsin citizen en­ portunity to write or approve the blow could be, made to fall less tered military service in World War Directory's biographical data.) heavily." The picture of McCarthy II with more press fanfare than Mc­ Biographies in Who's Who In struggling over these letters in his Carthy receiveid. On June 6, 1942, America are al^o presumed to have shell-scarred dugout is an heroic McCarthy, then á circuit judge, the approval of the individuals listed. one— but, like so much of the widely showed up in Milwaukee and an­ McCarthy's biography in Who's Who publicized McCarthy war record, nounced to the press that he wanted says that he "served as Pvt., U.S. Ma­ there is considerable debate over to join up as "a private, an officer, or rine Corps, 1942." whether the incident ever actually anything else in the Marines." (Mil­ occurred. Actually, when McCarthy appeared waukee Journal.) Even some of his in Milwaukee that June day of 1942 For example, the official records of friends say that he selected the Ma­ and told the newspapers he wanted the U.S. Marines show that McCar­ rine Corps as the branch of service thy's outfit, VMSB-235, lost alto­ offering the most political advantage. to get into the Marines as a private gether five officers and two men in its In a friendly appraisal of McCarthy or in any way he could be of use, he entire military toiur in the South Pa­ in the Saturday Evening Post of Aug. had two days earlier made formal ap­ cific from January, 1943, to Septem­ 9, 1947, Jack Alexander said, "It was plication for an officer's commission. ber, 1944. It hardly seems plausible in the caids, too, that a young public (Cited in Milwaukee Journal, June that McCarthy could have written official with a good war record would 8, 1952.) Official records show that very many letters to young wives "at have a distinct edge with the voters he got his lieutenant's commission oh night after we had lost a number of ... McCarthy asked his close political July 29i 1942. our boys;" friends what branch of the service Of this much of his service record

April, 1954 there is little dispute: He was in train­ aerial gunner's wings or being qred- serving of medals." Burns added ing at Quantico from August to De­ ited with combat missions." that if McCarthy had really > seen cember, 1942. He spent three months McCarthy has clung stoutly to his combat service he wouldn't '*brag" on the Pacific coast and then shipped claim that he flew many ntiissions as about it. In replying to Bums, Mo* out for the Southwest Pacific. From a tail-gunner. In his unsuccessful Carthy seemed to concede he had ~ here on the reports conflict. campaign for the Republican nomi­ applied for the medals when he nation for the U.S. Senate in 1944, a said: "The rules provide how such ; This Is Worth campaign pamphlet claimed "14 awards shall be made, and there isn't, any other way to do it." (Associated 50,000 Votes to Me' dive-bombing missions over Japanese positions." In his autobiographical Press dispatch in Wisconsin State- The official records show that he sketch in the Congressional Directory Journal) was an intelligence officer. His cam­ of 1948 McCarthy claimed "17 offi­ Perhaps the most disputed part of paign literature in 1946 hailed him cial missions," but testifying in a McCarthy's service record . is the as a "tail gunner." A public rela­ legal proceeding in 1951, he said, "I "wound'' he is supposed to have suf­ tions officer in McCarthy's squadron, was on 30 dive-bombing missions, plus fered during his tour of the South- ' Lt. P. T. Kimball,, now of New York, liaison missions," west Pacific. Some of his supporters., told the Milwaukee Journal of one The "mission" question came up adamantly insist diat he was woimd^ incident that helped in spreading the again in 1952 when McCarthy was ed and was awarded the Purple story back home that he was a "tail awarded the Distinguished Flying Heart. On Nov. 15, 1943, the Apple-1 gunner." Cross and the Air Medal with four ton Post-Crescent tepoTtød JMiïCârthyV "I remember a day when we were stars by the Navy. These are the "was wounded in one of the actions." '. both at Munda," Kimball said, "when medals furnished at die request of the The ùtct is he does not hold the ; Joe's squadron was flying a 'milk applicant on a showing that he par­ Purple Heart. There k nQtlnng Jn^ run' to Bougainville. The job was ticipated in a sufficient number of his record to show diat he y/m.. bombing runways on old airfields to missions. The Air Medal is awarded wounded in action, according to in- ; make sure the Japs didn't try to come for five missions and the DFC for 25. formation given the Milwaukee, i back. It was dull duty, and the bored According to Doris Fleespn, col­ Journal by former ScCTetary of the.j; fliers decided to see how many flights umnist for the Washington Evening Navy Dan Kimball who reviewj»! : they could make in a day. McCarthy, Star^ the armed services have handed McCarthy's personnel file. -^^] like other ground officers, joined in out 1,310,422 Air Medals since World McCarthy denies a xaudi p^bUdzed - the fun to ride as tail gunner. War II began and 157,974 DFCs. incident at :^^l^^ Village in Wis* "As public relations officer, I wrote McCarthy has d^ied that he had consul when he was ai^ed by seone:* a fonn story about the 'record break­ made application for the medals, but Univcrsity v^erans and th^r >ri[v©i ing day of bombing,' filled in the ^^u Fleeson reported in 1952, after why he wore baâtfUp âioçs, váac3i~^. names of the men involved and sent investigation fn the Pentagon, that on served to give him greater height ^^ them along slugged 'from an advance Sept. 27, 1951, McCarthy supported McCarthy is reported to have said . Marine base.' I forgot the whole thing "his request [for the awajxïs] by that he wore the ^oes because he ' till McCarthy came around with a what are said to be 'cextified copies was carrying Vdboapnel in my legi* ~ handful of clippings from Wisconsin from his flight 1<^ book.*" (Quoted in Anderson and Msy*s Mc^-^ papers. An interesting aftermath of the an­ Carthy./». tf5.; , " 'This is worth 50,000 votes to me,' nouncement of McCarthy's medals There is a disagreement an^osg/; McCarthy said. 'Come, have a drink was the declaration pi l^oñaid those who heard him abont whêtl^r;^ on it.' " Bums, Milwaukee,- who described he said "10 pound» o{ shrapnel".êt:| The conservative Washington Eve- himself as a "staunch Republican," «orne other amcmnt. There is no dish \ *ning Star, in a detailed story of his that he was mailing his Distinguished agreement, howei^, that he att^apt' I war record, said on Nov. 14, 1951, Flying Cross and four air medals to ed to create the impression that he ti that McCarthy's "Pentagon record of McCarthy. Bums told the Milwau­ had been wounded and that he s|)e*/^ Marine Corps service shows no nota­ kee Journal that he was "disgusted" dfícally; referred to ihc i^irapnel in j tion of his having qualified for an that McCarthy received the same his leg, (Milwaukee Journal» Jime By i awards that he had received for 50 m^,} :; torpedo bombing missions flown On a TV pr<^am in Maty

EXT to his sensational charges and one Republican, Sen. Robert C. by the government's Reconstruction N of Communist influence in gov­ Hendrickson, New Jersey. Much of Finance Corp., which made seven ernment (analyzed in subsequent the material in this and the succeed­ loans totalling $37,500,000 to Lustron chapters), the phase of McCarthy's ing chapters is based on that report, between June 30, 1947, and August public career which has attracted most which will be referred to as the Hen-r 29, 1949. In the period of the 80th attention is the singular story of his nings Report. Congress (1947 and 1948) "McCarthy financial operations. It is a story of It was Feb. 28, 1949, that McCar­ was a member of the Banking and tax troubles, market speculation, thy held a press conference in his Currency Committee, which had jur­ over-extended bank loans, investiga­ Senate office and distributed a 94- isdiction over both die RFC and the tions by the Senate, the Criminal page booklet entitled How to Own housing agencies, as well as the Com­ Division of the Department of Jus­ Your Own Home Now. The pub­ mittee on Expenditures in the Exec­ tice, and the Bureau of Internal lisher was the Lustron Corp. of utive Departmente, which Committee Revenue, and a curious capacity of Columbus, O., and some 40 pages in was also interested in some of the the Senator's for making thousands the middle of the book comprised an Lustron operations." of dollars quickly in fields in which article by McCarthy. Hennings Report he was active as a Senator. McCarthy said he had written that Page 15 The quest för the documented article and edited the rest of the The Wisconsin Senator had man­ facts leads the investigator over many booklet. He declined to tell what euvered his way into control of a trails, but perhaps the simplest start­ his fee had been. joint Congressional committee on ing pqint is the celebrated Lustron "It's embarrassingly small," he said. housing that conducted extensive case, irhis case, along with other "Besides, I have to split it with- 10 hearings in 1947, and he had an­ aspects of McCarthy's conduct, was people who helped me." nounced that he would {^oduce a thoroughly investigated by the- Sen­ The Milwaukee Journal book on that work. Thus far, we have ate Subcommittee on Privileges and Mar, L 1949 a housing firm operating on huge Elections of the Committee on Rules government loans and a Senator and Administration, which en­ But what McCarthy said that day studying housing and anxious to pro­ countered but could not solve six did not agree with what he said later. duce a book about it. riddles in McCarthy's hectic financial When he filed his 1948 Wisconsin in­ Out of McCarthy's study came sug­ operations. come tax return, he showed that he gestions for the Housing Act of 1948 The Subcommittee conducted its had received $10,000 from the Lustron that gave the RFC $50,000,000 for inquiry pursuant to a resolution in­ Corp. in royalties for the booklet. loans to manufacturen of pre­ troduced Aug. 6, 1951, by the then All this could seem a simple mat­ fabricated houses like Lustron. Sen. William Benton, Connecticut ter: a Senator wrote an article and "This provision," Senate investigators Democrat. The resolution called received $10,000 for it. But the of­ found, "gave the RFC additional for an investigation "to detennine ficial records show it was not that funds ahd authority to make ite third whether expulsion proceedings should simple. Lustron loan of $7,000,000 on Feb. be instituted against Sen. Joseph R. Consider first the Lustron Corp. 14, 1949, as well, as the sulSsequent McCarthy." Its final report was It was a manufacturer of prefabric­ loans. The Act also provided for an signed by two Démocrate, Sens. ated steel houses, located in Colum­ increase in the salary of the Admin­ Thomas G. Hennings, Jr., Missouri, bus, O., and headed by Carl Strand­ istrator of the. Housing and Home chairman, and Carl Hayden, Arizona, lund. Lustron was financed largely Finance Administration."

12 The PROGRESSIVE A few days aiter the bill became examiners were demanding his loan Senator's broker, to purchase addi­ law, McCarthy asked Raymond Foley, account be cleared up. Said the Sen­ tional stock'of the Seaboard Airlines the Administrator whose salary was ate Committee: Railroad. , increased under the new law, to "To appreciate the urgency of the "It may or may not be significant help Miss Jean Kerr, then a mem­ hasty negotiations With Lustron to that the Seaboard Airlines Railroad ber of the Senator's staff and now his obtain a $10,000 fée on Nov. 12. 1948, was also financed by the RFC and at wife, with research on a housing it is essential that we consider Sen. the time indebted to RFC in excess manuscript. Foley and his staff co­ McCarthy's over-extended debt posi­ of $15,000,000. Our inquiry devel­ operated, and the article that was to tion at the Appleton State Bank, oped that during .October of 1948, become part of the Lustron booklet which became quite desperate during Sen. McCarthy purchased 1,500 shares began to take form. September through November of of Seaboard common stock at Meanwhile Lustron's president, 1948. Although the Bank had noti­ an average price of $22 per share; Carl Strandlund, had been trying to fied him that it was essential that his that this railroad had been in re­ win friends and influence Congress­ total bank debt of $72,943,96 be re­ ceivership since 1930, came out of re­ men to think well of Lustron, He duced, or his collateral licjuidated. organization in 1946 to be operated had first met McCarthy at a race Sen, McCarthy did not use the Lus­ under a voting trust arrangement track. Strandlund told the Senate tron fee for this purpose but bought through April 1, 1951, and that the investigators May 14, 1952. Mc­ stock with it which he pledged as ad­ Lustron fee was used to increase Mc­ Carthy, he swore, was "a complete ditional collateral for the loan. The Carthy's holdings to 1,950 shi^res . . . stranger" to him when the Senator Lustron check for $10,000, dated While it is not known whether Sen, came over to his box at the Laurel Nov. 12, 1948, issued to 'Joseph R. McCarthy's information with respect race track in September or October, McCarthy,' was endorsed in blank to this stock had anything to do with 1948. Strandlund cashed a check "in over to Wayne Hummer 8c Co., the his position as a United States Sen- the hundreds" for McCarthy that day. It wais shortly afterward, in Oc­ tober, 1948, according to Strandlund, that McCarthy proposed to sell Lus­ tron a manuscript on housing. The Here, below, is a photostat of the $10,000 check received by Mc­ paper was "not yet in publishable Carthy from the Lustron Corp. for his pamphlet on housing. form," Strandlund was told, but Above it is a photostat, showing a portion of McCarthy's 1948 in­ nevertheless McCarthy put the price come taoL return in which, contrary to a public statement he made, at $10,000. Wittóaut consulting his he acknowledges that he kept all the money for himself. public relations advisors and other officers of his firm, Strandlund agreed to the price. He wasn't happy about the tøans- action, he told Senate investigators. "It scared me some," he testified. "I made it a point never to confer, to discuss, to contact or concern my­ self with Sen. McCarthy from that point on." •«^a^ iBJ—-'•* ** **^?^*^ »• **^ '* The Senators pressed Strandlund about his purpose, and the Lustron promoter told them that "it was a - - —.-.J» «t jiem**" ' *-•• -• • -. • n 50-50 deal" involving purchase of material on housing and McCarthy's name as the author. But Clyde M. Foraker, of Colum­ bus, O., who later became receiver for the defunct Lustron firm, blunt­ ly called the deal "unethical," and added: ÍSá. "I'll bet he wouldn't have gotten the $10,000 if he hadn't been a I io;cioo^. Senator." Baltimore Sun ^ ;Î.- June 16, 1950 Sworn testimony placed before tJie ouaioM Senate investigators showed that Mc­ 1/". Carthy desperately needed Lustron's • ••Af— $10,000 because Matt Schuh, head ^"^^^^^muM. BAUK V \ of the Appleton (Wis.) State Bank, r«Mnm . '- • •' had written McCarthy that state bank

April, 1954 13 ator, it is interesting to note that as a member of the S^ate Bank­ Carthy financially at the time when^ Senator McCarthy suggested specula­ ing and Currency Committee and the Appleton State Bank, prodded by.' tion in Seaboard stock to others." his receipt of confidential in­ Wisconsin examiners, was worrying!; Hennings Committee Report formation relating to the stock of him about his bank debts. Page 17 the Seaboard Airlines Railroad, McCarthy was a member of a sugar . The reference was to a letter of which was indebted to the subcommittee of the Banking and' Mar. 10, 1949, in which McCarthy RFC for sums in excess of Currency Committee early in 1947.; wrote John Price, a California bro­ $15,000,000? He insisted that sugar rationing bè ker, telling of his own investmente in "Does Sen. McCarthy consider that ended. Washington newsmen tookr Seaboard and stating "I am enclosing his requeste for the active assistance to calling the new Senator "th* P^i-. herewith letter which I today re­ of Housing and Home Finance Ad­ Cola kid." The Pepsi-Cola fhm, ceived from the president of the Sea­ ministration in thé preparation of a seeking to expand against big com­ board Air Line (sic) Railroad," which housing manuscript which he intend­ petitors, wanted a lot more sug^r appeared to indicate some special ed to sell, after he had recommended than it was being allowed. McCarthy's relationship with that official. legislation to increase the salary of claim that there was no shortage of In 1951, McCarthy sold 1,000 its administrator, to be ethical?" sugar didn't square with official re­ shares of Seaboard for a net profit ports of the V. S, Department of Agri-, * Hennings Report culture, which advocated retention of of $35,614.75. The Appleton Bank Pages 18-19 returned 700 shares whidi it no long­ controls. But that didn't deter the : er required as collateral when he Sen. McCarthy declined to answer- Senator. paid up his loan. the Senate Committee's questions or to discuss these transactions in any While McCarthy was taking that In concluding ite report on the way. He refused tp testify before the tack on sugar, controls, he was also Lustron deal, the Senate Committee Senate Committee investigating his facing the problem that his Apple- asked these questions in ite Report: fitness to serve in the Senate, al­ ton bank was pressing him for money. "Are there other instances where though he has contended on scores On Nov, 28,1947, the bank president , Sen. McCarthy received some con­ of occasions that witnesses summoned wrote him. Instead of the usual = sideration from persons or agencies before his own Committee must be "Dear Joe," this letter began "Diearri that he was in a position to assist or presumed to be guilty if they refuse Senator." It said: \ hurt in his official position as a U. S. to testify on the ground that their "I am again ^compelled to write ^ Senator? evidence might incriminate them. you with refereno&te): your $53,000"^ "How can Sen. McCarthy loan which is held by the bank, : justify acceptance of a $10,000 The Tepsi-Cola Line* secured by collateral. You no doubt ^ fee from lÂtstron which, in ef- are familiar withr tfoe quotations on ;; feet, was a fee being paid out of tht $10,000 fee from the Lustron this collateral and that the margin is 1 public funds at a time when ' Corp. and the extremely profitable under 20%, which you will recall was J Lustron's continued operations transaction in Seaboard Ajrhnes were the margin agreed upon when we!' and financing dep^ided entirely not tíie only help that McCardiy re­ made the lean. I ceived from men whose busines!s af­ upon the RFC, and which a- "The directors have suggested that.. gency, in turn, was dependent fairs involved his (^dal duties. A Pepsi-Cola official also helped Mc- I take steps to sell the collateral ana i upon the Congress and, more pay the loan, but before taking such 'l particularly, the Banking and steps, I thought because of past re- - Currency Ccmimittee, of which he lationships I would write you fiirst was a m^nber, for its continued and see ii there Were any suggestions : authority and operation? you mi^t have. If you could ar­ range to have diis loan reduced by "Did Sen. McCarthy take advan- between $15,000 and $20,000, I lam , age of Lustron's sensitive position quite sure that I could convince the . and its need for continued govern­ directors to continue to carry die ment financing to induce ite presi­ loan. : I thought possibly with your dent, Carl Strandlund, to pay a fee, contacts it might be pebble i

14 The PROGRESSIVE^ MOMWtMV •• i • •••• "• • ••• *^^i '**"^UÄ Í1^*mk

.• ••••• S«pt.«Wr 29, 1950

to Vh* It 1*7 Co«.rn: j^ ,. K«r «f «V -**« ,hi. 1, to etttfeori.» MIM Jt«

tö vlthdrnw »10,000 fw«. «^ •««««

/J HCCtK

'*"''*'2eä4iö^^g

«AVINO» OE^AWTMINT The exhibits on this page indicate the range of McCarthy's finan­ cial operations. The letter above authorizes Jean F. Kerr, then T*^ ftaM< «• *• «nul •( his secretary and now his wife, to withdraw $10,000 from his sav­ g!:.S'. JOE liC CART.HY _ ings account at her pleasure. The two exhibits on the rig^t show the wide-ranging character of McCarthy's bank deposite, the one IN at upper right showing small deposite from a variety of individuals NATIONAL SAVIMOS ftKoset CcH«iMinr deposited to McCarthy's special account, while the item below .19 shows the deposit of $10,500 to McCarthy's savings account. Both accounte were studied by the Hennings Committee. See Page 17. C«rrMi«y,. 500.30 Coin»-.

7000.00 J0Q.9.:.!iQ, warded to the Appleton bank. The tween Arundel's endorsement of Sen. 10500.(10 transaction led the Senate Commit­ McCarthy's ^20,000 note on or about tee to ask: Dec. 8, 1947, and Sen. McCarthy's special appearance to interrogate the **Was it proper for Sen, Mc­ Army Secretary on Dé:. 9, 1947, be­ Carthy, wMle serving on the fore the Committee on Appropria­ Banking and Currency Commit­ tions regarding the Army's purdiase Total tee and ite Subcommittee on Sug­ of Cuban sugar, which purchase had ar, to seek and acxept the en­ been previously criticized by Pepsi- dorsement on his Bank Note for Cola? $20,000 by a person vitally in­ terested in sugar legislation? "Did Sen. McCarthy's over-extend­ ed debt position with the Appleton "Was there any relationship be­ State Bank and the Bank's constant

April, 1954 15 *••**" ^- W/

^. Mfti^ Sota»*'»

rtf »et t»»t

»tu

^««» wd ft*» •»'• "** i »

•nx^^r ?9. 194, f Vit, MtRias^ f, S. —,.«•to4»y'». ^^*UP" on «* •**•* j,llc. ê^i^^^^ IIO^ not», noMø the These two pages provide a represent­ ative sample of the frenzied corre­ spondence, between McCarthy and Matt Schuh, president of the Apple- *••»'• ».ry tJ-my ton State Bank, who has since died of MtiV a heart attack.

demand for liquidation of the in­ government for its manner of handl­ *On Advice of Counsel* debtedness or an increase in his col­ ing sugar control makes it difficult to lateral, influence Sen. McCarthy's determine whether Sen. McCarthy position on the sugar decontrol is­ was working for the best interests of There seems to be no complete­ sue to such an extent that he fol­ the government, as he saw it, or for ly fool-proof way of determining lowed the 'Pepsi-Cola line'?" Pepsi-Cola." whether McCarthy's ability to pay In conclusion the Senate Commit­ Hennings Report his personal debte increased as' he tee said: Page 39 stepped up his diarges of Commu­ "Sen* McCarthy's acceptance of a McCarthy might have explained if nism in government. The Senate $20,000 favor from the Washington he had appeared before the Senate Ck)mmittee believed the qu^tion de­ representative of the Pepsi-Cola Co. Committee, but he refused to do so, serving of extended investigation, at the very time he was attacking the either then or subsequently. however. It wanted to know whether

16 The PROGRESSIVE ^^:^:^.*-.

ft» 194^

I tear It 4 -~-^* bnt J «« ¿C S?

««>3Mwa

BiBOitf

The letters above and left show how McCarthy's Committee, in ite Report, raised the question, wide-ranging financial operations, involving a amoi^ others, "Whether loan or c»ther transi­ number of stock market deals, kept him pepper­ tions Sen. McCarthy had with the Appleton ing the president of his home town bank for ex­ State Bank or others involved violations of the tension and transfer of hiis lo^is. The Hennings tax and banking laws?"

McCarthy had diverted to his per­ of Washington. (See photostat, p. 15.) officer who is now a. Michigan Con­ sonal use fimds given to him for his On Sept 7, 1950, he opened an­ gressman. He told Senate investig­ public efforte. other account in the National Sav­ ators that he lent the $3,000 to Mc­ The Senator solicited money from ings and Trust Co. of Washington. Carthy on a five year note, expect­ industrialists and others who told His first deposit was $10,500. It in­ ing that the money would be used him they believed in what he was do­ cluded $500 in currency, a $7,000 for McCarthy's efforte to show that ing and would like to help. Some or check on another District of Colum­ there were Communists in the Tru­ all of such contributions, according bia bank, and a $3,000 check on a man Administration. The investi­ to the Senate inquiry, appeared to Michigan bank. Senate investigators gators did not learn ' whether Mrs. have been deposited in a special ac­ established that the two checks came Bentley's check was a loan to Mc­ count which McCarthy opened May from Mr. and Mrs. Alvin M. Bentley. Carthy. 5, 1950, in the Riggs National Bank Bentley was a former foreign service Three weeks after McCarthy open-

April, 1954 17 ed the account with the Bentley vin Bentley, the source of $3,000 of at the Riggs bank, too. Deposits in checks, he authorized withdrawal of the $10,000 involved, for the pur­ it consisted largely of stacks of $10,000 by Miss Jean Kerr, who used pose of depositing it in a savings checks or money orders. There were the money to buy a draft to Henry account? 62 checks totalling $1,692.20 in a de­ J. Van Stråten. Van Stråten was an "Was the $7,000 obtained from posit of May 11, 1950, for example,: old friend of McCarthy and former Mrs. Bentley on the same date also and 63 more checks totalling $1,312 county superintendent of schools at to aid Sen. McCarthy in his alleged five days later. Appleton, with an office in the court­ anti-communistic fight? Hennings Report house where McCarthy had sat as a Page 23 judge. Van Stråten deposited the "Was the $3,657.00 obtained from check at Wayne Hummer & Co., the Mrs, Bentley in March 1951, and de­ A Threat to Sue— Appleton broker that handled Mc­ posited by Sen, McCarthy in his gen­ Carthy's security dealings, and pro­ eral account on Mar. 28, 1951, for And Then Silence ceeded to use it to buy soy beans for the same purpose and, if so, why future delivery. was it deposited in his general Investigators learned that there account? were also major increases in the bank Within several months, the trans­ deposits of Ray Kiermas, McCarthy's action had produced a $17,500 profit. "Did Sen. McCarthy give Mrs, Bent- ley notes for the monies obtained? administrative assistant, that appear, Wayne Hummer & Co. paid Van to coincide with contributions to the Stråten $10,000 from the account. "Why did Sen, McCarthy give Mr. McCarthy effort. The Senate Com­ That check was endorsed to Mc­ Alvin Bentley a five-year non-inter­ mittee Report said: Carthy, and in turn was deposited in est-bearing note for $3,000, when Mr. his personal account at the Riggs Bentley was willing to donate that "Even though Sen, McCarthy has bank in Washington, amount and did it have any bearing refused to cooperate With the Sub­ committee, the list of the payees of Hennings Report with respect to the payment of fu­ Page 21 ture income taxes? these checks is not being included in- this report—lest it be said, that an "If Sen. McCarthy obtained at The Senate Committee couldn't attempt was being made to expose least $3,000 of the $10,000 involved, Sen, McCarthy's method of opera-^ decide whether McCarthy had been as reported by Mr. Bentley, for his a partner of Van Stråten or whether tions and his informants. Howeveri: anti-communistic fight, was not this at least without explanation, no con-t the school administrator, in a burst money, in a sense, a trust fund? of good fortune, had been a success­ nection could be established between "Was the $10,000 Van Stråten many of the disbursements from this ful buyer of soy beans when his pre­ commodity speculation actually for vious record in stock purchases had account and any possible anti-com­ the benefit of Sen. McCarthy, or a munist campaign, including, for ex­ shown frequent losses. Nor was partnership account? there any explanation of why Mc­ ample, a check to the Collector of Carthy opened a special account, let "Why would Sen. McCarthy spec­ Internal Revenue for $73.80 on Oct, Van Stråten use $10,000 for a month, ulate with funds advanced to him 2, 1950, at a time when Sen, McCar­ and then put the money in his per­ tor his anti-communistic drive, or thy's Riggs general account appears sonal checking account. loan such funds to a friend for spec­ to have been overdrawn. . . ulative purposes, particularly when "It is of possible significance that Van Stråten repeatedly declined the% friend's only experience in the the deposits to Sen. McCarthy's gen­ to give the Committee information commodity market was limited and eral account at the Riggs National needed to provide an accurate pic­ unsuccessful? ture of the transactions, and Mc­ Bank and the deposite to the account "Did Sen, McCarthy have confi­ of his Administrative Assistant, Ray Carthy, of course, refused to discuss dential information with respect to this or any of the other of his stock- Kiermas, at the same Bank^ increased the trend of the soybean future mar­ contemporaneously with the advent market deals. The Committee could ket? (Just prior to the transaction in not refrain from pointing out that of the 'public phase* of Sen. Mc­ question, tJEie Commodity Exchange Carthy's 'fight' to expose communists Van Stråten, trading on his own, lost Authority of the Department of Agri­ heavily in 1949 and 1950. "In con­ and communist treason in govern­ culture conducted an investigation of ment." trast to these losses totaling $7,043.27, alleged soybean market manipulation a profit of $17,354.50 was made be­ involving, among others, a number McCarthy tween Oct. 3, 1950, and Jan. 2, 1961, of Chinese traders.) on the transactions financed by Sen. Besular . Si>ecial Kiermas "Was the $10,000 Wayne Hummer X949 $31.260,06 $11,194,70 McCarthy with money obtained from 1960 34,171.32 $16,428.62 26.626.90 the Bentleys." un* & Co. check, dated Nov. 27, 1950, 1951 84,897.10 2,691.76 27,687.63 ' Hennings Report which Van Stråten endorsed over to 1962 27,861,68 2,712,70 19.000,00 Page 22 Sen. McCarthy a return of the orig­ Hennings Report inal investment and, if so, why was it Page 26 The Committee raised these basic deposited in Sen. McCarthy's general questions: account?" Kiermas has been with McCarthy "Why would Senator McCarthy McCarthy resolved none of these ever since the Senator went to Wash­ borrow money for his fight against questions. There were unanswered ington, and until hq was married communism, as indicated by Mr, Al­ questions about the special account the Senator lived in Kiermas' home.

18 The PRCrøRESSIV^: Mrs. Kiermas was on McCarthy's pay­ McCarthy's Brushes With ary as Circuit Judge). Therefore, I roll, too. The Senate investigators assume it is unnecessary under the reported that they would have liked The Tax Collector present laws to file a return* If you to ask whether Mr. and Mrs. Kiermas Sen. McCarthy began his stock do not so understand the law I shall had independence of action when market adventures four years be­ be glad to ^ile a return." they provided security for some of fore he went to the Senate, while he A local tax collector, knowing that McCarthy's loans, and whether their was a young circuit judge in Ap- the young judge had gone into the employment was in return for polit­ pleton. He went into the market Marine Corps and that his service ical and financial support. with $2,200 in 1942, using a 40% pay was tax exempt, could under­ For a time it appeared that Kier­ margin account with Wayne Hum­ standably believe that McCarthy had mas might act on the implications of mer fe Co. in his home town. The no other income. Most men in Serv­ the Senate Committee's comments. Senate investigation found that ice had none. But McCarthy knew When the Committee Report was "supported by sensational advances that he had netted $40,561.67 o¡n the issued, there were not sufficient cop­ in security prices, he was enabled sales of stocks, and had received ies to meet the public demand. As to build up his initial investment to dividends of $1,298 for a total tax­ Republican associates of McCarthy such substantial proportions that in able income of $41,854.67. Not only took over control of the Senate, there 1943 he realized a net profit of did he know about that money, but was no authorization of an additional $40,561.67." . he used much of it for further stock printing, Americans for Democratic Hennings Committee Report deals after he returned to the West Action, an independent organiz­ Page 27 Coast from his Pacific service with ation, reprinted the Report. Kiermas the Marines. promptly indicated he might sue the Almost no one knew of that pro­ McCarthy didn't mention the mat­ organization. fit at the time. When McCarthy ter to tax authorities then, or after With McCarthy at his side, he an­ filed his state income tax return for coming back to his seat as a judge nounced that he Would hold ADA 1943, he didn't mention it. Instead, and going on to win the 1946 responsible for "false and libelous from the Marine Air Station at El Senate election in Wisconsin, It was material." ADA officials announced Toro, Calif., where he was then not until Feb. 20, 1947, that the that they would welcome a suit by on active duty, he submitted a state­ Wisconsin tax assessor began action McCarthy, and that they would ment stapled to a tax form. The to collect McCarthy's 1943 taxes. waive t|ie defense that the Senate Re­ statement read: On Oct. 5, 1944, McCarthy had port was a privileged document, Kier­ "During the entire year of 1943 I written J. L. Tibbetts, Assessor of mas had seemed so confident, and was serving in the armed forces of Incomes at Appleton, concluding: McCarthy so eager to support his the United States, duririg'which time "Will you please send the necessary aide, that a court action seemed I spent no time in Wisconsin, I had blanks so that I may file my katè in­ probable. But Kiermas went back no property in the state and received come tax return for 1943?" This into McCarthy's inner office, and Mc­ no income from within the state seemed to indicate that he intended Carthy went off in another direction, (having waived collection of my sal- to report the 1943 income, but the and they said no more about suing record shows no further corres­ ADA. pondence until 1947, after the feder­ On another occasion Kiermas flatly al government announced on Feb. refused to answer questions regarding Communist Plot în 13 that it had assessed him an addi­ the special bank accounts. On Apr, The Wisconsin Government tional $3,500 on his income for 1943. 7, 1953, McCarthy's aide was sum­ moned to give a deposition in Drew On Feb. 20, 1947, Tibbette wrote Pearson's $5,100,000 damage action McCarthy, who was now in the U.S. against McCarthy and eight other Senate, "The Department now has persons. As the Baltimore Sun re­ knowledge that you had income for ported Apr. 8, 1953, Kiermas said the year 1943 other than pay for "he had no knowledge of what was military service." The tax official in­ done with contributions McCarthy structed McCarthy to file a return for received from various sources after that year. he had charged in 1950 that the gov­ McCarthy replied Mar. 13, 1947, ernment was heavily infested with asserting that it was his understand­ Communists." Questioned "at length ing of the law that he need not file, about his own purported financial but that he would do so if the De­ transactions, Kiermas on advice of partment did not agree. "I am for­ counsel refused to answer." warding you a brief on what I con­ Once again McCarthy had avoided sider the law," he said. official examination just as com­ On Apr. 8, Tibbetts replied, say­ pletely as other men use the Fifth ing the brief had not been çcceived. Amendment to the Constitution to McCarthy's retort was that the brief avoid answering questions they prefer must have been lost in the mails. In not to answer. Hørblock in The Waahinston Port its place he sent a memorandum

April, 1954 19 claiming that though he was a Wis­ The bank, under Wisconsin law, manship of Sen. William Jenner, consin circuit judge on leave in 1943, could legally lend ho more than Indiana, When the Republicans as­ he was not a resident of the state $100,000 to any one individual. On sumed control of Congress in Janu­ that year. Dec. 26, the Appleton bank trans­ ary of 1953. Jenner, a close friend of On Apr. 24, Tibbette wrote Mc­ ferred $69,540.70 to a loan ledger McCarthy's, saw to it that, despite Carthy: "I am advised by the legal sheet in the name of H. F. McCarthy, considerable demand, no additional division that it is of the opinion a brother. copies were ordered. He also fired that you were a resident of Wiscon­ Hennings Committee Report virtually the entire staff of the Hen­ sin in the year 1943 and therefore Page 33 nings Subcommittee. required to file a return of your in­ McCarthy himself made no effort come for that year with the Wiscon­ Wisconsin income tax returns, to have his name cleared. One of his sin Department of Taxation." open to public inspection until last Senate colleagues, the late Sen. year, showed that McCarthy paid Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire McCarthy was given a 30-day dead­ $620.22 interest to the Appleton State line to file and pay. On May 5 he Republican, after referring in an Bank in 1945. . His salary as a judge NBC radio talk March 23, 1953, to objected to the 30-day deadline, call­ was $7,397 and his income from in­ ing it "arbitrary in the extreme." McCarthy's methods as "wrong, and terest and dividends was $1,834. But un-American," declared that the Re­ Finally, however, he paid a tax of his net taxable income, according to $2,459.54 and $218.32 interest. port, which attacked "McCarthy's in­ his return, was $6,951. He paid state tegrity and honor, lies in a Sehate. It is a curious fact that although taxes of $151.44. he was out of the state and the pigeonhole and you can't get a copy country a large part of 1942 and That sum was not large, but it was to save your soul." Tobey chal­ 1944, McCarthy did not claim non- $151.44 greater than his total state lenged McCarthy to speak up on the residence for those years, but only for taxes for the next four years. His in­ serious questions raised by the Hen­ 1943—-the year he made his $40,561 come for those years was $66,938.59, nings Committee. killing in the stock market. In 1944, but he wrote this all off in losses ancl . "// McCarthy were a man," Sen. when he was a candidate for U.S. interest payments. He reported no Tobey said, "he would have demand­ Senator while still in military serv­ taxable income at all in 1946, 1947, ed an open investigation. We in the. ice, McCarthy was most anxious to 1948, and 1949. Yet at the same time Senate ought to be above reproach."- —^his last year as a judge and his first claim Wisconsin residence. But McCarthy had refused on six McCarthy was back in the states three years as a Senator—the Apple- ton State Bank carried him on its separate occasiiHis to appear before" late in 1944, and soori was playing the Hennings Committee to discusi^ the market again. He deposited loan accounts for sums ranging from $50,000 to $70,000. the charges made against him. $11,250 with a California broker in "For reasons known only to Sen. October and his 1944^ tax returns When interest was due, McCarthy's McCarthy," the Hennings Commit­ show that as a returned Marine, he payments were often credited against tee said, "he chose not to accept this was a busy investor. And when he principal and new notes were is­ coursci but to charge that the allega­ left the Marine Corps in January, sued in the amount of the interest. tions were a smear and that the 1945—seven months before the war Funds in the names of his barothers Committee was doing the work of ended—he went back to Appleton or Ray Kiermas, a Washington as* Communiste." for a new round of market deals. sistant, were often used for security. "Such action on the part of Sen. On Feb. 13, 1945, the Appleton "The overall picture," according McCarthy might appear to reflect a. State Bank loaned McCarthy, again to the Senate Committee Report, disdain and contempt for the rules a judge, $1;800 with which he opened "shows that he was loaned a total and wishes of the entire Senate body, a checking account. On July 13, it of approximately $248,000 during the as well as the membership of the loaned him $50,086 jand five days period Feb. 13, 1945, to Sept. 14, Subcommittee on Privileges and later there was still another loan of 1951." Some of his transactions were Elections." •_ : $23,876. McCarthy also withdrew termed "flagrant disregard for the "The record . . . leaves the in­ $15,960 from his account with his state banking laws and the Federal escapable conclusion that Sen. Mc­ broker, Wayne Hummer & Co., and Reserve Board regulation." Carthy deliberately set out to thwart this went with the bank's $73,962 any investigation of him by ob­ into big security purchases. McCarthy Deliberately* Tried scuring the real issue and the Hennings Committee Report responsibility of the Subcommittee _. Page 33 To 'Thwart' the Inquiry by charges of lack of jurisdiction, By December, McCarthy had cut smear, and Communi/t-inspired his bank loan down to $20,364, but Although the Hennings Report, persecution," on December 21, 1945, the Apple- unanimously approved by its diree At one point during the Commit­ ton State Bank loaned him $149,- members, raised serious questions tee's investigation, McCarthy had at­ 176.06 to buy 5,000 shares of Chicago, about McCarthy's fitness to serve tacked the Committee's work with Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific in the U.S. Senate, no action of such violoice that the group asked Railroad common stock that were any kind has been taken on the re­ the entire Senate to d&âde whether pledged as security. On that day, port. The parent Senate Committee, the investigatiofi should continue. McCarthy's debt to the bank be­ the Committee on Rules and Ad­ The Senate voted 60-0 in favor ^>f ; came $169,540.70. ministration, came under the chair­ a resolution which, in effect, ex- \

20 The PROORESStVB pressed confidence in the investigat­ that McCarthy take a lie-detector answers. It seems only right that ing committee and gave it the green test on the unanswered questions McCarthy, as an advocate of lie-de­ light to continue in its inquiry. raised by the Hennings Committee. tecting, should set an example by The Hennings Committee filed its "The volume of evidence presented letting the man wrap the blood pres­ findings with the Justice Department certainly suggests that Sen. McCar­ sure recorder around his arm, and and the Treasury Department for thy is a person more earthy and telling all." (Collief s, May 9, 1953.) possible legal action on McCarthy's devious than the Shining Knight who McCarthy refused to tell all, or any financial operations and his tax has appointed himself to be the St. of the story, with or without a lie- troubles. On Oct. 16, 1953, Atty. Gen. George who will slay the dragon of detector. The man who has accused Herbert Brownell, Jr., announced unrighteousness single-handedly. We so many of guilt if they refuse, un­ that the Criminal Division of the think the questions which this evi­ der the Fifth Amendment, to testify, Justice Department could find no dence presents urgently require remained silent on the charges. basis for legal action in the areas under its jurisdiction, but that the Treasury Department still had un­ der investigation possible violations of the income tax law. Brownell said he did not know the status of the THE SIX UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS Treasury investigation. In his statement announcing that These are the six questions raised by Sens. Hennings, Hendrick­ no action would be taken against son, and Hayden during their investigation of McCarthy's financial McCarthy, Brownell said: affairs—questions which except for a blanket, unsupported "no" "It is our conclusion that the evi­ were left unresolved by McCarthy's refusal to accept the Committee's dence fails to establish the commis­ invitation to testify. sion of any public offense defined by federal statute." The Baltimore Sun reported on Oct. 17, 1953, that Asst, Atty. Gen. • Whether under the circumstances it was Warren Olney told a press confer­ proper for Sen. McCarthy to receive $10,000 ence that "McCarthy himself had not from the Lustron Corporation? been questioned by Justice Depart­ ment investigators, including FBI • Whether funds supplied to Sen. McCarthy to agents who were assigned to the fight Communists or for other specific pur­ case." Thus, McCarthy, who re­ poses were diverted to his own use? fused six times to go before the in­ vestigating subcommittee to answer questions concerning these financial HENNINGS deals, was again spared the respon­ Whether Sen. McCarthy used close associates sibility of explaining his activities. Actually, Justice Department in­ and members of his family to secrete receipts, vestigators gave the object of their income, commodity, and stock speculation inquiries such a wide berth that he and other financial transactions for ulterior didn't, he said, know he was being motives? investigated. Commenting on Brownell's state­ Whether Sen. McCarthy's activities on behalf ment announcing dismissal of charg­ of certain special interest groups, such as es by the Criminal Division, the St. housing, sugar, and China, were motivated by Louis Post-Dispatch said editorially: self-interest? "Mr. Brownell may have washed HENDRICKSON his hands of the detailed report of the factual statements, documents, Whether loan or other transactions Sen. Mc­ and photostats submitted to him by Carthy had with the Appleton State Bank or [the Senators who investigated the charges]. He has not heard the last others involved violations of the tax and bank­ of it. One of the things he has not ing laws? heard the last of is the fact that Sen. McCarthy, who was always question­ Whether Sen. McCarthy violated federal and ing other people, would not appear state corrupt practices acts in connection with before the subcommittee and an­ his 1944-46 Senatorial campaigns or in con­ swer questions about himself. No nection with his dealings with Ray Kiermas? one, in effect, ever hid more slickly behind the Fifth Amendment." HAYDEN Collier's magazine editorially urged

April, 1954 21 The Original Charges of Communism and How The Facts Exploded Them

OR three years after taking his "Last night," he told a radio audi­ Thus, his own words record the F oath of office as U.S. Senator in ence, "I discussed the Communists in extent to which McCarthy changed January, 1947, McCarthy tried fit­ the State Department. I stated that his story in those days when his head­ fully, and in a variety of fields, to be­ I had the names of 57 card-carrying line-creating charges vaulted him to come better known. But half way members of the Communist Party." a position of great prominence in the through his term of office he was Radio interview permanently recorded nation. Suppose we have a look at still one of the least publicized mem­ over Salt Lake City radio station the various charges and then examine bers of the Senate. It was not until the official records to observe how he decided to try out "Communism But Still another figure was soon to they stood up. in the State Department" as an issue emerge. The official Congressional Record of Feb, 20, 1950, shows that that McCarthy shot into national 205 Communists prominence. He launched this cam­ McCarthy, in a Senate speech, said paign for headlines in February, there were 81 employees of the State Faced with a demand for evidence, 1950. Department who ranged from "per­ Sen. McCarthy quickly backed away sons whom I consider to be Com­ As the Saturday Evening Post from his charge that there were 205 munists" (p. 2063) down to individ­ Communists in the State Department, (Aug. 19, 1950) told the story: uals who were "bad risks" (p. 2069). "On last Feb. 9, Sen. McCarthy Eleven days after he had given his traveled to Wheeling, W. Va., to re­ But a month later, McCarthy had Wheeling speech he read to the Sen­ peat a well-tested anti-Communist reduced the grand total even further. ate what he now claimed was the speech. But on this occasion the At a press conference in Washington, speech he had given Feb. 9. Here is Senator inserted into his talk the fol­ D,C,, Sen. McCarthy announced that what he claimed in the Senate he had lowing addition: 'I hold here in my he would "stand or fall" on his abil­ said at Wheeling: hand a list of 205 persons who are ity to prove that there was just one "I have in my hand 57 cases of in­ known to the Secretary of State as Communist in the State Department dividuals who would appear to be being members of the Communist —"the top espionage agent" in the either card-carrying members or Party, and who nevertheless are still United States. certainly loyal to the Communist Par­ working and shaping the policy of "I am willing to stand or fall on ty, but who nevertheless are still help­ the State Department.' " this one," he said. "If I am wrong ing to shape our foreign policy." The very next day after making on this I think the Subcommittee Congressional Record this sensational charge, McCarthy was would be justified in not taking any Feb. 20. 1950, p. 2044 in Salt Lake City, Utah, where he re­ other cases too seriously." But James E. Whitaker, news edi­ peated the charge, but reduced the New York Times tor of Radio Station WWVA of number from 205 to 57 Communists, Mar, 24. 1950 Wheeling, W. Va., and Paul A. My-

22 The PROGRESSIVE ers, program director of the same sta­ same speech is available^ in the Con­ tion, signed and swore to statements gressional Record for Feb, 20, 1950, that McCarthy had actually said the In this speech he talked of "a very following: sizeable group of active Communists "... I have here in my hand a list in the State Department," later re­ of 205—a list of names that were ferred to "vast numbers of other Com­ made known to the Secretary of State munists" [in the State Department], as being members of the Communist recalled the origin of the figure 205, Party and who nevertheless are still then went on to say "I do not believe working and shaping policy in the I mentioned the figure 205 [at State Department." Wheeling] ; I believe I said over 200," Note the significant differences be­ then hastened to claim that "I have tween the two versions. In McCar­ in my possession the names of 57 thy's Senate speech, he failed to in­ Communists who are in the State De­ clude the material printed in bold­ partment at present," then changed face in the paragraph above. In the the story by saying "the cases num­ Senate speech the number is reduced ber 81," and capped it all by saying: to "57"; individuals "would appear "I know absolutely of one group of to be" Communists, and there is no approximately 300 certified to the mention of the significant charge that the Secretary of State knew all James F. Byrnes about the presence of many Com­ munists in influential positions in his department. loyalty investigation, including FBI Now, what was the origin of the field study where the FBI felt such a "205" figure? It goes back to July process necessary. 26, 1946, when James F, Byrnes, now Since the figure "205" was quickly governor of South Carolina, was Sec­ shown to have come from a letter retary of State, written four years before by Secretary Byrnes wrote a letter to Congress­ Byrnes, McCarthy subsequently pre­ man Sabath of Illinois, in which he ferred to use other figures. Suppose pointed out that at the end of World we look now at some of the other in­ War II, 12,797 government employ­ gredients in what McCarthy himself ees who had worked for emergency was soon to call "the numbers war agencies were temporarily trans­ racket." ferred to the State Department. This group was reduced to about 4,000 in­ The "Numbers Racket" dividuals, and the Department start­ ed screening them to see who would If the "numbers racket" seems a be permitted to hold peacetime jobs tricky and confusing story, it is solely in the Department. because McCarthy's repeated change of numbers made it hard to follow his Byrnes explained that "preliminary charges from day to day, week to examination" had been made of 3,000 week, and month to month during cases and "a recommendation against the period when his sensational alle­ permanent employment had been gations were winning him headlines made in 284 cases." Of these, 79 had throughout the world. It is worth been actually removed from the noting here how guesswork played a service. part in McCarthy's charges in so Note that simple subtraction of 79 grave a field as treason and espion­ cases from 284 leaves exactly 205. age. In his book McCarthy wrote: Sen. McCarthy later admitted, in an "I have been able to dig out the facts interview in the U.S. News and World to show that 57 are either Com­ Report for Sept. 7, 1951, that the munists or doing the work of the This Associated Press dispatch "205" came from the Byrnes letter. Communist Party. Therefore, it is from Salt Lake City, Feb. 11, Note, too, that Byrnes' language—a safe to assume that there are 1950, quotes McCarthy using "recommendation against permanent many more about whom I have no the figure of "57 card-carrying employment"—became "members of information." (Italics ours.) Communists" in the second the Communist Party" in the McCar­ paragraph and refers in the thy treatment. Equally interesting McCarthyism: The Fight for America fifth and sixth paragraphs to was McCarthy's failure to point out By Joseph R. McCarthy. The Devin-Adair Co. 1952. Page 10 the charge of 205 Commun- that of 205, only 64 were still on the nists in the State Department payroll when he spoke, and that all Some indication of how the Mc­ he made the day before in of these had been subjected to a full Carthy story changed even within the Wheeling, W. Va.

April, 1954 23 Secretary [of State] were discharged A list of 108 cases in the files was "3. Apart from characterizations because of Communism. He actual­ drawn up. The cases were identified and immaterial interpolations, the ly only dischax^d approximately 80" only by number and a special key language employed by Sen. McCar­ -—rthus apparently introducing a with the correct names was prepared. thy is case for case similar textually to brand new figure of 220. However, when the "108 cases" were the language in their counterparts The-vital figures—by McCarthy's discussed at the hearings, no nariies among the *108 list'. Where vari­ own presentation—are the 205 (see were used. This was also true when ations in the case descriptions em­ preceding page) and the figures 81 the "108 cases" were discussed on the ployed by Sen. McCarthy occurred, and 57. floor of the House of Representatives the language had been changed to McCarthy first used the figure "81" Mar. 3, 4, 5, and 11, 1948. create a more sinister impression." on the Senate floor Feb. 20, 1950. The details of these "108 cases" Official Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 81st Congress, But in the same speech he soon were available to members of Con­ 2nd Session, Senate Report 2108 claimed that he was not accusing all gress two years before Sen. McCarthy 81 individuals of being Communists, made his speech on the "81 cases" on When McCarthy presented his "81 although at one point he said: Feb. 20, 1950. That McCarthy's "81 cases" Feb. 20, 1950, he promised one ". > . I am only giving the Senate cases" were lifted almost bodily from Senator that he could "come to my cases in which it appears that there the two-year-old report of Congres­ office as soon as I finish and receive is a definite Communist connection." sional investigators is clear from the the names." But he himself qualified this seri­ fact that McCarthy used identical Under oath, however, McCarthy ous charge, several times. For example: language in describing many of the admitted: "At this particular mo­ "Case No. 62: This file is not im­ cases cited in his speech before the ment I could not give you the names portant insofar as Communistic ac­ Senate. of half these persons." tivities are concerned . . ." The Tydings unit of the Senate Tydings Subcommittee Where did McCarthy get the ma­ Foreign Relations Committee which Hearings, p, 6 terial on which to base his charge was set up to investigate McCarthy's The evidence makes it clear that that "there are 81 cases [in the State charges reached these conclusions af- the impression that a fresh investiga­ Department] with a definite Com­ tw a careful analysis of the "81 tion had uncovered new material munist connection?" The official cases": was false. McCarthy used informa­ records provide the answer. "1. There is not one of the cases tion presented to the public two The origin goes back to 1947 and discussed [by Sen. McCarthy] on years before. 1948 when the Republican majority Feb. 20, 1950, on the Senate floor The reader ijaay wonder just why of the Senate and die House of Rep­ which is not to be found among the this is important. If there were Com­ resentatives ran the committees in '108 list' (compiled two years earlier). munists in the government, what dif­ both houses of Congress. Between ference does it make if McCarthy Sept. 18 and Nov. 3, 1947, a team of "2. There is no factual informa­ used "old" material? The answer is investigators from the House Com­ tion relative to any of the Feb. 20 this: mittee on Appropriations made a [McCarthy] cases which does not careful study of the State Depart­ have its identifiable counterpart Leading Republican Congressmen ment's Division of Security. among the '108 list.' had carefully, investigated every one of the casœ that McCarthy presented —two years before. These Repub­ lican-controlled committees consid­ McCarthy Gives *Aid to Enemies of Democracy' ered the disposition of the "108" and other security cases: the House Com­ Three leading spokesraäi for American veterans' organizations bave mittee on Appropriations, the House recorded the extent to which McCarthy has damaged the legitimate cause of Committee on Expenditures in the safeguarding tíie nation against Communist subversion and espionage. Executive Department, the House • CHARLES C. RALLS, while national commander-in-chief of the Veterans Committee on Foreign Affairs, of Foreign Wars, put it this way; "I am for any Congressman or Senator and the Senate Committee on who is carrying on a fight against Communism, but I want that áght to be sensible. McCarthy should fcúrget about the publicity. He has l»ut the work Appropriations. of those who are Hghting Communists by making unfounded charges ; . . I These Republican Congressmen love the idea of what McCarthy is trying to do, but his methods hart those had no desire to "protect" the of us who are sincerely fighting the Communists." Trumiin Administration when they • WiLUAM ExuNE, while senior vice commander of the Military Order of worked over the "108" cases. They thé Puii>le Heart, wrote in the Purple Heart magazine that McCarthy "gave' analyzed the same material presented aid and comfort to tíie enemies of democracy by his unproved charges concern' by McCarthy—tWo years before. Ing U.S. governmental agœcies . . . His complete disregard of [American} IMJndple makes him potentially far more dangerous than those 1» accuses." Not a single one of these 80th Con­ gress committees, all having Repub­ • WALTER £. ALBSSANDRONI/ while chairman of the American I^gicm's lican majorities, reported that the Committee (» Un-Amiolcan Activities, asserted in a letter to McOrrthy that State Department contained any failure to make the meaning of oiu: words and actícms dear in a period like this "is in itself a contribution to undermining national unity, and could Communiste. therefore be justifif^ly classed as an un-Americam act." The final word on the material McCarthy was to use two years later

24 The PROGRESSIVE «sC^^f^^J^*^

'Joe-—^Yoo Hoc—^Joe' 'Stop Gcinging Up on Me'

was given by a Republican member at Salt Lake City the day after the —actual card-carrying Communists. of the House of Representatives. He Wheeling speech. McCarthy was in­ MCCARTHY: Not only can, Dan, was Congressman Bartel Jorikman of terviewed in the Utah capital by a but ^ill. . . . Michigan, who had investigated local radio personality, Dan Valen­ Communism in the State Depart­ tine. His words were recorded, and VALENTINE: Well, I am just a com­ ment as a one-man investigating sub­ the record was subsequently sent to mon man out here in Salt Lake City, committee for the House Foreign the Senate Committee which investi­ a man who's got a family and a son Affairs Committee. He said on Aug. gated his charges of Communism in and a job. You mean to say there's 2, 1948: the State Department. Part of the 57 Communiste in our State Depart­ interview went as follows: ment that direct or control our State "But before the 80th Congress ad­ Department policy or help direct it? journs, I want the members to know MCCARTHY: Last night I discussed that there is one department in which the Communists in the State Depart-^ MCCARTHY: Well, Dan, I don't the known or reasonably suspected ment. I stated that I had the names want to indicate there are only 57, I subversives. Communists, fellow-trav­ of 57 card-carrying members of the say I have the names of 57. elers, sympathizers, and persons whose Communist Party. . . Now, I want to services are not for the best intereste tell [Acheson] this: If he wante to Now what was the origin of the figure "57"? of the United States, have been swept call me tonight at the Utah,Hotel, I out. That is the Department of will be glad to give him the The Investigating Subcommittee of state. Congressional Record names of those 57 card-carrying the Senate Foreign Relations Com­ Aug. 2, 1948, p, 9793 Communists. . . mittee reported that it came from the same two-year-oM "108 cases" and in The 57 Cases VALENTINE: In other words. Sen­ the same way. ator, if Secretary of State Dean Ache- In March, 1948, John E. Peurifoy, As McCarthy himself admitted, he son would call you at the Hotel Utah then Deputy Under-Secretary of State occasionally used the figure "57" in tonight in Salt Lake City you could for Administration, testified before referring to,Communists in the State give him 57 names of actual card- the House Committee on Expendi­ Department. carrying Communists in the State tures in the Ejtecutive Department. The first recorded use of "57" was Department of the United States He was asked about the "108 cases,"

April, 1954 25 At that time only 57 of the 108 had brought charges were still in the munists in the State Department, were still employed, and of these 22 State Department, and all of these McCarthy said: "I am not in a posi­ were being investigated by the FBI had been considered in 1948, as tion to file any formal charges." as of March, 1948, according to Republican Congressman Jonkman This was still true mote than three Peurifoy's testimony. pointed out, and all had been "fully years later. In June, 1953, Rep, Subsequently, official records in processed under the President's Loy­ Brownson, Indiana Republican and Report No. 2108 of the Senate Com­ alty Program and the State Depart­ a member of the House Government mittee on Foreign Relations July 20, ment's Security Program," according Operations Committee, wrote Scott 1950, based on evidence taken by the to the findings of the Senate investi­ McLeod, security administrator of the Tydings Subcommittee, showed that gators in the Report cited above. State Department, asking if any of 41 of the 108 had been cleared and the "57 persons referred to as Com­ 67 were hot employed by the State The Big One ' munists by Sen, McCarthy on the Department as a result of resignation, McCarthy admitted to his complete floor of the Senate Feb, 20, 1950 death, completion of assignment, or incapacity to document and prove [are] still in the employ of the De­ dismissal. his charges. Testifying Mar. 8, 1950, partment." McLeod replied that a Thus, when McCarthy spoke, only before the Senate Committee author­ search of Department files "failed to one-third of. those against whom he ized to investigate his claims of Com- disclose such a list." When it became clear that he could not make any of his numbers stick, McCarthy switched his attack again. ^ He dramatically announced he would prove that a single employee of the State Department was the "top Russian espionage agent" in the ^Kt* t«w«n«» United States. New York Times Mar, 22, 1950 "I am willing to stand or fall on this one," McCarthy said, "If I am wrong on this, I think the Subcom­ mittee would be justified in not tak­ ing my other cases too seriously," New York Times Mar. 24. 1950 ilono ..J .««on. V* * Let the strongly anti-Communist Time magazine, a critic of the Tru­ man Administration, tell the story as of Oct. 22, 1951 (20 months after McCarthy made his original charges): "He [McCarthy] bored in, hitting low blow after low blow. He set up a barrage of new accusations which caught the headlines, drawing atten­ o c"'^* L /*!«• "! tn.u General to W" tion away from the fact that he had not made good on his original charge. He even began to produce some names. But his most sensational charge was that he knew the name of 'the top Soviet espionage agent' in cà-^^ the U.S. The man so accused turned out to be Owen Lattimore, a Johns Hopkins professor and writer on Far Eastern affairs. Lattimore in fact jy sftcnt ysssmm had great influence in U,S, academic and journalistic circles dealing with the Far East, He was an important factor in leading U,S. toward policies which many Americans regard as tragically wrong. Above is a photostatic copy of the letter written by FBI Director "But that was not what McCarthy J. Edgar Hoover making it clear that the files McCarthy claimed said about Lattimore. He said that had l^en "raped" were in fact "intact." (See Page 27.) Lattimore was 'the top Soviet espion-

26 The PROGRESSIVE age agent'—and to this day McCar­ 'Step Oufside and Say That' the State Department files available thy has not produced a scrap of evi­ to the Senate Investigating Commit­ dence indicating that Lattimore was tee, McCarthy shouted at once that a spy or in any way disloyal." the files did not contain all of the Lattimore was subsequently sub­ FBI reports. jected to relentless examination by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover put the McCarran Committee of the Sen­ the lie to this one in no uncertain ate. As a result of that inquiry, he terms. In a letter to the chairman was indicted on seven counts of per­ of the Senate Investigating Commit­ jury by a federal grand jury. How­ tee, Sen. Millard E. Tydings, Hoover ever, Federal Judge Luther W. wrote Sept. 8, 1950, that all the in­ Youngdahl, formerly Republican formation sent over by the FBI was Governor of Minnesota, promptly contained in the State Department dismissed four of the seven counts. loyalty files. (See photostat, p. 26.) The counts dismissed were the most important of the seven, es­ The legal protec^tion of legislators pecially Count 1 of the indictment for what they say during debate on which charged that Lattimore swore the floor is supported by a long and falsely when he testified that "I am honorable tradition. not and never have been a Com­ This protection enables a member munist, a Soviet agent, a sympathizer, Herblock in The Washington Post of Congress to make sweeping charg­ or any other kind of a promoter of es against individuals during debate Communism or Communist inter­ and he can not be sued in a court for ests." In dismissing this count. Judge have, (Congressional Record, 1950, slander or libel. ' Newspapers also Youngdahl called it "so nebulous p. 2048.) can print the accusations, even if and indefinite that a jury would have "You can be sure of this: if those they are false, because the speeches to indulge in speculation in order to files would prove that McCarthy in the Congress are privileged arid arrive at a verdict." He said that it was a liar, they would damn well protected from libel charges. was "fundamental that a jury should be opened at sunrise tomorrow When Sen. McCarthy began his at­ not be asked to determine an issue morning." tacks, he promised Congress and the which can be decided only on country he would not hide behind his conjecture." McCarthy Speech before the Amer­ ican Society of Newspaper Congressional immunity: And yet as a self-appointed, one- Editors, Apr. 20. 1950 "On the day when I take advant­ man jury, McCarthy had not only age of the security we have on the conjectured but had flatly charged Two weeks later. President Tru­ man let the Senate Investigating Senate floor, on that day I will re­ that Lattimore was not only a Com­ sign from the Senate. Anything I say munist but the "top Russian es­ Committee look at the files. Mc­ Carthy's reaction was reported by on the floor of the Senate at any pionage agent" in the United States. time will be repeated off the floor." The Department of Justice has ap­ Time magazine Oct. 22, 1951: pealed Judge Youngdahl's dismissal "Before McCarthy eVen saw what Congressional Record Feb. 20, 1950, p, 2043 of the four counte. That is where the State Department turned over to the Lattimore case stands now. the Committee, he pronounced it 'a But McCarthy did not step out phony offer of phony files.' The files from behind his legal shield and re­ Files and the FBI have been 'raped,' he cried." peat the same charges off the floor. It was after Mr. Truman had made He also did not resign. •Repeatedly, as he bounced from the files available, in response to Mc­ The Christian Science Monitor, one one figure to another and one charge Carthy's repeated demand, that Mc­ of the most distinguished and uni­ to another in the "numbers racket," Carthy broadened his demand for versally respected of American news­ McCarthy had not only claimed he additional files. Although he had papers, commented editorially on was disclosing fresh, new information claimed repeatedly up to then that April 11, 1950: that he felt it his duty to present to the State Department files would con­ "Never were pretzel-shaped thought the public, but insisted that his in­ firm his accusations, McCarthy now processes more ingeniously bent than formation came from the highly demanded that the following files in the address delivered to the Ma­ secret loyalty files of the State would also have to be opened: rine Corps League at Passaic, N. J., Department. "The FBI files, the Civil Service at the weekend. Pronouncing his "All the information I have given own speech 'libelous if untrue' he the Senate is in the State Department Commission files, and where individ­ uals have been investigated by the proceeded to hurl at Owen Lattimore files." (Congressional Record, 1950, charges which can neither be proved p. 2063.) Army, Navy, or secret service, we should also obtain those files." true or untrue. "Mr. President, I have before me "This was Sen. McCarthy's way of information from the State Depart­ Congressional Record pretending to come out from behind ment files, information which the July 12, 1950. p, 10139 the Congressional immunity under President says the Senate did not When President Truman did make which he previously charged Mr. Lat-

April, 1954 27 timoré with being Russia's 'top es- Sen. Millard Tydings. Tl^ majority any Communists in the State j>ionage agent' in the United States. of the subcommittee (all Democrats) Department?" Sen, McCarthy, however, refrained reached these conclusions July 17, "No; I did not," replied Sen. Lodge. from repeating this specific charge, 1950: Congressional Record perhaps because to do so would per­ "Sen. McCarthy and McCarthyism July 21, 1950. p. 10933 mit other opinions than his own to have been exposed for what they are This single-sentence conclusion by determine whether the charge is and the sight is not a pretty one." a member of McCarthy's own party libelous." McCarthy's"çharges and methods are summarizes the outcome of an in­ Later, McCarthy shifted his a fraud and a hoax," and constituted vestigation which took four months position. "porhaps thé most nefarious cam­ and assembled 3,000,000 words. paign of Untruth in the history of "When they make those files avail­ Four years to the month after Mc­ our republic," / Carthy's original charges of rampant able so they can be used, those state­ Communism in the State Department ments will be made in public," he^ "We have seen the technique of under Dean Acheson, the Christian told the American Society of News­ the 'Big Lie' elsewhere employed by Science Monitor (Feb. 16, 1954) re­ paper Editors, Apr. 20, 1950, the totalitarian dictator with devas­ tating success, utilized here for the ported that two top Republican Official Transcript oi Speech and first time on a sustained basis in our spokesmen for the State Department, Questions, Master Reporting Undersecretary Walter Bedell Smith Co.. Washington. D, C, history. We have seen how, through repetition and shifting untruths it is and Security Chief Scott McLeod, As we have seen above, the files possible to delude ^eat numbers of testified before a House Appropri­ were opened for the Senate investi­ people." ations subcommittee that "no acrtive gators two weeks later (May 4, 1950), "We sincerely believe that charges Communist has been uncovered in but Sen. McCarthy refused to deliver of the character which have been the State Department in the year or on his promise to the newspaper edi­ made in this case seriously impair the more of Republican control." tors. Finally, on Aug. 9, 1951, Sen, efforts of our agencies of goverriaient McCarthy admitted openly in a to combat the problem of subversion. Balance Sheet speech that he was not going to shed Furthermore, extravagant allegations, his Senatorial immunity. Although Sen. McCarthy's reckless which cannot be proved and are not charges were disproved by Re­ Congressional Record subject to proof, have the inevitable publican and Democratic investigat­ Aug. 9. 1951. p. 9915-26 effect of dulling the awareness of all ors alike, the Wisconsin Senator soon Americans to the true menace of began to make claims of specific In the years that have followed, Communism." years of countless charges against gains from his "crusade against Com­ countless individuals, McCarthy has Official Report of the Committee on munism in government." Suppose Foreign Relations, 81si Congress, we have a look at the "achievements" carefully avoided saying off the floor 2nd Session, Senate Report 2108 of the Senate many of the statements as he himself spelled them out for the he has made on the floor or in the Aldiough Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, period between February, 1950, when equally privileged sessions of his in­ Republican of Massachusetts, one of he made his origihal charges, and vestigating committee. the two Republican members of the January, 1953, when he became chair­ committee, declined to iigli the ma­ man of the Permanent Senate Sub­ McCarthy's original charges of committee on Investigations. (This Communists in the State Department, jority report, he did agree that the investigation had failed to produce latter phase of his career is covered made first at Wheeling, W. Va., and on Pages 33 to 50.) repeated in various forms in the a single Communist in the State Department. Precisely what 4id McCarthy claim months that followed, resulted in a for this first phase of headline- On the floor of the Senate, Sen. Senate investigation which produced hunting? Warren Magnuson of Washington 3,000,000 words of testinfiony. The "We got Alger Hiss out» we got asked Sen. Ijodge this question: inquiry was canducted by a subcom­ Marzani out, Wadleigh, George Shaw mittee of the Senate Committee on "Did the Senator from Mass­ Wheeler, and a few others." Foreign Relations headed by then achusetts in his investigation find McCarthy Interview, U.S. News and World Report, Sept, 7, 1951 The official records show how totally false these claims were, and J. Edgar Hoover Makes a Comparison they show too why Time magazine, "This approach to the Internal security problem—an objective search a strong critic of the Democratic Ad­ for the truth; slowly, carefully, patiently developing all the evidence; and ministration, concluded that McCar­ handling each subject on an individual basis—safeguards civil rights. The thy had made a "miserable showing blunderbuss method, shooting wildly, hoping that in the broadside the guilty as an exposer of Reds." will be hit, unmindful of the number of innocent injured—that method is wrong, the very antithesis of democratic law enforcement. Security investiga­ McCarthy did not get Alger Hiss. tions can be conducted fairly, accurately and without hysteria. That is the aim of the FBI." Hiss resigned from the State De­ partment in February, 1947. This J. EDGAR HOOVER Director, FBI was three years before McCarthy Iowa Law Review. Winter, 1952 made his charges.

28 The PROGRESSIVE Hiss was first named by Whittaker Report Card dividuals in this Cosmopolitan con­ Chambers in 1948 and was forced in­ densation, not one of them was on to the open by the House Un-Amer­ the list he compiled in the U.S. News ican Activities Committee. This was and World Report interview. The two years before McCarthy made his new batch of cases covered eight in­ charges. dividuals in a variety of government It was the FBI and the Department departments,-but here again the of­ of Justice, not McCarthy, that "got" ficial records show that McCarthy Hiss. played no part in any of these cases. Hiss was convicted Jan. 2, 1950, A typical example, and we select when a jury decided he had lied in this one because it represents the denying that he had passed secret only case among the eight which re­ State Department documente to sulted in conviction and imprison­ Chambers. The FBI prepared the ment, involved William Remington. evidence and the Justice Department Remington was first investigated long prosecuted. The case was over and before McCarthy began his attacks. Hiss was convicted before McCarthy Actually, it was in July, 1948, a year made his first charges in Wheeling, and a half before McCarthy first Feb. 9, 1950. brought his charges, that a Senate In­ vestigating Committee, headed by McCarthy did not get Carl Aldo Fitzpatrick in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sen. Homer Ferguson, Michigan Re­ Marzani. publican, first looked into the Rem­ Marzani, a former employee of the all four were dismissed from goveru ington case. Office of Strategic Services, was ex­ ment service before McCarthy began Sen. Ferguson, a strong McCarthy posed by State Department investi­ his sensational hunt for headlines. supporter, said on Apr. 4, 1951, that gators as a Communist and was fired he did not want to discount the work in December, 1946, before McCarthy It was this record which led Timt magazine to observe on Oct. 22, 1951: McCarthy had done, but he made it was sworn in as a Senator. The FBI clear that "outside of Sen, McCarthy's and the State Department's investi­ "After nearly two years of trampîng general statements of Communism in gators dug up the information and the nation, shouting that he was government, which of course em­ the Justice Department successfully 'rooting out the skunks,' just how braced Remington, I personally do prosecuted the case. many Communists had Joe rooted not know of any particular work he OUÛ The answer: none." McCarthy did not get Henry Julian did in the Remington case." (Letter Wadleigh. But just as he used a variety of to Robert H. Fleming, Apr. 4, 1951.) numbers in charging there were Com­ McCarthy has been equally care­ Chambers named Wadleigh as an­ munists in the State Department, Mc­ other State Départaient employee who less, on occasion, in claiming credit Carthy has also used different sets of for the conviction of top Communist had passed out documente. Then names on different occasions. Wadleigh testified for the federal leaders in the United States. What government against Hiss. McCarthy When the evidence showed that are the official facts? again had absolutely nothing to do the four he had named in the Í/.S. After a prolonged trial in New with it. In fact, Wadleigh left the News and World Report were dis­ York City in 1949 (one full year be­ State Department in 19Í6—before missed before he raised the question fore McCarthy first raised his voice McCarthy came to the Senate—znd of Communism in government, Mc­ on the subject of Communism at was exposed by Chambers before Mc­ Carthy switched to a new group of Wheeling, W. Va.), the ' government Carthy made his first"^ speech on the names. For instance, in the con­ obtained the conviction of eleven top subject. densation of his book, McCarthyism: Communist leaders. The Fight for America, which ap­ in addition, through the work of McCarthy did not get George Shaw peared in the May 1952 issue of Cos­ the FBI and the Department of Jus­ Wheeler. mopolitan, McCarthy asked himself a tice, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Wheeler worked for the Foreign number of questions and proceeded David Greenglass, Harry Gold, Mor­ Economic Administration and the to answer them. ton Sobell, and others were convicted War Department until 1947 when he One of the questions is: "Will you on charges of espionage. was eased out while facing a loyalty give the names of some of those who In none of these cases did McCar­ probe. He had been working in the have been removed from government thy play any part whatever. U.S. military government in Germany service as a result of your proof?" The story of "the Numbers Game" at the time and he fled to Czecho­ It is significant to know here that provides the background against slovakia where the Soviets took him McCarthy does not now refer to the which the reader can follow what in and put him to work as an eco­ State Department but to "government McCarthy did—and failed to do— nomics instructor. (Chicago Trib­ service," despite the fact that all his about the "205," or "81," or "57" une, Apr. 13, 1950.) original charges were leveled against when he took over as chairman of the These, then, are the four officials the State Department, Senate Subcommittee on Investiga­ McCarthy claimed to have "got," It is equally striking that while Mc­ tions with full power to prove his Acitually, as the official records show. Carthy listed the names of eight in­ ease (See Page 33).

April, 1954 29 America ^s Security

An Elaborate System Protects the Government From Spies and Subversives

HERE was á time when many "I wish your Council the utmost suc­ especially with the United States, T Americans—both Republicans cess in the worthy work it is under­ than many Americans had thought and Democrats—hoped that the taking." And as late ^s the fall of would be the case in the period when United States and the Soviet Union 1946, Joseph R. McCarthy made a the Soviets were our wartime allies in could exist in peace, at least on a statement whose accuracy he left un­ destroying Hitlerism. live-and-let-live basis, however di­ challenged for seven years, in which When it became apparent that the vergent were their respective philos­ he was quoted as saying: "Stalin's Soviet Union posed a menace to ophies. This belief came out of our proposal for world disarmament is a world peace and that her agents and wartime alliance with Russia against great thing and he must be given dupes in the United States were bent Hitler's Nazis. credit for being sincere." (Milwau­ on furthering the imperial designs of kee Journal, Nov. 10,1946.) Typical of the former attitude of the Soviet Union by weakening the American people toward Russia Looking back on that period im­ the United States, our government was this comment by Gen. Douglas mediately following World War II, launched an elaborate program to MacArthur in 1942: Secretary of State John Foster Dulles guard our security against those^who recently said that "those in charge of would commit espionage, sabotage, "The world situation at the present our foreign policy at that time seemed and subversion. time indicates that the hopes of to have assumed, m was quite natural civilization rest upon the worthy ban­ Actually, as far back as the Hatch perhaps to assume—^many of us did Act of Aug. 21, 1939, it had been un­ ners of the courageous Russian —that we were entering into an era Army." lawful for any employee of the gov­ of lasting peace, and that the Soviet ernment to have membership in a Quoted in Roosevelt and Hopkins, Union would not be a threat." by Robert Sherwood, p. 497 party which advocates the overthrow Dulles Press Conference, of the constitutional form of govern- s The National Council of American- Nov. 25. 1953, New York Times ment of the United States. Soviet Friendship, now on the At­ Mr. Dulles' comment came in re­ Gravely concerned over mounting torney General's roster of subversive sponse to a statement made in Tokyo evidence of Soviet intransigence in organizïitions, numbered during by Vice President Richard Nixon, 1946, Congress went further and gave World War II such eminent Amer­ Nixon told the Japanese-American the Secretary of State the right to fire icans as Thomas W. Lamont, a part­ Society in Tokyo that "we misjudged employees "whenever he shall deem ner of J. P. Morgan; Owen D. Young,* the intentions of the Soviet leaders." of General Electric; Mrs. Ogden Reid, it necessary Or advisable in the in­ owner of the New York Herald-Trib­ In the months that fcillowed in late terests of the United States." This une; Secretary of Commerce Jesse 1945 and early 1946 it became in­ action was taken before McCarthy Jones, and Lieut. Gen. Leslie C. Mc- creasingly clear that the Soviet Un­ was elected to the United States Nair. In 1944, Gen. Eisenhower ion was less interested in friendly Senate. hailed the Council with this greeting: relations with the free world, and On June 9, 1947, the then Secre-

30 The PROGRESSIVE tary of State, George C. Marshall, ap­ shire Republican, who then headed augurated nearly three years before pointed a special Personnel Security the State Department's Loyalty Se­ McCarthy launched his charges of Bpard to get rid of "security risks." curity Board, summarized the char­ Communism in government. The Board did just this: it quickly acter of the program in a speech giv­ At the top of the President's pro­ recommended the dismissal of ten en Oct. 25, 1951, when he said: gram was placed a special Loyalty employees. This was two years Review Board in the Civil Service before McCarthy made his first "Every person who was in the Commission. First Chairman of this charge of Communism in the State employ of the State Department important agency was Seth Richard­ Department. ^ on Oct. 1, 1947, and every per­ son since employed, in addition son, described by Time magazine The Truman Administration to being investigated by the Se­ June 18, 1951, as "a wealthy Wash­ launched a comprehensive system of curity Division of the State De­ ington corporation lawyer, a Repub­ investigation throughout the federal partment, has been submitted to lican, and an avowed isolationist. service. Skilled investigators, many the FBI for a 'record check.' His Republicanism went way back- of them former FBI agents, were em­ to the Hoover Administration, when ployed to make the initial inquiries. "If the FBI oi\ this record check he was Assistant Attorney General, Their data was submitted to a group turns up a single item of derogatory and beyond that, back to his days in of appraisers whose job it was to sift information, in the loyalty field, the North Dakota." Richardson was suc­ the evidence and to report to the employee is given a full field investi­ ceeded in 1951 by Hiram Bingham, boards created to take testimony and gation, and the confidential reports who was formerly a conservative Re­ make decisions. of the investigation are submitted to publican Senator from Connecticut. the Department Loyalty Security J. Edgar Hoover Explains Board for determination of the em­ Each department was ordered to ployee's loyalty and security risk. set up an investigating program and The Federal Bureau of Investiga­ These investigative reports constitute to name loyalty boards to hear loyal­ tion, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, the prosecution—the 'state's case' ty cases, all of which were subject to played a decisive part then, as it which is before the Board for judicial final review by the Loyalty Review does now, in the operations of the determination." Board. Since it was the State Depart­ federal government's loyalty and se­ The Loyalty and Security Program ment that McCarthy concentrated on curity program. A glimpse of the which operated before the Eisenhow­ exclusively during this period, it is '' character and scope of this operation er Administration revised it was es­ pertinent to recall here the summing can be gleaned from the testimony tablished Mar. 21, 1947, in Executive up made by Gen. Snow, the New before the House Subcommittee on Order 9835. This program was in­ Hampshire Republican who headed Appropriations Jan. 24, 1953, by J. Edgar Hoover. He reported then that the FBI had processed ova: 4,000,000 government employee and job applicant forms since the loyalty program was launched in 1947. Of ^As A Catholic that number the FBI "opened 20,051 active investigations." "That is," Hoover explained to the. Congressional Committee, "we have GRAHAM GREENE, ENGLISH NOVELIST opened those investigations predicat­ ed upon information received or in AND DISTINGUISHED CATHOLIC LAYMAN, our files that the individual may be MADE THIS COMMENT ON MCCARTHY IN disloyal. Our purpose then is to get A LETTER TO THE PROGRESSIVE: the facts, to see whether the allega­ tions can be proved or disproved. "It has been necessary in only one- half of one per cent of all the loyalty forms checked to conduct full field investigations; 287 employees have "As a Catholic I am completely opposed to everything that Mc­ either been removed from office or Carthyism stands for—the smear tactics which he uses would be de­ denied appointment in government scribed in theological terms as a lack of charity which to a Catholic service as a result of these investiga­ (and he pretends to be one) aitiounts to a mortal sin. tions; 9,837 have been retained or accepted for employment; 2,824 re­ signed during the course of the in­ "We Catholics of Europe believe that the aspects of Communism vestigation. This action raises a which we, as Catholics/are required to fight, can only be fought with question as to why they resigned, honesty and we feel that a far worse enemy than Communism is the whether from guilty consciences or kind of treacherous Catholicism which is represented by McCarthy." for other reasons." Gen. Conrad E. Snow, New Hamp­

April, 1954 31 the State Department's Loyalty Se­ President went on to say that unless against them will receive full field curity Board during this period. the Executive branch did so, it "in­ investigations. Said Gen. Snow in a public address: vited disorder and confusion" by be­ Factors 1 and 2 are, of course, ap­ ing policed by another branch of the plied to all new applicants, while the '1 do not know of a single item government. of new evidence contributed by last three figure in the re-examination" Sen. McCarthy that helped the The Eisenhower Administration re­ of suspected hold-over employees. State Department's Loyalty and placed the Truman Loyalty and Se­ ^ Early in 1954, the Eisenhower Ad­ Security Panel to pass on disloy- / curity Program with its own program. ministration announced the release of alty charges. James C. Hagerty, press secretary to 2,200 employees under this new se­ President Eisenhower, in explaining "The Board thought the other day curity program. Despite a storm of the Administration's Security Pro­ criticism that the 2,200 figure was that it might have some help from gram, emphasized on Oct. 23, 1953, the Senator. He had alleged on the misleading because it included many these five factors that were being ap­ who talked or drank too much or had floor of the Senate that a State De­ plied by the new security system: partment employee was associating other character defects, Atty. Gen. with the Communists. On inquiry 1. All new ápplicante for federal Herbert Brownell "refused to sep­ made of the Senator of the name of service must be investigated. Those arate the 'drunks' from the 'spies.' " the Communist* his office replied that who got non-sensitive jobs aré investi­ (New York Times, Jan. 21, 1954.) the Senator had had the name in his gated only by their own departments The demand for a breakdown hand when he made the statement, and get a "name check" in the FBI gained in volume as piecemeal reports had had it on a slip of paper, fetíí he files. on dismissals in individual depart­ had lost the paper!" 2. AH persons considered for po­ ments made it clear that an almost "Sen. McCarthy has raised a lot of sitions in sensitive agencies are given negligible number involved any sus- dust, mistaken for smoke, by tramp­ a "full field investigation," meaning . picion of "disloyalty." ing around the nation and making that FBI agents investigate their back­ over and over again the same base­ grounds exhaustively by checking as­ Brownell Makes à Clairii less and disproved accusations. sociates, former employei^, family, friends, and similar sources. It is not the functicm of this study "This one man is able to raise of McCarthy's operations to evaluate 3. All past investigations that the merit, or lack of merit, of the so much dust only because (1) he were not completed will be re-made. is a Senator of the United States, loyalty and security programs pro­ and (2) he speaks in a loud and 4. AH persons who received a full mulgated by President Truman and determined voice and waves in field investigation in the Tnmian after him by President Eisenhower.- his hand a bunch of photostats Administration are now receiving We cite the record showing the that nobody takes the trouble to another full field investigation under vigilant policing of the Federal Serv­ examine." the Eisenhower regime. Hagerty ice merely to underscore what has stated that this rule applied to per­ been emphasized by so many ^ top "This is McCarthyism," the Gen­ sons who were so investigated merely federal officials, whether Republican eral said at another point, "the mak­ because they got sensitive jobs, as or Democrat—namely, that the Ex­ ing of baseless accusations regarding well as those who get the full field ecutive branch of the government the loyalty and integrity of public of­ inquiry because adverse d?*a had has, without waiting for McCarthy to ficers and employees by a person who been filed against them. is himself in high public office and move and, in fact, moving long be­ who uses his office at one and the 5. All employees who have fore he made his first charges, estab­ same time as a platform from which had adverse information filed lished elaborate machinery to guard to shout his accusations and as a against disloyalty and subversion in screen to protect himself from action the federal establishment. for defamation. The purpose of it As the Eisenhower Administration all is, of cciurse, not the public inter­ FBI Advice neared the end of ite first year in est, but political advancement in "My advice to the public is this: power, Atty. Gen. Herbert Brownell a period of public tension and "Be alert to the dangers of Com^ proudly claimed for the GOP regime excitement." munism. Report your information that it had licked the problem of immediately and fully to the FBI, Communiste in government. In a Speech by Gen. Conrad E, Snow. Quoted Avoid reporting malicious gossip or in the New York Times. Oct, 25. 1951 idle rumor. The FBI is interested in speech at Fort Worth, Tex., he as­ receiving facts, E>on't attempt to serted he thinks "all suspected Reds This was the situation when make private investigations. Leave have been cleaned out of the govern­ the Republican Administration of that to trained investigators. Don't Dwight D. Eisenhower took office in circulate rumors about subversive ment." (Associated Press dispatch, January, 1953. In his State of the activities or draw conclusions from Dec. 14, 1953.) But McCarthy clung Union Address, President Eisenhower information you furnish to the FBI," tenaciously to his political meal tick­ said that the responsibility for "keep­ J. EDGAR HOOVER et and sullenly rejected Brownell's Director of the FBI, in the conclusion—-although in this case ing out the disloyal and the danger­ U. S. News 6 World Report ous" rested primarily on the Execu­ Aug. 11, 1950 McCarthy did not smear his critic, tive branch of the government. The as he had so many times in the past.

32 The PROGRESSIVE McCarthy Takes Over

As Chairman of the Investigating Committee McCarthy Produced Many A Headline That Did Not Stand Up.as the Evidence Unfolded

OR NEARLY three years, Sen. by McCarthy's Subconunittee in­ involved high officials in a detailed F McCarthy had hurled his charg­ volved the Voice of America, the ra­ account supported by documentary es of Communism in government dio broadcasting branch of the State proof which indicates deliberate sab­ while he was a member of the Re­ Department's International Informa­ otage of American objectives in for­ publican minority without power to tion Administration (HA), which eign propaganda," conduct formal investigations. In told the American story in some 40 January, 1953, when Republicans languages to a potential audience of On Feb. 14, the Cleveland Plain took control of the national govern­ B00,000,000 in 87 countries and which- Dealer announced: ment, McCarthy became thairman of put more program hours on the air MCCARTHY HITS SABOTAGE BY SOME the Committee on Ck>vernment Op­ than NBC and CBS combined. ON VOICE CASTS erations and chairman of its Perma­ Public hearings began Feb. 16, nent Subcommittee on Investigations. 1953, and continued on and off for ". . . McCarthy said most of today's It is noteworthy that in the 15 months 15 days until Mar. 19. For days be­ evidence dealt with 'a vast amount of that have followed, a period in which fore the first hearings, stories in- waste running into tens of millions' he has had full investigative powers, spiredVby McCarthy and his aides but he declined to elaborate. The a $200,000-a-year budget, and a tre­ built up a frightening picture of sub- rest of the evidence , dealt with mendous staff of investigators, Mc­ versioii, espionage, and waste. Thus, subversion." Carthy has'made no effort to prove on Feb. 13, die Washington, D.C., On Feb. 13, the New York Times his original charges that there were Times-Herald proclaimed: 205 Communists in the State Depart­ broke it this way: PROBERS TOLD OF ANTI-U.S. PLOT ment, or 81, or 57* He has, in fact, MCCARTHY SIFTING VOICE OF AMERICA IN VOICE made no rdíérences whatever to the HEARINC» ON MISMANAGEMENT AND INFILTRATION CALLED APPALLING . original accusations which first vault­ SUBVERSION CHARGES TO BE ed him into national prominence.' "A Senate investigation of Com­ HELD NEXT WEEK New charges and new techniques munist influence in the Voice of . The sensational charges of an es­ were soon developed by the resource­ America headquarters here has un­ pionage conspiracy operating within ful chairman. Witnesses were sum­ covered amazing evidence of a con­ the Voice of America boiled down to moned in secret and McCarthy's spiracy to subvert American policy in these major accusations: version of what they said often leaked this nation's radio propaganda broad­ to the press before the witnesses were casts abroad. One—Two giant 1000-kilowatt ra­ called to testify in public hearings. "Scores of witnesses questioned by dio transmitters named Baker East One of the first inquiries conducted day and nigpht in the past week have and Baker West because of their lo-

April, 1954 33 cation on the. two major coasts of been suggested by those who have liureau of Standards): That is the United States, were deliberately worked with you in the Voice that correct. We were never formally placed in locations where they would this mislocation of stations, the waste contacted." (Committee Hearings, be ineffective, with an estimated in the construction program, has not Feb. 16, p. 11) been entirely as a result of incom­ waste of $ 18,000,000. This, in effect, This picture of a group of Voice was a charge of sabotage against Voice petence, but that some of it may have been purposely planned that way?" officials furtively deciding on loca­ officials in charge of locating the tions for the two giant transmitters transmitters. Actually, the result of On the following day, Feb. 17, the without consulting Bureau of Stand­ the McCarthy investigation, as the Chicago Tribune front-paged the ards experts is demolished by the evidence below emphasizes, was the story with the assertion that "Senate facte. Official records which were not cancellation of the world's two most investigators disclosed that the sites submitted to the McCarthy investi­ powerful transmitters—precisely the of the stations were apparently select­ gators, show that the Voice of end sought by the Soviets. ed to facilitate jamming of American America not only consulted the Cen­ broadcasts by Russia." Two—In broadcasts to Latin tral Radio Propagation Laboratories America "very sinister influences" Part of McCarthy's charge, that the of the Bureau of Standards, but were working in a "pattern" wrong locations had been selected, sought and received the expert coun­ that was "stifling anti-Communist was backed by Lewis McKesson, a sel of the research laboratories of the propaganda." former engineer of the Voice, who Radio Corporation of America, the testified that the locations for both Signal Corps of the U.S. Army, and Three—The Hebrew language Baker East and West were improper the Research Laboratory of Electron­ broadcasts to Israel were ordered because of the alleged interference ics of the Massachusetts Institute of cancelled as part of a "pattern" with radio transmission by the auroral Technology. performing a great service to the absorption belt (magnetic storms far The RCA report, conducted under Communist cause. This "pattern" above the earth extending for about a Contract SGC-lA-1351, was completed was too "consistent" to be "mere 1,000-mile belt around the north geo­ and delivered in March 1951. This stupidity." magnetic pole). McKesson testified report concluded: "For Trans-Pacific Four—The head of the religious that in his opinion the more southerly transmissions, Seattle is somewhat bet­ desk of the Voice of America was ac­ locations of Los Angeles for Baker ter than Los Angeles." West, and southern Florida for Baker cused of being an atheist. On Mar. 2, 1951, the Signal Corps East would be the proper locations. presented its propagation study, a An examination of the official (Summary of Corámittee Hearings, technical analysis without conclusion, testimony—plus documented evi­ Feb. 16, pp. 2-3.) dence the Subcommittee curiously to the Voice of America as requested An additional charge was made and on Feb. 23, 1951. failed to examine—shows how far re­ repeatedly emphasized before the On Apr. 17, 1951, the CRPL of moved were the facts from the origi­ Subcommittee that the National the Bureau of Standards (Newbern nal charges given great prominence in Bureau of Standards was never Smith's division) submitted a 39-page the nation's press. consulted: report covering data to determine lo­ Baker East and West "MCCARTHY: IS it a fact that the cations for Baker East and West as Voice never contacted the Bureau of requested by the Voice at a meeting In 1951 the Voice of America de­ Standards when they were consider­ held in the National Bureau of StMid- cided to build the world's two most ing the location of Baker East and ards Feb. 23, 1951. powerful broadcasting stations. Bak­ West? This faet^^if not a contradiction of er West to be at Seattle, Washington, Dr. Smith's sworn testimony, quoted "DR. NEWBERN SMITH (chief. Cen­ and Baker East to be in the Cape above, which McCarthy repeated Hatteras area of North Carolina. On tral Radio Propagation Laboratory, many times with vitally damaging ef­ the first day of his public hearings, fect, is at least direct evidence ^that McCarthy sought to plant the impres­ Dr. Smith's statement was extremely sion that the areas selected for Baker •The Big Lie' misleading. Technically/ the Bureau East and West were not the best sites was not consulted on location, but it and were chosen by disloyal officials "Demagogues who shout the loud­ est about Communism and who smear was asked and gave a 39-page report to weaken the Voice and thus aid the anyone who disagrees with them by of data to be used in determining lo­ Communist cause. calling them Communists are the fore^ cation. McCarthy asked the one most disciples of the top technique of question on location only. He made Said McCarthy Feb. 16, 1953 (Hear­ Communism—the Big Lie. They can ings, pp. 8-9): "As well as the ques­ be just as great a danger to your no effort to find out whether any con­ tion of waste, what other significance country and miñe—to your freedom sultation had taken place, nor did Dr. do you find in this location of Baker and minc-^as the Communist dis­ Smith volunteer information on the ciples. They can be even more East and West? .... Assume I do not dangerous in that they are not as fact that the Bureau of Standards had want that [voice] to reach Commu­ easily detected and exposed as the prepared a 39-page report which he nist territory. Would not the best way Communists are." must or should have known about. to sabotage that voice be to place SEN. MARGARET CHASE SMITH Proof of the fact that the Bureau of your transmitters within that magnet­ Maine Republican Standards did indeed conduct a ic storm area? .... Now has it ever propagation study at the request of

34 The PROGRESSIVE Voice officials is found in the com­ Will it Come to This? None of the above data, showing at plete transcrii)t of letters on file in worst a conflict of expert opinion, the State Department. One of these was ever presented at the McCarthy letters, from the Voice to the Bureau hearings. None of the engineering of Standards, dated Apr. 25, 1951, /iRÉYOti experte who would have testified in thanks the Bureau for "the propaga­ favor of the sites selected by the tion study submitted to us under Voice were ever subpoenaed to ap­ your letter of Apr, 17, 1951." An­ ^T^Î^ABÈR Of m pear. In fact one of them, Andrew other, from the Bureau of Standards, Ring, a private radio engineering dated Apr, 27, 1951, discusses the consultant, was at the hearing Feb. studies made for the Voice, ¡ííi 16; when Dr. Wilson Compton, ad­ Meanwhile, on Mar, 8, 1951, far ministrator of the Voice, wanting him from acting hastily or furtively. Voice to testify, stated, "He is right here," officials had requested the Research McCarthy simply repeated, "He ' is Laboratory of Electronics at the right here" (page 30, Feb. 15, Com­ Massachusetts Institute of Technol­ mittee Hearings) Súid then went right ogy to set up a special project (which on asking other questions. included a representative of the Bu­ Later, when Ring was away, Roy reau of Standards) to evaluate all M. Cohn, McCarthy's chief counsel, three of the studies previously made stated he could not get hold of and present a recommendation for Ring. McCarthy berated the State De­ locations of Baker East and West, partment for mentioning witnesses Justus in The MinneaDoHs Star In May, J951, the MIT study who were "out in the Pacific and not group, using all the data available available," although Ben Crosby, De­ from the previous inquiries, includ­ tions Commission to obtain actual partment spokesman, made it clear ing the study made by the Bureau of data from a monitoring service on that Ring was in the country and Standards, endorsed two sites, both of the West Coast, The. results were available when the list of witnesses which were accepted by the Voice of not conclusive, but southern Cal­ was submitted to the McCarthy Sub­ America. ifornia sites were explored in July of committee. (Hearings, Mar. 3, p. 362) Later in 1951, Lewis McKesson, that year. On July 14, a Voice of who had been a principal witness America staff report, which carefully Tests Confirm Choice supporting McCarthy's view, pressed weighed all the factors, recommended Even more remarkable is the fact his "auroral absorption belt" objec­ "that there be no change in the pres­ that on Mar. 3, Only ten days after tions to the two locations. The Voice ent site [Seattle] of the Baker West the Feb. 21, 1953, letter from Dr. asked the Research Laboratory of transmitter." Wiesner of MIT to the State Depart­ Electronics at MIT to re-evaluate On Feb. 21, 1953, Dr. Wiesner of ment (quoted above), Cohn, in re­ its findings in the light of these MIT, head of the study project, re­ sponse to a request to get Dr. Wies- objections. ported that "though there would be ner's testimony, stated: On Dec. 26, 1951, Dr. J. B, Wies- times when the Seattle transmissions "The staff contacted Dr. Wiesner ner, director of MIT Research Lab­ would be poorer than the southern of MIT. We talked, to him, three of oratory of Electronics, by letter to the sites ... under favorable conditions us on the line for over one hour. Dr. State Department, emphatically re­ transmissions from Seattle would pro­ Wiesner stated that it was his con­ confirmed the two original sites in vide stronger signals than more clusion that Baker West, from a Washington and North Carolina as southerly points. We attempted to standpoint of efficiency and reliabil­ the best locations and stated that Mfc^ determine the relative duration of ity, should be moved south and away Kesson's "method of analysis is so these various conditions and then from Seattle and that hé would just oversimplified as to lead to erroneous formed the judgment that for this as soon not come down and testify as conclusions, , , We believe that the particular application the Seatftle site that would be his opinion." (p. 361, original recommendation that the would provide a more suitable serv­ Mar, 3 Hearings) Baker station should be placed in ice, . . . McKesson believes that the Cohn's claim is astonishing be­ Seattle is still sound." location [Baker East] should be fur­ cause five months later, on July 31, On the strength of this report, the ther south, possibly in Florida. I do 1953, in a letter transmitting the re­ Voice of America went ahead on its not believe that anything will be port prepared by MIT in conjunction sites in Seattle and North Carolina. gained by such a move during nor­ with the Radio Corporation of Amer­ In February, 1952, further MIT stud­ mal conditions. The RCA data, which ica and the Federal Communications ies on auroral absorption raised some we still believe to be reasonable, in­ Commission, Dr. Wiesner wrote: new concern on the whole problem. dicated that any location on the "After fiirther consultation with Subsequently, at a meeting of experts southeast coast of the United States representatives of the International which included McKesson as well as would be equally good. Cape Hat­ Information Administration, and also representatives of all the scientific teras was suggested because it ap­ with Dr. H. H. Beverage of Radio study groups concerned, it was de­ peared to be slightly better than most Corporation of America, it was con­ cided to get the Federal Communica- other locations," cluded that if large differences in.

April, 1954 35 signal level of the sort predicted by testified about his views: "Gol. An­ planned" to "mislocate" the sites. Mr. McKesson actually existed they drews* overseas radio had principal None of the evidence showing the would most certainly be disclosed by points in the- Seattle area where this extent to which exj>ert opinion sup­ a brief series of measurements. Ac­ Baker West plant was to be located. ported the Voice of America in ite cordingly, plans were made to con­ He stated and I understand has since selections was introduced before the duct teste during the period from then stated in writing that with the McCarthy Subcommittee. May 28 to July 7, 1952, with assist­ exception of about five per cent of 2. The Baker East location. in ance from the FCC under arrange- the hours of transmission during the North Carolina was never called an mente established by the Department year, he had ho trouble in getting unsatisfactory location, even by thé of State. — radio signals out of that area, and Bureau of Standards. The sole excep­ "The resultó of these tests fail­ that the Seattle area had proven to tion was McKesson, who favored a ed to substantiate Mr. McKesson's be over the 14-year period one of the more southerly location in Florida. predictions." most advantageous areas. . ." In a statement Jan. 18, 1954, Sen. On Feb, 17, 1953, Work on the 3. Even if there had been, as Henry M. Jackson, a member of the Baker East and Baker West transmit­ charged, some waste in the construe-^ McCarthy Subcommittee, emphasized ters was suspended by a badly fright­ tion contracte, waste which could not that both Dr. Wiesner and the Radio ened State Department and canceled possibly have exceeded a few thous­ Corporation of America had en­ a month later. Mar. 20, in theface of and dollars, this fact could hardly dorsed the original location of the wide public impression of "sabotage" have been the cause for canceling projects at Seattle and Cape Hatteras. and "waste" created by the McCar­ two 15 million dollar projects after Said Sen. Jackson: "Their approval thy Subcommittee's public hearings^ more than 8 million dollars had al­ had been based upon their bwn stud­ The cancellation came at a cost to the ready been expended. ies and studies Of the National Bu­ taxpayers of more than |8,000,000 al­ The most extraordinary aftermath reau of Standards and the U.S. Signal ready expended for the projected two of the inquiry was the fact diat an Corps." most powerful transmitters in the investigation which was begun in In the same statement, the Senator world. order to determine whether the trans­ pointed out that Dr. H. H. Beverage, Any fair evaluation of the whole mitters were "purposely" located in director of the Radio Research Lab­ story of the Baker East and Baker the magnetic storm area, ended with oratory of RCA, wrote the State De­ West case which captured so many the cancellation of the whole plan- partment May 19, 1952: "Seattle headlines for the McCarthy Subcom­ certainly tela end most urgently de­ should be slightly better than Los mittee must certainly result in these sired by the Kremlin—and with a loss Angeles because the distance to Cen­ conclusions: of more than $8 million to the tax­ tral China is 'ïibout 800 miles shorter 1. The location of Baker West in payers of the United States. from Seattle than it is from Los An­ Seattle, despite the fact that only un­ It is equally noteworthy that, de­ geles. It is for this reason that Seattle favorable engineering testimony was spite all the charges and implications was recommended as a preferred produced in the Hearings, was, as the of sabotage and subversion, McCar­ site." full evidence reveals, at most a con­ thy made no effort whatever to place It is significant, too, tkat Col, F. P. troversy among expert scientists. .The his case before thé Attorney Genera:! Andrews, for 14 years the chief of fact that the Voice of America made for prosecution. The case ended with the Alaska Communications System, numerous efforts to oljtain the best the cancellation of the prograra for Army Signal Corps, was never called scientific advice from both public Baker East and West. to appear. Yet in a hearing before and private agencies refutes Mc­ the Hickenlooper Committee (Hear­ Carthy's implied accusation that 'Going to the Waldorf ings, Mar. 12, 1954), Dr. Compton subversive forces had ' "purposely The investigation of Baker East and West marked only the beginning of prolonged inquiry into the Voice of McCarthyism—Communism's Most Potent Weapon America, but the techniques devel­ oped in the Baker case of having wit­ "I oppose what has come to be known as McCarthyism not, of course, nesses attribute (under the Subcom­ because it is hunting Communists, dead or alive, but because it is not fighting mittee's leading questions) alleged Communism, When it distorts the evidence, when it smears the reputations mistakes in policy to "sabotage," of innocent people, when it convicts by accusation, when it tortures our judicial processes, and when it creates a climate of fear which shuts our "Communist conspiracy," and delib­ mouths and closes our minds to such an extent that we might eEisily fall prey erate "pattern too consistent to he to a loud-mouthed, totalitarian suppression, I say that McCarthyism, in its merely stupidity,"^ were now to run anti-Communism, has bedome so much like (ZIommunism that it is difficult wild in the general Voice of America to tell them apart. investigation. " "McCarthyism is Commtmism's most potent weapon in this country; it Ambitious and disgruntled em­ is democracy's greatest periL' And it Is making ominous headway." ployees in the VOA were not slow to size up the situation. The process, MURRAY D. LINCOLN President, Farm Bureau Insurance Companies whereby some 75 of them formed a In the Ohio Farm Bureau News so-called "American Underground" February, 1954 which operated as a relay belt of gos-

36 The PROGRESSIVE sip, recriminations, and suspicions to 'HE Been Cleored?' The spies are on the Red Star. . ." the McCarthy Subcommittee, is de­ (Hearings, Mar. 6, pp. 536-37) scribed in Philip HortOn's article, It is clear from the above that "Voices Within the Voice" (July 21, even children would get the point 1953, issue of The Reporter): of the Eagle vs. innumerable Rus­ "From the moment that the Messrs. sian names as villains. It seems Cohn and Schine (McCarthy's staff- clear that we have here an of­ men) moved into the Schine suite at fice squabble about whether the the Waldorf Towers a week or so be­ propaganda should be laid on with fore the committee hearings opened, a shovel or merely a trowel. Yet the 'American Underground' be­ this for McCarthy was sufficient to came in effect a secret tribunal. raise the question of loyalty of a de­ voted public servant. "At the Voice offices, meanwhile, In answer to the charges that us­ the expression 'going to the Waldorf' ing up most of the budget for plat-v took on a very special meaning. On ters was "waste," Bauer testified Feb. 13, the Washington Times-Her­ "that after we sent six sample pro­ ald described conditions thus: 'Con­ grams [Eye of the Eagle] to the field, sternation prevailed in the VOA not less than 23 American missions headquarters at 57th Street and in Latin America have requested 123 Broadway. . . Committee subpoenas Burck in T%e Chicago Sun-Timeä complete sets of the program." He were fluttering on desks like pigeons cited a series of rave notices and in Union Square, and more than one chief responsible for the "Eye of the eager requeste for this series from hundred witnesses had been lined American missions and embassies in up. . .'" Eagle" and presumably listeci as not a "loyal American," testified that the the Dominican Republic, Salvador, Out of this enormous welter of serial was definitely anti-Communist, Honduras, Costa Rica, Uruguay, charges, rumors, and gossip, McCar­ and he cited many lines to prove his Chile, Peru, Cuba, and Venezuela. thy and the Subcommittee staff statement. A few examples: So convincing was Bauer's testi­ screened out in executive secret ses­ mony that Sen. Karl Mundt, second- sions what they regarded as their best "On page 8, Script 1, the real name ranking Republican member of the cases for public hearings. Some of of the man who calls himself Gomez McCarthy Committee, felt obliged to the major cases are analyzed below. but is á Communist agent; is Saroff, a say: "I am inclined to believe that Russian name. [Saroff] is suspected Mr. Bauer is making a very effective by the local chief of police of being a Latin American Broadcaste presentation, and that there is some top-level foreign agent. question in my mind but what we Stuart Ayers, assistant chief of the "In Script 3, the opening para­ are wasting a lot of our Committee Latin American Division of the Voice graph is: 'Our story begins in a small time trying to arbitrate an argu­ of America, complained that a radio country of Central Europe that lost ment between dramatic critics, which series beamed to our southern neigh­ ite independence and lives today un­ happens all over the country." bors, "The Eye of the Eagle," a sort der a brutal tyranny of an aggressor (Hearing, Mar. 5, 1953, p. 538) of superman vs. bad men serial story, nation that tries to dominate the Sen. Mundt's comment dismissing was using up most of their budget for world with ite absurd political the hearings as "wasting a lot of recordings. The basic charge was that doctrine.' time" did not, of course, receive any­ the series was "juvenile," ;nade Amer­ thing like the attention given the ica look ridiculous, and contained no "There is also the language 'totali­ original charges^ anti-Communist material. (Hearings, tarian aggressor. , .' p. 87, Feb. 18) But an analysis of the "On page 16 the word Communist Uproar Over the Hebrew Broadcaste evidence shows how wide of the mark is mentioned twice. the charge was. The McCarthy investigation har­ "The kidnaper in Script 5 is Bu- vested another crop Of headlines in­ "MR. COHN: Did you make correc­ koff, a Russian name; his goons are volving the Voice of America when tions in this script? Ivan and Sergei; the saboteur is it turned microphones and news Voronov. . . The plot is about sabo­ "MR. AYERS: Yes, I inserted seven cameras on the proposed discx)ntinu- tage ofvj an oil refinery. The en­ ance of the Hebrew language broad­ mentions of the name 'Communist' iri gineer of the refinery has joined the the script. ... casts to Israel. Serious charges Communist Party, but when he saw purporting to present "a deliberate "The Chairman (MCCARTHY): This what their rotten aims were he quit pattern to destroy and ni^llify" the witness [Ayers] has submitted names the party, calling them extortionists. VOA program were placed before the of individuals whom he does not con­ Although 10 years have elapsed, the MeCarthy inquiry and duly received sider good loyal Americans, at least Communist Party is trying to force their share of newspaper and radio not the type of loyal Americans that him to be its tool. attention. should be running the information "In Script 7 the Eagle says: 'The Two of the charges were made by program, , ." steamer Red Star is registered under Dr. Sidney Glazer, chief of the He­ Robert Bauer, the Voice division the flag of a Communist country.' brew Service of the Voice of Amer-

April, 1954 37 ica, whose desk would have been tern" by either Glazer or Dooher. Israel, concluded; "Language choice eliminated by discontinuance of the The cancellation of the Hebrew —English preferred; Hebrew sec­ broadcasts. Dr. Glazer's two com­ broadcasts Was the only explicit ond." (Hearings, Mar. 4, p. 449) plaints Were: I) that close to 85 per charge.) cent of the people of Israel could Reed Harris, deputy administrator Five—^VOA broadcasts that go into understand Hebrew; hence the need of field programs for International the Near East and cover Israel in­ for continuing the program, and 2) Information Administration, testified clude English among many other the discontinuance of the Hebrew in direct refutation of these three modern languages familiar to the multi-lingual population of Israel. language broadcasts would have come charges that: at a time when the VOA might have (Moreover, daily wire and news exploited in Israel the sensational One—The decision to cancel the services to Israel were not cut at all, Slansky trial in Czechoslovakia which Hebrew language broadcasts was but continued to carry a heavy volume produced widespread charges of made as a result of budget cuts or­ of anti-Communist propaganda every Communist anti-Semitism. (Hearings, dered by Congress^xiit was reached day,) (Mar. 4, p. 452) Mar. 4, pp. 397-398 and Feb. 28, pp. at a full meeting of the Program Al­ It is worth noting here that again 190-211.) Actually the proposal to locations Board in July 1952, well the factual refutation received no­ drop the Hebrew broadcasts was not before the Slansky trial's spectacular where near the attention given the carried out at the time, as a result of revelations of anti-Semitism in Com­ original charges. Even more sig­ a decision by higher VOA officials to munist Czechoslovakia. The decision nificant in this case, however, is the continue the programs for a while. to drop the broadcasts, moreover, remarkable fact that two months af­ (Hearings, Feb. 28, p. 198) was made with the full knowledge ter the public hearings had been The third and most significant and agreement of Dr. Compton, head concluded, Dr, Robert L. Johnson, charge was made by Gerald F. P. of the Voice program. (Mar. 4, p. president of Temple University, who Dooher, acting. chief of the Near 400) had been appointed head of the In­ East desk of VOA, who charged there ternational Information Administra­ was a "pattern" favorable to the Two—The number of letters re­ tion (HA) by the Eisenhower regime, Communist cause in the action of the ceived in December, 1952, from the did precisely what those pilloried VOA: Hebrew broadcasts at a time when by McCarthy proposed to do: he Dr. Glazer testified "we had a ter­ canceled the Hebrew language broad­ "DOOHER: Well, in my opinion the rific increase of listeners" right af­ casts to Israel. But this time there cessation of the Hebrew broadcaste ter the Slansky trials was 16, as was no mention at all of a "pattern" would have been a well-struck blow compared, for the same month, with of Communist-inspired sabotage. in the Communist cause." (Feb. 28, 1,557 from Turkey, 1,301 from p. 190) Greece, 712 from Iran. (Hearings, Mar. 4, p. 448.) Facts of this kind The Charge of Atheism "COHN (counsel): Have you de­ confirmed the belief of Voice of­ On Mar. 2, 1953, Dr. John Cocutz, tected a pattern along these lines? ficials that Israel was a more edu­ acting chief of Voice's Rumanian "DOOHER: I have. ... cated and literate country than many service, was testifying critically of of her neighbors in the Middle East, Voice operations. In the midst of "SEN. POTTER: Mr. Dooher, do you with first-rate news services of its a discussion of the use of religion to consider that the policies were the own, and that this was why the fight Communism in VOA broad­ result of design, or just plain Voice was not much listened to— casts, he said he had heard that stupidity? \ not nearly so much as in nearby Roger Lyons, director of religious countries like Turkey and Iran, "DOOHER: Well, sir, I hate to go programming for the Voice of Amer­ into the reasoning which may have which have fewer sources of news. ica, was an atheist. -been behind this pattern. However, Three—Glazer's insistence that the "I talked with [Edwin M. J.] I must say that it is'exactly what the Hebrew language programs were Kretzman (chief policy advisor of Soviet Union wanted to happen. most effective for Israel was disproved VOA) about it and he informed me by a letter from the American Em­ there is a religious desk in the VOA, "SEN. POTTER: YOU think it was too consistent to be just plain bassy in Israel, dated Jan. 9, 1953, which is supposed to help the dif­ stupidity. which said: "The VOA Hebrew ferent language services with relig- broadcasts to Israel still fail to evoke x^ious materials and scripts, 'But,' he "DOOHER: It was certainly con­ any great listener interest. As the said to me, 'I already told some sistent, sir, and it certainly was stu­ Embassy sees the situation, a reg­ other religious leaders around here pid, but I believe that there was a ular continuing press campaign is that the chief of that desk does not pattern, and stupidity, I believe, does the only remaining hope to create a believe in God,' (Hearings, Mar. 2, riot fall into patterns. raison d'etre ior the VOA Hebrew p. 234) broadcasts." (Hearings, Mar. 4, p. "The Chairman (MCCARTHY): 448) "The Chairman (MCCARTHY): . . . If a man is merely stupid, he You mean the Policy Director put does the right thing once in a while." Four-A scientific panel convened an atheist or agnostic in charge? , , , (Feb. 28, p. 199) by VOA and asked how the Voice (Note: No other charges were^ of America could best program in "DR, COCUTZ: I am just quoting made that could establish a "pat­ Hebrew or any other languages in what Mr, Kretzman told me.

38 The PROGRESSIVE "SEN, JACKSON: Mr. Kretzman told you he was an atheist? "DR. COCUTZ: NO; Mr. Kretzman told me that he told somebody else also that Mr. Lyons is an atheist." (Mar. 2, pp. 234-235) Lyons demanded an opportunity to reply. Under oath he testified: "I am not an atheist, or an agnostic. I do believe in God and I Would not have accepted the position of Direc­ tor of Religious Programs if I had not believed in God, and I realize the importance, of emphasizing re­ ligious and moral factors in the Voice of America broadcasts. . . . I have been in the present position for 18 months, and I have statements from the religious advisory panel of the information program consisting of distinguished religious leaders stat­ ing that since I have been in this position there has been a marked improvement in both the quality and quantity of religious program­ ming on the Voice of America. "I also have letters from clergy­ men of all faiths testifying that I have done a good job under my re­ "Good Evening, sponsibility." (Mar. 2,^ p. 299) Friends, Greetings Kretzman, called in to testify on From the Cocutz's statement, said: Free World" "I was asked at one time by a su­ perior in the Department of State what was Roger Lyons' specific re­ ligious sectarian adherence. My an­ swer was that that was not a perti­ nent question for him to ask; and were, inevitably, far smaller and far largely with the dangers of the over­ laughingly I added, 'For all I know, less conspicuously displayed than the emphasis of intercollegiate football, he may be an atheist,' original front-page stories screaming but included other reflections on the cry of atheism. higher education. "This I knew not to be a fact be­ On the basis of a few paragraphs cause I had talked to Mr. Lyons Destroying the Voice \ of sophomoric conclusions arising previously. . . from an excess of youthful idealistic "I would like to hasten to add The ^ McCarthy attack on the enthusiasm for academic freedom in that I do not think an atheist could Voice of America continued in sub­ a book which had almost no sales do Mr. Lyons' job and I knew that sequent hearings. On Mar. 3, Reed and was long since repudiated and he was not. . . He is a man of pro­ Harris, the deputy administrator, forgotten by its author, McCarthy found religious beliefs [and] a deep was called, ostensibly to answer the embarked on a relentless vilification belief in God, and he has done a charges made against the VOA at a that far outdid anything previously magnificent job in stepping up the public hearing of the Subcommittee heard in these hearings. religious output of the Voice." (Mar. which was nationally * televised. In No possibility of guilt by innuen­ 3, pp. 307-308) actual fact, of the two-hour session do, nor by the most tenuous or fleet­ No supporting evidence was pro­ covering 40 pages of testimony (pp. ing association, was overlooked in duced for Dr. Cocutz' hearsay charge 331-370), only nine pages dealt with digging into events that occurred in a by any clergyman despite the fact the charges against VOA. The other totally different atmosphere 21 years that for 18 months on his Job Lyons 31 pages constituted a gruelling ago. Nineteen years of a distin­ was daily in touch with leaders of all cross-examination on a book. King guished career in public service with faiths and worked directly with an Football, written by Harris 21 years full FBI clearance—^in fact, the advisory panel of religious leaders. before, in 1932, just after he left col­ man's entire mature life—^was ig­ The headlines reporting refutation lege. The book-^which Harris testi­ nored while a U.S. Senator explored of the charge that the head of the fied, "I wrote in three weeks and the "sinister" significance of a few VOA's religious desk was an atheist have regretted ever since"-—dealt paragraphs in King Football.

April, 1954 39 brary shelves of all books by Com­ *The Ghost of Torquemada' munist authors and sympathizers which did not "affirmatively serve "McCarthy's methods of investigation are an assault on and a denial of the ends of democracy." The basic the dignity of the individual. Christianity teaches that men are 'made in the principle in the State Department image and likeness of God' and so loved by Him that He died on the Cross for them. Democracy is one attempt in the political sphere to safeguard and directive, issued Feb. 3, was that the protect that basic respect for each individual having something sacred within content of the bcx)k, rather than the him. identity of, the author, should de­ "McCarthy has stirred up the ghost of Torquemada Eind the Inquisitors, termine ite utility. In other words, which Catholics have been trying to bury as a small and unpleasant incident, it would be permissible to carry on as it was, in the total history of the Chiu-ch. But for many today the Church has once again been covered witíi mud . .'. the shelves of overseas libraries a "It seems that Catholics should re-examine the basic tenets of their own book written by a Communist if the Faith and of the American political and democratic system. For with the contents were such that the book distortions and oversimplifications of McCarthy we are headed for tiie could be used for an anti-Commu­ disruption and negation of everything both these represent at their finest" nist purpose. ) GEORGE PATRICK MICHAEL CARLIN Í The Catholic Worker In establishing ite policy fpr the January, 1954 189 libraries, with 2,000,000 books in 63 countries, the State Department was guided by the recommendations What was the result of these will be effective with their intended of its Advisory Commission of emi­ "hearings"? -.audience. nent authorities: Dr, J. L. Morrill, The U.S. Advisory Commission on "Some of the investigations which president of the University of Min­ Information, a group of distin­ this agency has undergone in the nesota, chairman; Dr, Harold Willis guished citizens appointed by the past year have produce\i unfavorable Dodds, president of, Princeton Uni­ President, reported Feb. 3, 1954, that impressions abroad cm the very per­ versity; Dr. Edwin B. Fred, president the kind of investigation conducted sons to whom the program is of the University of Wisconsin; Dr. by McCarthy had seriously crippled directed." Martin R. P. McGuire, of Catholic the country's global propaganda University; and Mark Starr, educa­ Commenting on the reportof the tional director of the militantly anti- program. Commission, McCarthy said he pro­ "It is not too much to say," the Communist International Ladies posed to reopen the investigation of Garment Workers Union. Commission reported, "that the desir­ the overseas information program. able resulte sought through the activ­ "I know we will scare hell out of a This Commission unanimously en­ ities of the information program are few Communists—demoralize them," dorsed the recommendation of ite largely offset, if not destroyed, by the he said. "I don't mind demoraliz­ Committee on Books Abroad (com­ constant counter-barrage which is so ing the Communist Party." posed of top-flight bix>k publishers, generously distributed to the peoples librarians, and scholars) which made of the world." This comment was made by Mc­ Carthy despite the fact that the Com­ this recommendation: ". . . the Com­ Noting that the information pro­ mission is composed of Erwin D, mittee is positive and unanimous iñ gram had been investigated in 1953 Canham, editor of the Christian ite decision to recommend to the by two groups, the McCarthy Sub­ Science Monitor; Philip D. Reed, U.S. Advisory Commission on Edu­ committee and a Senate Foreign Re­ chairman of the Board of the Gen­ cational Exchange that authorship lations Subcommittee headed by Sen. eral Electric Co.; Ben Hibbs, editor should not be a criterion for de­ Bourke B. Hickenlooper of Iowa, of the Saturday Evening Post, stnd termining whether or not a book is the Commission found that the Hick­ Justin Miller, chairman of the board available for U.S. libraries abroad. enlooper group "rendered thorough­ of the National Association of Radio In this connection the Committee is ly and extremely constructive" and Television Broadcasters. unanimous in its recommendation service in revealing both "the that the content of the book regard­ strengths" and "weaknesses" of the less oi, authorship, be the criterion information program. The "Book-burnings" which determines its availabiüty for But, turning its attention to thé The McCarthy investigation whidi inclusion in- the U.S. libraries." McCarthy inquiry, the Commission chilled thoughtful Americans most (Italics ours) said: "The wide and unfavorable and shook the prestige of our coun­ publicity that resulted from one of try as the leader of the free world Eviderice produced by the State the Congressional investigations gave was the inquiry into the presence of Department showed that almost all the agency such a bad name books by Communist authors in U.S. the books by Communist authors that professionally competent per­ libraries in foreign countries. The and sympathizers on the shelves of sons were reluctant to accept employ­ striking fact about these explosive overseas libraries were of pre-1947 ment in it." Moreover, said the hearings was that they were com­ vintage. Othar books were, in addi­ Commission, such investigations pletely unnecessary, for the Repub­ tion, purchased after 1948, and on make information workers concen­ lican-controlled State Department, these Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, form­ trate on "how the messages will under which these libraries func­ er head of the Central Intelligence sound or appear to investigators and tioned, had seven weeks earlier Agericy and presently Undersec­ completely lose sight of whether they ordered the removal from the li­ retary of State in the Eisenhower Ad-

40 The PROGRESSIVE ministration, testified emphatically McCarthy's staff as a paid employee. pression, and knifing of books on our before the Senate Appropriations Baarslag's testimony in response to side, the anti-Communist books, and Committee July 20, 1953: Counselor Cohn's questioning ran the bcxJks telling the truth about ". . . the Library Service had spent like this: Soviet Russia." (Hearings, Apr. 2, no money since 1947 for books by p. 163) "COHN: Did you look to see Communists. . . I can say categorical­ whether you could find any anti- It is a measure of the demorali­ ly that the Secretary of State is and Communist material [in Germany]? zation in the State Department Cre­ has been opposed to the works of ated by McCarthy's operations that Communist authors per se. . . But "BAARSLAG: . . . My estimate of the Dr. Robert L. Johnson, former pres­ the overseas libraries must be free to proportion would be that the pro- ident of Temple University arid the put Communist works on their Soviet, anti-American literature ran responsible head of the HA under shelves if they can be used to counter roughly eight or nine to possibly four which the libraries operated, did not Soviet propaganda." or five books on our side." (Hear­ answer these shocking charges until -This common-sense approach to ings, Apr. 2, p. 160) "I was rather more than two months later, on July the problem, which represented the shocked nevertheless to find th?it they 15, when for reasons of ill health he heart of the State Department's Feb. had never heard of it [American resigned his post. . 3 directive, which in turn was based Legion Magazine]. So I hopefully on the unanimous judgment of two dished ÍOX The Freeman. They had Helping the Communiste groups of distinguished authorities, never heard of that. I asked for The was not allowed to function for long, National Republic and they had On that date in a public statement however. On Mar. 24, 1953, Mc­ never heard of that. There were no and also in a letter to McCarthy, Carthy launched his much-publicized anti-Commiinist magazines." (Apr.^2, Johnson lashed out at Baarslag's hearings on the charge that Ameri­ p. 161)' statemente as "flagrantly inaccurate" can libraries abroad were permeated (Note: These three magazines and "false." He said: "I cannot un­ with Communist books. Instead of seemed to have exhausted his list of derstand why anyone would deal in the quiet corrective adopted by the American anti-Communist publica­ such patent falsehoods unless he State Department, the nation and tions, although he later testified that were completely incompetent as an the world'were to be exposed to the libraries subscribed to 520 publi­ observer or downright malicious." days of noisy headlines shouting a cations, including most magazines^-- Johnson pointed out that his depart­ Communist plot to subvert the over­ nearly all of which are conservative ment had distributed 6,000,000 anti- seas libraries for Soviet purposes. and strongly anti-Communist—avail­ Communist books and that there able at newstands.) were 16,729 anti-Communist works McCarthy's tactics in conducting in the libraries. the inquiry were clearly designed to Baarslag Continued: magnify the scope of the\ problem ". . . the pattern is one of a vast, "The reputation of the American and create an impression of wide­ as we feel, planned conspiracy that people has suffered enough as a re­ spread disloyalty among government has been going on in this country sult of irresponsible charges and employees. Thus, he subpoenaed for many years not only to push pro- actions in connection with our pro­ before his Committee a number of Soviet and pro-Communist books, gram abroad. The only group that witnesses whose political views were but, to me what is far more sinister has gained through these wicked at­ already well-known, in some cases to and dangerous, the blacklisting, sup- tacks has been the Communist in­ the public, and in all cases to the ternational movement. It is one of FBI. These witnesses, who were not /Apîng the Dictators the tragic ironies of our time that government employees, had written some of those 'who are in the fore­ books which appeared on the shelves front of the fight against Commu­ of the overseas libraries. When ques­ nism' are among those who are tioned under oath regarding Com­ damaging the action programs that munist connections, they refused for do battle against it." a variety of reasons to testify, claim­ Meanwhile, in the interim between ing the protection of the Fifth Baarslag's April testimony and John­ Amendment. son's July reply, a greatly harried McCarthy succeeded in so confus­ State Department issued a series of ing the authors with government directives which at first sought to employees that the public gained the clarify the Feb. 3 directive, but sub­ totally false impression that a num­ sequently began to reversé the pre­ ber of public officials were claim­ vious criterion of content rather ing the protection of the Fifth than authorship. Directive after di­ Amendment. rective seems only to have heightened This impression was heightened by the confusion and fright of overseas the testimony of witnesses friendly to library officials who could read the McCarthy like Karl Baarslag, former­ headlines in the current American ly associated with the American Le­ newspapers and who knew what had gion's National Americanism Com­ already happened to the Voice of mission, who subsequently joined Fitzpatrick Í» The St. Lotiis F(»t-Di»pat^ America.

April, 1954 41 While our friends abroad looked June 26 when he wrote the American with ideas we dislike by imitating on with mounting horror, frenzied Library Association, assembled in the totalitarian techniques we cle- American officials abroad sought to convention at Los Angeles, criticiz­ spise. The burning of a book is not work their way through the layers of ing as un-American "zealote" who an act against that book alone; it is confusion. Then, on June 15, the with "more wrath than wisdom" an act against free institutions." world press reported that a jittery sought to suppress information and McCarthy's response to Johnson's America, succumbing^ to the Hitler­ ideas. statement avoided discussion of the like methods of McCarthy, was ac­ "Freedom cani^oit be censored irr- issue on ite mérite, but threatened tually burning books. A front-page to existence," he said. "A democracy to cut the budget of the Inter­ story in the New York Times June smugly disdainful of new ideas would national Information Administration 16 follows: be a sick democracy. A democracy in reprisal. chronically fearful of new ideas Perhaps the most revealing reac­ SOME BOOKS LITERALLY BURNED would be a dying democracy." tion to Dr. Johnson's statement came AFTER INQUIRY, DULLES REPORTS At the conclusion of its conven­ from a Republican member of "John Foster Dulles, the Secretary tion, the American Library As­ the McCarthy Subcommittee, Sen. of State, disclosed today that there sociation adopted a resolution Charles Potter of Michigan, who ex­ had been a literal though small-scale threatening to withdraw ite support claimed: "I've never seen anything burning of books after Congressional of the government's overseas library like this committee. It seems we investigations as his department had program "unless the integrity and can't go 15 minutes without running moved to rid the shelves of its In­ effectiveness of the program is re­ into some new problem." ((¿uoted formation Service libraries abroad of assured." The Association, consist­ by United Press, July 17,1953) , works by Communist authors. ing of 21,000 members, unanimously The record would not be complete "Secretary Dulles set the number criticized the State Department for without noting that despite the July of books burned at 11." removing books from the libraries directive making content rather than Only the day before. President because loyalty of some authors and authorship the yardstick of accept­ Eisenhower had felt obliged to^de- the material in some'volumes were ability for books in overseas libraries, nounce the book-burners and thought questioned. the foreign information program has control. Speaking at the commence­ Heartened by these developments since retreated in several major re­ ment service at Dartmouth College, and concerned about the frightful spects from that position—largely in the President said: "Don't join the toll in world opinion, the State De­ response to hysteria generated by book-burners. Don't think you are partment decided to defy McCarthy McCarthyism. going to conceal faulte by conceal­ and send out, on July 8, its 11th di­ ing evidence that they ever existed. rective to the overseas libraries, in­ The Rothschild Case Don't be afraid to go in your library structing them to revert to the McCarthy's handling of the case of and read every book as long as any original Feb. 3 directive to judge Edward Rothschild, a bookbinder in document does not offend our own removal of books by content rather the Government Printing Office ideas of decency. That should be the than by authorship. (GPÖ), can be interpreted as a strik­ only censorship. The new directive termed book- ing example of the Senator's inabil­ "How can we defeat Communism burning a "wicked symbolic act" ity to stand prosperity. For here was unless we know what it is? What it that was not to be condoned. The a case that seemed more solidly based teaches—^why does it have such an yardstick for selection of books for than his others, and many of his appeal for men? .... We have jgot overseas libraries, it emphasized, was critics were quick to concede that to fight it with something better." the usefulness Of a particular book maybe he "had something here." The tide now began to run against in meeting the particularized needs But McCarthy was unwilling to McCarthy on this issue. President of a particular area. Said Dr. John­ present the facte as they were; he Eisenhower returned to the attack son on that occasion: "We don't deal insisted on indulging in reckless ex­ aggeration and distortion. For ex­ ample, on a dash out to San Diego, Xo "take care of a matter" cohceminj^ ^Making It Easy for Communists' the GPO investigation, McCarthy, with a straight face, told newsmen "Despite the fact that McCarthy has not been responsible for the that this case could be "worse than conviction oí anybody whom he has accused under the cloak of Senatorial the Alger Hiss case." (United Press immunity, he has justified his irresponsible charges on the basi^ that he has alerted Ôie general public to the dangers of Communism. dispatch; Aug. 24, 1953.) "What he has actually done is to incite a kind of hysteria which must Not content with his case against please the Kremlin mightily, 'Divide and conquer' is an old technique. Make Rothschild, which itself was magni­ everybody suspicious of his neighbor, turn friend against friend, inject a fied beyond the provable facte (see religious angle into the controversy, and when the time is ripe and protagon' below), McCarthy, in a series of ists have kac^cked themselves out. step in and take over. pre^s conferences, tossed out these "Intentionally or not. McCarthy is making it easy for Communists to accusations: operate behind the smokescreen he throws up," Sun Prairie (Wis.) Stat'Coantryman I. "Sen. McCarthy charged that the Printing Office harbored a 'gambling ring.* rte said heavy los-

42 The PROGRESSIVE ers among employees could be black­ uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu mailed by agents who sought classi­ fied information and might gladly square losses to get such data. This, he held, made gambling 'a grave se­ curity risk.' " (New York Times, Aug. 29, 1953) Aside from the refusal under the Fifth Amendment of one witness to answer questions on this score, no evidence whatever was presented at the hearings to substantiate this sen­ sational charge of a 'gambling ring' operating in the GPO, and none has turned up since. 2. "Chairman (MCCARTHY): .... Counsel has been instructed to con­ tact Mr. Cole [GPO security officer] and tell him as soon as he is ready to attempt to explain why 35 cases— where they had a great mass of in­ formation from the FBI and other Federal agencies of Communist ac­ tivities—all were cleared." (Aug. 22 Hearings, p. 114) Cole, when he testified before the Subcommittee, was never asked the question raised above about the "35 cases" and was obliged to make his reply on this point at a press conference: "Mr. Cole also disclosed that the FBI had been asked to make a full field investigation of 176 printing office employees who occupied 'sens­ itive' positions. "Of the 35 employees who were principals in loyalty cases handled by the printing office security of­ ficials, he stated, 15 had been dis­ missed. One had retired, he added, and the cases of the other 19 were to receive full field investigation in ac­ cordance with the new security pro­ cedures established by President Eisenhower several weeks ago." (New York Times, Aug. 21) 3. Throughout the hearings and in his press conferences McCarthy = This page illustrates one of the most striking facts to emerge from = gave out a vastly exaggerated version E a study of McCarthy in action—that he has actually pleased the E of the amount of classified material E Communists and played into their hands. Herbert Philbrick (in- E handled by the GPO. Typical E set left), who risked his life as an FBI counterspy within the Com- E comment: E munist Party for nine years, wrote the story of his experiences in E "McCarthy also said he was 'trying E the book shown above. At the time of the launching of the book, 5 to establish' whether Soviet agents E Philbrick was interviewed by newspapermen in New York. The E purportedly working for the GPO E New York Herald-Tribune, the paper for which Philbrick sub- E stole secret hydrogen bomb infor­ E sequently went to work, reported that he said that Communist E mation." (United Press dispatch, E Party members "just love" McCarthy's "name-calling" because "it E E creates confusion, it makes the party's strength appear greater E Aug. 24) E than it really is, and harms men whom the 'comrades call those E Cole again had to make use of his E stupid liberals.' " S press conference to put the situation in its proper perspective: níiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiR

April, 1954 43 " 'Secrete of the atomic bomb or the pocket; had shown an interest in air­ hydrogen bomb/ Mr. Cole declared, plane manuals; and had defended 'Jeopardize Foreign Policy* 'were not available to employees of the .Commimiste in an argument with the printing office. Material marked her. (Resume of affidavit. Hearings, "Reckless blasts hurled at the State Department by Sen. Joseph R. Mc­ restricted, confidential, secret, and Aug. 20, pp. 110-112) Carthy, Wisconsin Republican, have top-secret came to the plant from Both Mr. and Mrs. Rothschild re­ reached a point Where they jeopard­ other government agencies, but very fused, under the protection of the ize this nation's, foreign policy and little matter in the last two categor­ threaten collapse of the Republican Fifth Amendment, to testify in an­ Administration program at home." ies was processed. swer to the charges when they ap­ '"Secret material processed in the Eau Claire (Wis.) Leader peared before the Subcommittee April, 1953 printing office constituted only an public hearing, although Mr. Roth­ infinitesimal part of the $73 to $98 schild had previously denied four million worth of printing it did times under oath at Loyalty Board annually.' hearings that he had any Communist ing investigated at Fort Monmouth. "He criticized as 'completely mis­ connections. It is noteworthy that Dramatically cutting off his honey­ leading' some newspaper headlines Rothschild was the first among the moon, McCarthy rushed back to the that 'carloads of secrets' had been scores of govormnént employees sum­ United States. Up until the time he stolen from the office." (New York moned by McCarthy over a six- arrived in New York to take over Times, Aug. 21) months period who refused to answer the'investigation, there had been ho Still, if we ignore McCarthy's sen­ questions by claiming the protection claims of espionage involved in the sational exaggerations and spectac­ of the Fifth Amendment. All the probe. On Oct. 12, he formally ular charges of "gambling rings" and other witnesses who had claimed the launched the headline phase of the "35 cases" that were intended for privilege up to then were not em­ investigation with the statement, "It newspaper headlines, the evidence in ployed by the government. has all the earmarks of extremely the Rothschild case was of a rela­ As a result of the hearings Roth­ dangerous espionage. If it develops tively solid character as compared to schild was suspended and later re­ it may envelop the entire Signal his "evidence" in all previous cases. signed. To date there is noching to Corps." The next day McCarthy The evidence ran as follows: indicate that the Attorney-General told the Washington Star, "I am of 1. Mrs. Markward, an undercov­ has found sufficient evidence in the the opinion that it definitely in­ er FBI agent posing as a Communist hearings to seek an indictment of volves espionage." Rothschild. from 1943 to 1951, definitely stated Hearings were held behind closed It is worth noting here that in that Mrs. Rothschild was a member doors. Developments were fed to the what was his strongest case McCar­ of the Communist Party with whom press by McCarthy íumself when he thy's target was an agency of gov­ she had attended some 12 meetings emerged periodically from the secret ernment "not under the executive and carried out a number of mass proceedings to tell the pi^blic what authority of the White liouse. Re­ mailings in New York and Washing­ he was "uncovering," 'This strange sponsibility for the Government ton, D.C., in the period 1945-1947. manner of reporting a vital story on Printing Office rests on the six-irian Mr. Rothschild was in the Navy at espionage did not prevent otherwise Joint Congressional Committee on the time, and Mrs. Markward there­ responsible papers from running Printing, consisting of Sens. Jenner fore was not able to make any state­ headlines such as these: ment on whether he had had any of Indiana, Carlson of Kansas, and Communist connections, v (Resume Hayden of Arizona, and Reps. Le- "ARMY RADAR DATA REPORTED of hearings, pp. 1-28, Aug. 17) Compte of Iowa, Schenck of Ohio, MISSING"; "ESPIONAGE IN SIGNAL and Trumble of Arkansas. The CORPS FOR.TEN YEARS IS CHARGED"; 2. James Phillips, a fellow GPO chairman is Sen. Jenner!" (St. Louis "MCCARTHY HINTS OF SPY PLOT Hrr- employee of Mr. Rothschild, testified Post-Dispatch, Aug^ 18,1953)' TiNG WHOLE SIGNAL CORPS"; "Wrr- he ,had attended a meeting with NEss CRACKS, BAIŒS SPY RING 4T Rothschild where he had been in­ RADAR CENTER." vited to help in forming a GPO Com­ Yhe Monmouth Caper munist cell in 1939. In the same Of the many investigations con­ The New York Post established a year Phillips alleged that a Fred Sil­ ducted by McCarthy few have been pattern for responsible reporting, lers and Rothschild again pressed more spectacularly launched than which few other papers followed, by him to join the Communist Party, the investigation into "espionage" at running the following box with each (Resume of hearings, pp. 28-30, Aug. Fort Monmouth, N. J., the Army's story on new developments in the 17) vast Signal Corps facility where soirie hearings: "Neither the Post nor any other newspaper ç>r press service is 3. Miss Cleta Guess, former GPO of the most vital research into radar being permitted to cover the current worker as assistant to Rothschild, is carried on. Senate hearings, "What you read testified, in a sworn affidavit read at Few flopped more spectacularly. here is what Sen. McCarthy gives Out the hearings, that in the period 1941- McCarthy was on his honeymoon" to reporters when he emerges peri­ 43 when she had worked with him, in Spanish Cay, British West Indies, odically from behind the closed Rothschild had put in his right pock­ when, as the Associated Press report­ doors." et a secret code of the Merchant ed Oct. 9, 1953i; a staff member of Marine and other pamphlets; had the McCarthy comriiittee announced Here are some of the most sensa­ carried the Daily Worker in his left that "alleged security leaks" were be- tional charges that helped to make

44 The PROGRESSIVE those headlines and also the facts relating to espionage." According to hoax." Cohn replied that the public subsequently uncovered which reveal the Christian Science Monitor of hearings"will bear out everything how frequently flimsy and sometimes Nov. 18, Stevens had said that among that Sen. McCarthy has said." non-existent was the evidence to the 33 suspensions at Fort Mon­ Late in November there were two support the reckless charges: mouth (most of which occurred after days of open hearings. Three wit­ McCarthy started his probe), none nesses refused to testify about alleged One—^Twenty-six out of 57 secret had turned out to be spies. On Communist activities and two refused documents missing from the Signal Nov. 24 the Momior quoted Stevens to say if they had engaged in espion­ Corps laboratory showed up in the as saying that no "current case" of age. None of these were current Russian Zone of Eastern Germany. subversion had been uncovered dur­ or even recent Fort Monmouth This charge was made in Chicago ing an Army G-2 investigation paral­ anployees. by Sen, Everett Dirksen, Illinois Re­ leling McCarthy's. Later McCarthy shifted his posi­ publican and member of the Mc­ tion. Although he had several times Carthy Subcommittee. McCarthy Shifte His Position insisted that "espionage" existed (as In a series of documented articles on Oct. 13 when he said, "I think on the Monmouth investigation in McCarthy, in the meantime, be­ there is no question but that espion­ the Washington Post, Murrey Mar- gan to deny that he had ever charged age is involved"), he said Dee. 9, "We der exposed the distortion involved "espionage" at Fort Monmouth (and don't expect to come up with any­ in this as well as other charges made at the same time launched a divers­ thing more than contempt or perjury. by McCarthy • and his associates. ionary investigation of General Elec­ It is not our function to develop cases Marder showed Nov. 8 that this was tric in Schenectady). But the As­ of espionage." an old charge that had been investi­ sociated Press had quoted him in a But McCarthy was again to change gated in 1952 by Army Intelligence dispatch which hit many front pages his story. In Senate debate Feb. 2, and the FBI and found to be with­ Oct. 12 as saying that testimony be­ 1954, McCarthy insisted^his one-man out basis in fact. The Associated fore his Subcommittee "has all the inquiry had turned up "very, very Press reported Oct. 18, 1953, that earmarks that extremely dangerous current espionage" at Fort Mon­ the Army had determined "more espionage had been committed" and mouth. He made this claim after than a year ago" that no documents "if it develops as it has been, it will Sen. Allen J. EUender, Louisiana had been stolen. The Army, said envelop the whole Signal Corps." Oft Democrat, read a letter from Army the AP, officially announced that Nov. 17, McCarthy was quoted in Secretary Stevens, dated Jan. 15, "the documents alleged to have been the New York Times in reply to 1954, saying that "insofar as the missing at that time were accounted Army Secretary Stevens: "The open Army has thus far been able to de­ for." hearings beginning next Tuesday termine, there is no current espion­ will permit the public to see the ex­ age or other subversive activities Two—-McCarthy charged that an tent of Communist infiltration and at Fort Monmouth." (Congressional East German Scientist who had fled espionage in the Signal Corps. It is Record, Feb. 2, p. 1053) the Soviet Zone reported that he extremely important, in view of Mr. Stevens' statement, that the public After completing a comprehensive heard Communist scientists say that inquiry into McCarthy's investiga­ "the Russians could get anything watch the testimony closely. Re­ gardless of what I say, or what Mr. tion of Fort Monmouth,, the New they wanted out of Fort Monmouth." York Times reported Jan. 13, 1954, McCarthy, describing the, man as an Stevens said, the final word will come from the witnesses." that 19 employees were suspended as "eminent scientist," said that the security risks, one because, among "scientist" had seen "many micro­ In a radio debate with Roy Cohn, other things, his mother had en­ filmed copies of documents." counsel for the McCarthy Subcom­ rolled him in the left-wing Young Pio­ The Washington Post reported on mittee, Joseph Rauh, vice-chairman neers of America in 1933 and Í934, Nov. 8: "An investigation of that of Americans for Democratic Action, when he was 12 and 13 years old; charge, in which the FBI participat­ charged on Nov. 22 that McCarthy another, an electronics engineer, be­ ed, was ordered in December 1952 "would have nothing on [the fol­ cause he "favored the 'leftist' policies [nearly a year before McCarthy 'un­ lowing] Tuesday to support their of Max Lerner," a militantly anti- covered' him], and then was dropped about March, 1953. McCarthy ac­ knowledged that some intelligence officers believed that the man was 'boasting,' In news accourits last *McCarthyism Could Lick Us' month the man was first described as 'an eminent scientist' and then a "I do not think Stalin could have licked us; I do not think that whoever now may be running Russia can lick us. But McCarthy and the spirit of Mc­ 'technician' when it was found he Carthyism could lick us-^no doubt without intention, but they could—by get­ was only 21 years old at the time of ting us to fighting among ourselves like the Romans, by persuading every man escape from the Soviet Zone." that he must keep on looking over his shoulder, to make sure that the man be­ side him doesn't stab, him in the back. There is still enough vitality in West­ Meanwhile, on Nov, 13, Secretary ern civilization to save us, unless we insist on disemboweling ourselves." of the Army Stevens told a press ELMER DAVIS conference that "we [the Army] In But We Were Born Free have been unable to find anything (Bobbs-Merrill. 1954, p. 228)

April, 1954 45 Communist writer; and a third, A Torch Without Light of American citizens who have never a physicist, because, among other been convicted of anything, much things, he "attempted to transmit" less accused; his snide 'ad lib' com­ a reprint of a publication to a Czech­ ments; his abrogation of time-hon­ oslovak professor who requested it. ored civil liberties." Said the New York Times: The Federation of American Sci­ "These, a New York Times study entists, after hearing a report from its shows, are among the 19 Monmouth own committee which looked into the employees now suspended without Fort Monmouth case, adopted a state­ pay as security risks. . . . ment saying that the McCarthy in­ "Such charges—none involving es­ vestigation was wrecking morale pionage or disloyalty, and all vigor­ among the scientists at Fort Mon­ ously rebutted by the employees—are mouth and could "result in a net generally a far cry from the headlines gain for those who work against the of possible Monmouth spying raised interests of the United States." Sci­ by Sen. McCarthy. In fact, the Wis­ entists, it said, will seek work else­ consin Republican's Senate Perma­ where rather than endure the kind of nent Subcommittee on Investigations treatment suffered at McCarthy's has thus far called only one pres­ hands at Fort Monmouth. ent Monmouth employee in public "Investigations which are charac­ hearings. terized largely by sensational head­ "So far as can be determined, only lines and wholesale suspensions can, two of the employees now suspended Justus in The Minneapolis Star by crippling our defense research, ac­ have been charged with even past tually result in a net gain for those membership in the Communist Par­ who work against the interests of of his [McCarthy's] references have the United States," the statement ty. They and all others deny any not been too accurate," Young said. Communist sympathy." said. "The effect on our national On Dec. 9 McCarthy said he was security would be extremely serious if such investigative methods are al­ Public Opinion Supports issuing a subpoena for Taylor to ap­ pear before the Committee. "He is lowed to spread to other areas of this The Monmouth Workers retired," McCarthy said, "and we are country's scientific effort." going to see if he is getting a pension At a conference of scientists at During the hearings Telford Tay­ or in what way the government is Columbia University, Prof. Ernest C. lor, prominent New York attorney supporting him." Shortly afterward Pollard, Yale University physicist, and former Brigadier General who Taylor, still awaiting service of a who is chairman of the Scientists was chief counsel for the United subpoena, predicted that a "thor­ Committee on Loyalty and Security States at the Nuremberg war crime ough investigation" of McCarthy's of the Federation, reported that trials, delivered an address at West Fort Monmouth charges would "de­ "morale among the professional staff' Point on Nov. 27 in which he said stroy the Senator." [at Fort Monmouth] is very poor" that "most of the McCarthy ac­ In the communities where the and that "a high percentage of the cusations at Fort Monmouth are scientists not implicated in the pres­ indefensible fabrications." Unless Monmouth employees live, public opinion has run strongly in their ent investigations are now planning McCarthy proves his charges of es­ to seek employment elsewhere." pionage, Gen. Taylor said, he "will favor. Thus, the Asbury Park Press, stand condemned as a dangerous ad­ in a Nov. 28 editorial, characterized Prof. Pollard emphasized that "no venturer who does not hesitate to most McCarthy charges then known charges of actual espionage or real gamble with the national security." to it as "ridiculously thin accusations," subversive activity have been made McCarthy replied that Taylor had and said McCarthy's tactics "can against any of the 19 scientists sus­ left government service with an "un­ easily become a threat to American pended or the ten scientists who resolved question of loyalty" show­ principles of liberty and justice." have been transferred to unclassified ing on his civil service record. He The Long Branch Daily Record, in work." He emphasized the fact that, also demanded an explanation from a Dec. 16 editorial, denounced "the contrary to general belief, "not a West Point officials of why Taylor spectre of McCarthy daily sitting in single scientist" at Fort Monmouth was allowed to speak to the cadets at sole judgment of free American had pleaded the Fifth Amendment, the institution. citizens, like a demigod." The Daily and only one of those suspended had Taylor declared that McCarthy's Record bitterly denounced what it received a public hearing. Pollard's charges were "unfounded and false." called the Senator's "reckless charg­ committee found that the "atmos­ Philip Young, Eisenhower-appointed es; his masterful dissemination of phere of suspicion and distrust" cre­ chairman of the U.S. Civil Service half truths, insinuations, and in- ated by the McCarthy charges had Commission, said he knew of no nuendos; his assumption of the roles "seriously disrupted" the vital de­ questions about Taylor's loyalty be­ of prosecutor, judge, and jury, and fense work of "developing the con­ ing raised since he entered the Com­ now his threatened intimidation of tinental defense network" of the mission in April. the Army's loyalty review board; his United States. ((Quoted in the New- York Times, Jan. 30, 1954.) "I've noticed in the past that some callous disregard of the reputations

46 The PROGRESSIVE Writing in the Republican New McCarthy had the last word. He the Foreign Economic Administra­ York Herald Tribune on Dec. 8, said the investigation wasn't closed. tion, and the White House. At the Walter Millis, author and historian, He has never formally closed one. end of six months he found himself said, "This really vital and sens­ in a stormy controversy involving re­ itive military installation has been A Major Setback ligion—a controversy in which he wrecked—more thoroughly than any was to suffer a major defeat, the worst Soviet saboteur could have dreamed Before Sen. McCarthy had com­ since he took over the Subcommittee of doing it-^by the kind of anti- pleted six months as chairman of the , in January of 1953. Comnlunism of which Sen. McCarthy Senate Permanent Subcommittee on The stage was set for the explosion has made himself the leader. Investigations, he had been in a when the six other members of the head-on clash with the press, some of Subcommittee received a memoran­ "The Fort Monmouth sit­ the nation's educational institutions, dum from McCarthy late in June in­ uation is truly scandalous. It is the State Department, the Pentagon, forming them for the first time that ^ so scandalous that some who have looked into it, thoroughly conservative in outkrøk and Re­ publican in politics, are talking '»##>»#l#^#»^»#»^^^»^^#l»#^>##^<#^^#>»»#^»##^|^l»##>#>#^»#|##i»##^^#^^^^<^#^^^^#>»>#l#'#|»#S»#*|»*# about demanding a Congression­ al investigation—not into the alleged espionage (of which on The Fort Monmouth Timetable Secretary Stevens' word, no evi­ dence of any kind has been dis­ covered by the Army) but into The changing character of McCarthy's claims in the Fort Mon­ the processes of witchhunting, mouth case shows up graphically in this timetable: bigotry, cowsurdice» race preju­ dice, and diieer incompetence Oct. 12, 1953 which have turned one of our "It has all the earmarks of extremely dangerous espionage. If 7 top-level military-scientific op­ it develops, it may envelop the entire Signal Corps." (New York erations into a mare's nest of ex­ Times) asperation, fear, and futility. . . "It looks very much like a case of current espionage." (Asso- "The personal injustice involved is cited Press) not here considered. The impairment of the national defense is something Oct. 21) 1953 which no one whose life may one day "I am not saying whether there is espionage or diere is not. . . hang upon the excellence of our ra­ It would be improper for me to evaluate the testimony. . . I think dar screens can dare to disregard." it is easy for a reporter to make a mistake and refer to espionage. Editorially, the Herald Tribune I have been giving reporters a daily resume of the testimony. I said, "The picture of this place as a think with all of the evidence coming out—-I think some of them nest of spies can hardly have done may have used the word 'alleged espionage'. . . There is evidence less than weaken the incentives which of espionage. . . I refuse to say there is or is not fespionage] at spur such men to creative work—to this time. I intend to let the evidence speak for iteelf.. . . I won't say nothing of prcmioting doubts and evaluate, but there is evidence of espionage. . ." (Washington confusion in die American public. Post) The thought that such a picture was created by Sen. McCarthy to further Nov. 5, 1953 his own ambition is bitter indeed." "There is no question now, from the evidence, that there has \ The Washington Post said McCar­ been espionage in the Army Signal Corps." (Washington E!vening thy's accusations "shattered morale Star) at a post of vital significance to the national defense and badly disrupted Dec. 10, 1953 activity in an area where work ought "[I have] no real hope [of proving espionage]. . . We don't to be going forward with utmost expect to come up with anything more than contempt or perjury. energy." It is not our function to develop cases of espionage." (New York Dr. Harold C. Urey, one of the Times) nation's foremost atomic scientists and Nobel Prize winner, denounced Feb. 2, 1954 McCarthy's investigation as an "irre­ "We have uncovered espionage." (Congressional Record, Feb. sponsible/type of activity" which had 2, 1954, p. 1053) ruined morale "among scientific per­ sonnel at Fort Monmouth," accord­ ing to an Associated Press dispatch. NOTE: When this issue of The Progressive went to press, Mc­ Said Dr. Urey: "/ don't believe the Carthy had offered no evidence whatever to support his last claim. U.S.S.R. has a better agent in the country than Sen. McCarthy." ^^»»»lyl#^##^»#•#l<>##^i^»#^»•#<^|«^#'#^l#^*#»<^|»»*|#l»<^»•#»|»##>#|#|#»»#l#<»^l##^»l#*»»»#^

April, 1954 47 - he had hired Dr. J. B. Matthews, dupes, front men, ^, and fellow- not the outstanding authority, on '"whom I consider to be an outstand­ travelers. subversion in the United States.", ing man," as executive director. "Clergymen outnumber professors (New York Times, July 2). Matthews is a former extreme left- two to one in supporting the Com­ On July 3, Sen. Potter, Michigan ' wing Socialisi^who admits he was a fel­ munist front apparatus of the Krem­ Republican, joined the three Demc»- low-traveler ' of the Communists, lin conspiracy. ... 'the Cîommunist crats in the view that Matthews' though he denies ever taking out a Party has enlisted the support of at should not be retained on the Sub­ membership card. In 1938 he publish­ least 7,000 Protestant clergymen in committee. When McCarthy con­ ed a book called Odyssey of a Fellovi the same categories—party members, vened the group to consider the ques­ Traveler. During his fellow-travel­ fellow-travelers, espionage agents, par­ tion on July 8 he faced this line-up: ing days he-was fond of blasting ty line adherents, and unwitting four members committed to firing away at the churches and clergy as dupes." Matthews; two—Sens. Dirksen and the "tools of capitalism." His theme Mundt—absent and Uncommitted; was that the basis of the clergy's op­ McCarthy's Conflicting Stories and McCarthy for retention. position to Russian Communism was Don Irwin reported to the New About .Matthews* Article the opposition of the men of wealth York Herald Tfibune July 9,"Lines who control the churches. This Developments broke swiftly and hardened in the fight joined yester­ theme was set forth in his book explosively. day when Sen. McCarthy refused to Partners in Plunder. Á survey by On July 2, the three Democratic permit a Subcommittee vote on the the Washington Star in July, 1953, members of the Subcommittee, Sens. question although four (three Dem­ produced the conclusion that "he was Jackson, Symington, and MeClellan, ocrats and Sen. Potter) of the group's active with Communists, Socialists seven members demanded Mr. Mat­ and, others in 28 different front or­ issued a statement denouncing the article as a "shocking and unwar­ thews' separation. . . Not a single ganizations, in 15 of which he held,, Subcomtriittee member came to Sen. an official position." ranted attack against the American clergy," They called on McCarthy McCarthy's assistance yesterday—two Matthews had been active as chief to convene the Subcommittee as Republicans (Mundt and Dirksen) investigator for the old Dies Com­ "early as possible" 4.o "consider ap­ were pointedly absent. . ." mittee, after his conversion from the propriate action." McCarthy emerged from the meet­ left. He was briefly back in the McCarthy seemed stunned by the ing to tell newSmen, "I have not ac­ headlines in late 1950 in the abortive storm that broke. On July 2, C. P. cepted his resignation. 1 do not attempt to smear Assistant Secretary .Trussell reported in the New York- intend to do so." He said that he of Defense Anna Rosenberg* as *a Times, "Mr, McCarthy said he knew had refused to put the question of Communist^an attempt which back­ about both of thé American Mercury resignation to a vote because Mat­ fired badly. Matthews proudly dis­ articles by Mr, Matthews when he thews was not a "professional staff plays a desk set inscribed, "To J, B. offered him the Subcommittee post," member" as defined by law and Matthews, a star-spangled American, On July 8, Samuel Shelton, Jr., of therefore could not h^ fired by a ma­ from one of his pupils and admirers." the St. ïjams Post-Dispatch, quoted jority of the Subcommittee—only by The set is a gift from Sen. McCarthy. McCarthy as saying on the previous the chairman. (Cited in the Washington Star, July day, "I haven't read all of Matthews' 6, 1953.) I material and I do not intend to. He President Eisenhower A few days after McCarthy's col­ undoubtedly has written many things leagues on the Subcommittee had re­ with which I disagree. But I feel I Takes a Hand ceived notice of the hiring of have no right of censorships over Meanwhile, protests came from Matthews, the July issue of the anyone." church leaders all over the country. American Mercury appeared. The Later, on July 15, McCarthy de­ On July 6, the Christian Seiende magazine is owned by Russell Ma- clared in a letter to the three Demo­ Monitor reported that Bishop/ Wil­ guire, whose name has been linked crats, "I was totally unaware of the liam C. Martin, president of the Na­ in the past to the old racist Christian controversial article written by Dr. tional Council of the Churches of Front. The lead article, by Mat­ ^atthews. It first came to my atten­ Christ in the U.S.A. jmd Methodist thews, was called, "Reds in Our tion the first week of this month." Bishop of the Dallas area, made this Churches." Its opening paragraphs Meanwhile, it became known that statement: "There are only two bases were: the article was familiar to Congres­ upon which such a statement as the "The largest single group support­ sional circles. It had been intro­ Matthews article can be accounted ing the Communist apparatus in the duced into the Congressional Record for: either it is deliberate Commu­ United States today is composed of on June 27 by Rep, Kit Clardy, nist propaganda or it is a revelation Protestant clergymen, Michigan Republican and a member of a degree of stupidity and mis­ "Since the beginning of the First of the House Un-American Activities representation which can be reached^ Cold War in April 1948, the Com­ Committee (pp. A4114-4117). only in an atmosphere of susjpiciOn, munist Party of this country has Whether he had read the article or distrust, and fear. A , Communist placed more and more reliance upon not, McCarthy stood by Matthews. agent could afford to subsidize the the ranks of the Protestant clergy to On July 2 he said, "Dr. Matthews article liberally. He knows that any provide the party's subversive ap­ has the reputation of being one of influence that tends, to weaken the paratus with its agents, stooges, the most outstanding authorities, if confidence of the Protestant layman

48 I ' The PROGRESSIVE in his church and its leaders is help­ ing to remove the most stubborn barrier in his path." In New York,'Dean James A. Pike of the New York Cathedral (St, John the Divine) spoke for thousands of the Protestant clergy when he at­ tacked Matthews' article as "so ab­ surd on the face of it as to reflect on Mr, Matthews' competence to hold any public office, . , It is alarming to find that procedures resulting from fear of Communism are causing us to lose those very things that most distinguish our way of life from theirs," Even as the headlines were pro­ claiming across the country that Mc­ Carthy would stand by his "star- spangled" friend, the final blow that was to end Matthews' brief tenure as executive director was being prepared in the White House, President Eisenhower on July 9 had received from the three national co-chairmen of the Commission on Religious Or­ Bible Off the Shelves' ^^jL-^^^ With You Guysr ganizations of the National Confer­ ence of Christians and Jews (Msgr. John A, O'Brien of the University of Notre Dame; Maurice I^, Eisendrath, president of the Union of American Hebrew Congrégations, and the Rev. demn the whole of any group of ^Aopy^gqfjjjâHt^ thah t Vice-President Richard are alien to America. Such attacks betray Nixon had worked out a compro­ Dr, John Sutherland Bonnell, pastor contempt for the principles of freedom and of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian decency. And when these attacks—what­ mise under which Matthews was to Church of New York) the following ever their professed purpose be—condemn resign and McCarthy was to have telegram: such a vast portion of the churches or clergy sole hiring and firing power by agree­ as to create doubt in the loyalty of all, the ment of the other members of the "The President damage to our nation is multiplied. Subcommittee. "The White House "If there be found any American among us, whatever his calling, guilty of treason­ On July 10 the Subcommittee ritet "The sweeping attack on the loyalty of ous action against the state, let him legally and by a party line vote of 4-3 gave Protestant clergymen and the charge that and properly be convicted and punished. they are the largest single group supporting the chairman sole power to employ This applies to every person, lay or clergy. or discharge staff members. An­ the Communist apparatus is unjustified and "The churches of America are citadels deplorable, of our faith in individual freedom and hu­ nouncing that they had been put in "This is a matter of vital concern to the man dignity. This faith is the living source "the impossible position of having nation. You are to be congratulated on of all our spiritual strength. And this your recent weu-ning against casting doubt responsibility without any voice, strength is our matchless armor in our right or authority," MeClellan, Jack­ on the loyalty of the churches and world-wide struggle against the forces of synagogues. godless tyranny and oppression." son, and Symington resigned. "We fully recognize the right of Con­ "I will accept the resignations," gress to investigate the loyalty of any DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER citizen regardless of the office he may oc­ McCarthy said. "If they don't want cupy, ecclesiastical or Otherwise. But de­ McCarthy rolled with the punch. to take part in uncovering the graft stroying trust in the leaders of Protestantism, On the same day, he announced that and corruption of the old Truman- Catholicism or Judaism by wholesale con­ Matthews' resignation had been ac­ Acheson Administration, they are, of demnation is to weaken the greatest Amer­ ican bulwark against atheistic materialism cepted but said that it had been ac­ course, entitled to refuse." (McCarthy and communism." cepted before the President had made no effort to detail "the graft taken his action. Newsweek for July and corruption," and a study of the MsGR. JOHN A. O'BRIEN, 20 reported that the Presidential an­ RABBI MAURICE H. EISENDRATH, official record shows he has done DR. JOHN SUTHERLAND BUNNELL nouncement had ccmie at 5:29 p.m. little if anything in this field.) and the McCarthy announcement at The President replied immediately: Realizing that he headed a solely 6:35. Republican committee instead of a "I have received your telegram of today's But the question of whether Mc­ Senate committee, McCarthy changed date. I want you to know at once that I Carthy was to have sole power to his tune by July 15 and sent an in­ fully share the convictions you state. The issues here are clear.' Generalized and ir­ hire and fire committee personnel vitation to the Democrats to come responsible attacks that sweepingly con- was not yet settled. Newsweek re- back. "I sincerely hope," he said.

April, 1954 49 "you will not permit Such differences nounced that he had accepted Mat­ committee $214,000 for this year's of opinion among us on details of thews' 'resignation.' The rafters are investigations. our housekeeping to cause you not ringing with the explosive replies In the Matthews case McCarthy to continue the service which you made to Matthews' charge." again showed himself to be a master have been rendering the Country An appeal by Matthews to the Sub­ of the diversionary tactic: when in while fulfilling your responsibilities committee to be allowed to testify trouble on one issue, break into the as members of the Subcommittee. . ." and "document" his charges was headlines- on another. On July 10, The Démocrate said that the letter turned down by Subcommittee mem­ 1953, one day after he was forced to had not influenced them to change bers on the grounds that it would accept Matthews' resignation, Mc­ their positions in the slightest degree. plunge the group into an invptiga- Carthy launched an attack on the tion of the clergy, an area in which super-secret Central Intelligence McCarthy again went back to the it had no jurisdiction. (New York Agency (CIA), which brought him a brass knuckles. On the National Times, July 10.) new harvest of headlines on a riew Broadcasting Company's radio and On a subsequent TV show, "The issue. In the end McCarthy was TV show, "Meet the Press," on July obliged to retreat on this one, too, 19, he said that the Democrats had Big Issue," Matthews was asked, "If testifying under oath, could you to­ but not, as the Alsops noted in their quit because the Subcommittee was night name a single Protestant min­ column July 16, 1953, until "Ad­ "exposing graft and corruption" in ister as an espionage agent?" He ministration strategiste allowed him the Truman Administration. He replied, "I could not." He was asked, a little phony face-saving." said that he would make no move to "If testifying under oath tonight, force them to return if they felt that could you name 15 Protestant clergy­ The Pattern in Summary as Senators "they wanted to draw men who are card-carrying members their pay and not do their work." of the Communist Party?" He an­ In case after case, as tlie foregoing He compared them to "small, irre­ swered, "I could not." ("The Big makes clear, McCarthy the Chairman sponsible boys." Issue" television fyrogram on Sept. demoralized vital services of the na­ McCarthy continued to defend 14,1953.) tional government, terrorized govern­ Matthews, telling the radio and TV When Congress reconvened in ment personnel, and actually con­ audience that he had not "fired" January of this year, the question of tributed to the weakening of our de­ Matthews and had not accepted his what to do about the absent Demo­ fenses, as the scientists emphasized in resignation. "He quit," McCarthy cratic Subcommittee members was their report on the Fort Monmouth said, "when the opposition raised the before the Republican leadership for case. phony religious issue where there solution. The Associated Press re­ Headlines and hysteria made up was no religious issue." ported that on Jan. 8, 1954, McCar­ most of the crop harvested by the thy said he was willing to "lean over Subcommittee, which often func­ The furor caused by the Matthews backward" to get the absent mem­ tioned as a one-man show with no article brought Sen. Harry F. Byrd, bers back, but on the issue of hiring other Senator, Republican or Demo­ conservative Virginia Democrat, into and firing the staff, "I will be com­ crat, on hand. As Peter Edson, the controversy. "Mr. Matthews," he pletely adamant—I will not give an Washington correspondent for the said, "should give names and facts to inch." Newspaper Enterprise Association, sustain his charge or stand con­ put it July II, 1953: " victed as a cheap demagogue, willing By Jan. 25 his retreat and defeat to blacken the character of his fellow- in the Matthews' affair were com­ "There has been a headline a Americans for his own notoriety and plete. It was announced that the day—sometimes two or three—as personal gain." (New York Times, Démocrate had won certain conces­ the chairman has leaped with July 10, 1953.) sions in exchange for returning to agility from sensationîd crag to the Subcommittee. McCarthy not crag. When all the cases are The Matthews' Affair Ends only surrendered his exclusive au­ boiled > down, however, the sub­ thority to hire and fire staff members, stance of constructive contribu­ In Retreat and Defeat but agreed to the following conces­ tions ... is not too impressive. sions limiting his power: Noting that McCarthy had said . . . Nearly all charges have been When the Democratic minority that Matthews was "an outetanding as vigorously denied as they have unanimously opposes public hearings authority on subversion in the Unit­ . been made. Nothing has. been on any issue, the question must be ed States," the Christian Advocate, proved." taken to the parent Committee on official organ of the Methodist Government Operations for decision church, said, "In weakening confi­ It is not difficult to understand why by a majority vote. dence that Protestant laymen have a year earlier (See Page 43) Herbert in their church and its leaders, Mr. The Democratic minority will be Philbrick, who risked his life as an Matthews is doing precisely what provided with its own counsel arid a FBI counterspy within the Commu­ atheistic Communism wante." clerical employee to keep them' nist Party, told reporters that the advised. Communists "just love" McCarthy's The Lutheran, news magazine of On Feb. 2, 1954, the Senate voted, name-calling, because it "creates con­ the United Lutheran Church in 85 to 1, with Sen. J. William Ful- fusion." Confusion and disunity in America, said, "To save his [McCar­ bright, Arkansas Democrat, the sole America are among the most cher­ thy's] shriveling reputation he an­ dissenter, to grant, McCarthy's Sub­ ished goals of the Kremlin.

50 The PROGRESSIVE Case Studies of the Major Ingredients of The %m/ Including Smearing the Innocent» The Big Lie, and 'Shoot First, Ask Later'

cCARTHYISM has been defined "But that is quite a different mat­ methods." (New York World Tele­ M in a variety of ways, none of ter from exposure of covert Com­ gram and Sun, June 13,1953,) them flattering to the man who gave munist influence. It is an issue that Americans who have the facte his name to the ism. Perhaps the ought to he fought on ite own have no difficulty driving Mc- most effective method of evaluating merits, and not as a smear campaign Carthyites to cover when this ques­ McCarthy and McCarthyism is to that seeks to discredit what are ap­ tion is asked. The official- records observe them in action. parently honest motives." and the reports of the country's most One of the most criticized ingredi­ When charged with conducting a reliable newspapers show the esctent ents in McCarthyism is the ruthless smear campaign, as he has been, not to which McCarthy has smeared in­ smearing of individuals who happen only by Catholic publications but by dividuals. Suppose we look at a few to hold views on foreign policy or spokesmen of virtually every re­ of the better-known cases. other issues which McCarthy finds ligious denomination, McCarthy objectionable. habitually denies the charge with a The Marshall Case The Michigan Catholic, official statement like: On June 14, 1951, speaking to an publication of the archdiocese of "AU right, what innocent person all but empty Senate chamber, Mc­ Detroit, skillfully caught this char­ have I injured? I've asked that ques­ Carthy delivered a 60,0(ï0*word at­ acteristic of McCarthyism in an edi­ tion lote of times—on forums and in tack on one of the most distinguished torial (Sept. 20, 1951) which conced­ speeches—and nobody ever tells me. of Americans, George C. Marshall, ed McCarthy's right to fight his foes I've nev&t yet had anyone give me former Secretary of Defense, former on foreign policies, and then went the name of a single innocent per­ Secretary of State, former Chief of on: son who. has been hurt by my Staff, a five-star general, arid sub-

April, 1954 51 tory, McCarthy professes to see in Marshall's activities "a pattern which finds his decision maintained with great stubbornness and skill, always MeCarthy Charges Marshall and invariably serving the world policy of the Kremlin." And Mc­ Carthy added: with Aiding Russian Cause "Even as we were spending vast BY WILLARD EDWARDS ern plains of Europe ahead of the amounts of flesh and blood and [Chica:» Tribune Press Service] Russians. Washington, June 14—Sen. Mc­ " It was Marshall, who at Teh­ steel to win the war there was still Carthy, [R., Wis.] told the senate ran, made common cause with being conducted what appeared to today that Defense Secretary Mar­ Stalin on the strategy of the war be a planned loss of peace. . ." shall consistently has advanced in Europe and marched side by In his June 14 Senate speech Mc­ the designs of soviet Russia since side with him thereafter. Carthy, after describing "a conspir­ 1942. Opened Secrets to Beds acy so immense and an infamy so , " It >vas Marshall wlio enjoined McCarthy spoke before packed his chief of military mission' Mos­ black as to dwarf any previous ven­ galleries, attracted by advance no­ cow under no circumstances to ture in the history of man," went on tice that he would outline " tlie ' irritate ' the Russians by asking to say that the object of this "con­ blackest conspiracy in history." them questions about their forces, spiracy was to diminish the United States in world affairs, to weaken us militarily ... to the end that we shall . . . finally fall victim to Soviet Some notion of how the pro-McCarthy press played McCarthy's intrigue from within and Russian bitter blast at Gen. George C. Marshall can be gained from the military might from without." above headline in the Chicago Tribune. And yet McCarthy continues to insist that "no innocent person has been hurt by my methods." If Marshall has not been hurt by Mc­ sequently (1953) winner of the "Gen. Marshall is at the head of Carthy's smear attack, the only rea­ Nobel Prize for Peace. our Armed Services. Quite apart from son can be that Marshall is too great Although McCarthy has since of­ the destructive nature of his public a figure and too patriotic an Amer­ fered a variety of interpretations of acts since the beginnings of World ican to be affected by McCarthy's cal­ what he recalled saying on that oc­ War II, I ask in all gravity whether culated attempt at character assassina­ casion, the record is clear that he ac­ a man so steeped in falsehood who tion. On Aug. 22, 1952, Dwight D. cused Gen. Marshall of treasonable has recourse to the lie whenever it Eisenhower said: conduct. One of the most pro-Mc­ suits his convenience is fit to hold so "Gen Marshall is one of the pa­ Carthy of the nation's newspapers, exalted a place where he must be a triots of this country. If he was not the Chicago Tribune, reported Mc­ model to the officers and men of our a perfect example of patriotism and Carthy's speech this way: Armed Services." a loyal servant of the United States, "Sen, McCarthy told the Senate Congressional Record, I never saw one. I have no patience today that Defense Secretary Mar­ June 14, 1951. p. 6752 with anyone who can find in his shall consistently had advanced the record of service for this country designs of Soviet Russia since 1942 In his book-length attack on Mar­ anything to criticize." shall, America's Retreat From Vic- . . . From largely friendly sources, The conservative Washington Star McCarthy compiled a review of characterized McCarthy's tirade Marshall's important acts which led against Marshall as "an adaptation him to the conclusion that Marshall of Hitler's big-lie technique." had always supported Soviet inter­ In 1953 when Gen. Marshall was ests and opposed anti-Communist awarded the Nobel Prize for peace, proposals, McCarthy was asked if he had any­ " 'How can we account for our thing to say on the award in view present situation unless we believe of his bitter attack on Marshall's that men high in this government loyalty, "No comment," was all he are concerting to deliver us to dis­ would say, aster?' McCarthy asked. 'This must be the product of a great conspiracy Dwight D. Eisenhower on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the McCarthy broadened his 60,000- history of man.' " word smear attack on Marshall to Chicago Tribune, include others whom he sought to June 15. 1951 associate in this "black" and "in­ famous" conspiracy. Among them In his bitter outcry against was Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Marshall, McCarthy went on to say: Gen. George C. Marshall General of the Army and Command-

52 The PROGRESSIVE er-in-Chief of American forces in then head of the Federal Govern­ "In making a political career of Europe, who was described by Mc­ ment's Loyalty Review Board, wrote mud-slinging and Red-baiting, Sen. Carthy as a partner in the Marshall Sen. John Sparkman of Alabama in McCarthy has launched irrespon­ "conspiracy" against America. response tb a query: sible, unprovable, and ridiculous The incident was recalled recent­ "My dear Senator: With further charges against so many respected ly by the Associated Press in a dis­ reference to your letter of Sept 24 re­ citizens that his attacks have become patch from Washington: questing information as to the status, almost an accolade. ? "In a blistering, two hour and 45 of Philip C. Jessup, a panel of thé "Sheer disgust and weariness of minute speech the Wisconsin Sen­ Loyalty Review Board has now put his demagogic tactics impel fair- ator wove the name of Dwight D. ite seal of approval on the action of. minded men to rise to the defense Eisenhower into what he described the Loyalty Board of the State De­ of his victims . . . as 'a conspiracy so immense and an partment in finding there is no "In the case of Dr. Philip C. Jes­ infamy so black as to dwarf any reasonable doubt of his loyalty." sup, this newspaper has sharply dis­ previous such venture in the history (Italics ours) agreed on occasion with his views of man.' Hearings, Nomination of Philip C, Jessup, and his attitudes on matters of pub­ "McCarthy charged, among other Subcommittee o[ Committee on For" lic policy. He is a liberal whose good things, that Gen. George C. Mar­ eign Relations, US. Senate, p, 146 impulses have sometimes confused shall, as World War II Chief of and misled him. But we have never Staff, played Joseph Stalin's game- Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Presi­ had the slightest doubt of his loyal­ wage the Campaign against Ger­ dent of Columbia University, wrote ty or his patriotism." an unsolicited letter to Jessup Mar. many in à manner 'so bad for the free It is true that Dr. Jessup's views world and so good for international 18, 1950, in which he said: on foreign policy were bitterly de­ Communism.' "I am writing to tell you how nounced by critics other than Mc­ "And 'in all these attitudes,' de­ much your university deplores the Carthy. For instance, Soviet State clared McCarthy, Marshall's 'firm association of your name with the and Law, an official Moscow publi­ supporter' was his fast-rising protege current loyalty investigatiori. in the cation, said this about Jessup: 'Ike' Eisenhower." United States Senate. "Your long and distinguished rec­ ". . . for many years Jessup has Associated Press Report, ord as a scholar and a public servant been a faithful servant of American - Wisconsin State Journal, imperialism and is one of the most Nov, 29, 1953 has won for you the respect of your colleagues and of the American diligent apologiste of ite foreign McCarthy's exact words, as they people as well. No one who has policy." appeared in his book, were these: known you can for a moment ques­ Also, Tass, the official Soviet news "In all these attitudes Eisenhower, tion the depth or sincerity of your agency, said this about Jessup on who had been Commander-in-Chief devotion to the principles of Ameri­ May 26, 1951: in North Africa, was Marshall's firm canism. Your university associates "The representative of the United supporter." and I are confident that any impres­ States, Dr. Philip Jessup, spoke on sion to the contrary will be quickly America's Retreat from Victory^ by the same lines as Mr. Davies. By Sen. Joseph R, McCarthy, p, 28 dispelled as the facts become known." slander against the peace-loving poli­ Said the New York Times cy of the Soviet Union borrowed Philip C. Jessup editorially: from the filthy sources of anti-Soviet Another prominent American smeared by McCarthy—and vindicat­ ed by the evidence—was Dr. Philip C. Jessup, professor of international Arthur Eisenhower Compares McCarthy to Hitler law at Columbia University. Dr. Jessup has held a number of govern­ Arthur Eisenhower, brother of the President and vice-president of the ment posts during the past 25 years, Commerce Trust Company, in Kansas City, was quoted by the Associated starting in the Justice Department Press in a dispatch from Las Vegas, Nev., July 24, 1953, as saying: "It Is during the Coolidge Administration. a horraïle shame ths^'t McCarthy is a Republican for he has done .the peurty no credit. He is'the most dangerous menace to America. In 1950 McCarthy charged that "Wlien I think of McCarthy, I automatically think of Hitler. I would Jessup "has an unusual affinity for believe anything about him." Communist causes." (Congressional Asked if he thought the Wisconsin Senator had an ultimate objective, Record, Mar. 30,1950, p. 4464.) On Eisenhower was quoted as saying: another occasiori McCarthy said, "Of course he has. He Wants to keep his nsune in the papers at all costs. "For some reason or other, you find He follows the old political game which is 'whose name is mentioned the most Jessup always is following the Com­ in politics is often selected for the highest office.' munist Party line." ^ "McCarthy is a throwback to the Spanish inquisiticm. He calls in people McCarthy persisted in his smear and proceeds to make fools of tiiem by twisting their answers. What chance of Jessup despite clear-cut evidence do they have? They have no rebuttal because they have no recourse to the to refute his charges. press, radio, and magazines. It is Nazi-like and what makes it all so much more Hiram Bingham, former Repub­ of a fisisco is that he has never been responsible for the conviction of one— lican Senator fr^m Connecticut, of one. mind you—Communist"

Apc-il, 1954 53 propaganda, he attempted to justify and loyalty of Americans of unas­ pared to the undercover Communist the aggressive policy of the Western sailable character and patriotism. who slaps at the Communist Party Powers . . ." One of the shabbiest examples of in general terms, cusses out the thor­ Testimony at Hearings, Nomination this McCarthy treatment involved oughly well-known Communist, and of Philip C, Jessup, Subcommittee Nathan Pusey, the new president of then directs his energy toward at­ of Committee on Foreign Re­ Harvard University. tempting to destroy those who are lations, U.S. Senate, p. 502 In the summer of 1952, Dr. Pusey really hurting the Communist Party by digging out the dangerous under­ 'Shoot First, Ask Later' was president of Lawrence College, located in Appleton, Wis., McCar­ cover members of the party, who Another ingredient of McCarthy­ thy's home town. Dr. Pusey joined parade as loyal to the country which ism is the practice of shooting first with a group of distinguished citizens, their conspiracy is attempting to and asking questions later, of rushing among them bankers, industrialists, destroy. into print with sensational charges clergymen, educators, doctors, and "What motivates Pusey, I have no and then, after a while, looking a- lawyers in sponsoring The McCarthy way of knowing. He is what could round for some evidence that might Record. Throughout the campaign best be described as a rabid anti, support those charges. of 1952, when he was seeking re­ anti-Communist." A notable case involved McCarthy's election to the Senate, McCarthy McCarthy's attempt to smear Dr. shameless attempt to imply that refrained from attacking The McCar­ Pusey infuriated some of the Sen­ former President Harry Truman had thy Record or its sponsors, and re­ ator's best friends in his home town— deliberately concealed from the FBI fused to challenge in any way that people who knew Dr. Pusey well and a list of some 150 Soviet spy suspects documented analysis of his record. who were thus exposed first-hand for received from Canadian authorities. In the summer of 1953, when Pusey the first time to McCarthyism in was appointed to the presidency of McCarthy's statement hit the front action. Harvard, Neal O'Hara, columnist for pages with big, black headlines, as The most outraged response came the Boston Traveler, asked McCarthy he knew it would. Then, according from the Appleton Post-Crescent for an estimate of his fellow-towns­ to the Associated Press, "McCarthy quoted above, whose managing edi­ man. In his reply, McCarthy said: fired off a letter to Atty. Gen. Her­ tor, John Reidl, was listed number bert Brownell asking if the Justice "I do not think Dr. Pusey is or has one among "McCarthy's Wisconsin Department ever got such a list from been a member of the Communist newspaper backers" by Richard Wil­ Truman. He called this a first step Party." The use of this language to son, chief of the Cowles correspond­ toward deciding whether to ask the create a doubt where none was justi­ ents in Washington (Look, Dec. 1, investigation's subcommittee to call fied was bitterly denounced by the 1953). Truman as a witness." paper which is closest to and most After noting that McCarthy had enthusiastic about McCarthy's opera­ Two weeks later, McCarthy re­ been fighting "a two-front battle tions, his home town Appleton Post- against the machinations of the ene­ luctantly revealed that the FBI had Crescent, as a "gutter-type approach." assured him Mr. Truman had not my, and against the doubts of his fel­ withheld any information he had In his statement to the Boston low Americans as to the fairness of received from Canada—a fact which Traveler, McCarthy went on to say of his methods," the Post-Crescent went inevitably received far less promi­ Dr. Pusey: on to say: nence in the press. McCarthy, of "His activities could well be com- "These doubts have not been con­ course, could have acquired the nec­ fined to the political opposition. The essary information by picking up a Senator's supporters in Wisconsin telephone or writing his letter to have had to defend him again and the Department of Justice before he again from the charge that he has rushed into print with his original besmirched reputations in order to statement. advance his own career. "The Senator has multiplied those McCarthy was asked why he did doubts by his gratuitous and com­ what he did the way he did it, in a pletely uncalled-for attack on Dr. "Meet the Press" program shortly af­ Nathan Pusey. Dr. Pusey is known terward. William S. White, Wash­ to us all here in Appleton for his ington correspondent for the New integrity, his devotion to American York Times, put the question to Mc­ ideals, his exemplary personal life, Carthy this way: and his leadership in the liberal arts "Would it perhaps have been bet­ movement that is just as important ter to check first with the FBI before in fighting Communism as McCar­ suggesting that you could call the thy's exposures. former President?" "The Senator's act has caused "You might do it one way, Mr. dismay among Dr, Pusey's friends White, I might do it the other." and associates, many of whom have Still another ingredient of Mc­ been strong supporters of McCarthy, Carthyism is the sly use of innuendo and are known to have contributed to plant doubts about the integrity Nathan Pusey to his campaign funds.

54 The PROGRESSIVE "In stating that 'I do not think •Help! I'm Being Followed' tion as a Catholic magazine, as far as Dr, Pusey is or has been a member I know, you have no right to use that of the Communist Party' McCarthy title unless the fact that apparently has used a gutter-type approach. He your editors feel that because some could have referred as correctly to of them attend the Catholic church Pope or President. It is an insult they are entitled to call The Com­ not only to Dr. Pusey, but to all who monweal a Catholic magazine. So know him and are proud to call him that there will be no doubt in your friend. mind as to how I feel about your "The only motive for the Sen­ magazine, I feel that you have done ator's statement appears to be Dr. and are doing a tremendous disservice Pusey's opposition to him in last to the Catholic church and a great fall's election. If this is the case, service to the Communist Party , . . " McCarthy is running way out of In the face of the big distortion bounds. Dr. Pusey, like any other heaped by McCarthy on his original loyal citizen, has a perfect right to innuendo, the editors of The Com­ take whatever stand he pleases in a monweal decided against engaging political campaign, and should not in a name-calling contest with Mc­ be subjected to personal slaps for so Carthy. Said the editors of The doing." Commonweal: McCarthy's hunger for revenge "No extended comment on this let­ Herblock in The Washington Post against Pusey went on a long time. ter seems necessary. It is sufficient to In a New York inquiry, which had note that Sen. McCarthy ignores the nothing to do with Harvard, Pusey, The editors of The Commonweal point in question (the fact that no or education, McCarthy repeatedly asked McCarthy to identify the writer Commonweal writer has ever ap­ threw poisonous barbs at Harva,rd to whom he had referred. Five peared before the Jenner Committee) and Pusey and referred to Harvard as weeks later McCarthy "replied" by and apparently refuses to correct the "a sanctuary for Communists." (Unit­ asking the editors "what connection false implications of his widely publi­ ed Press report quoted in Wis­ Thomas Davin has with The Com­ cized comments on The Common­ consin State Journal.) monweal—whether he writes for it, weal, resorting instead to his familiar whether he has any voice in de­ method of personal attack. The Commonweal Case termination of policy, etc," "Discussion on this level is, of McCarthy's use of innuendo in the The Commonweal reported in its course, impossible and The Common­ case of Dr. Pusey is paralleled by a issue of Nov, 27, 1953: weal will certainly not stoop to at­ similar device he used in attempting "We . . . assured Sen. McCarthy tempt it. But we are indebted to to smear The Commonweal, the dis­ that Mr. Davin had never at any Sen. McCarthy for one thing: he has tinguished Catholic magazine which time written a single line for The again demonstrated, more effectively has been critical of many of Mc­ Commonweal, that he has never had than we could ever hope to do, the Carthy's methods. In the Pusey case the slightest voice in determining level of his 'crusade.' " he said, "I do not think Dr. Pusey is the magazine's policy, and that, pre­ A final word on The Common­ or has been a member of the Com­ vious to the present incident, four of weal's controversy with McCarthy munist Party"; in the case of The the present five editors had never came from another Catholic publica­ Commonweal he sought to achieve heard of him. We therefore ask the tion, The Wage Earner, published in the same result by inviting the public Senator to make a public correction to "draw your own conclusions," of his own statement (with its dark Here is what happened: innuendo: 'from that you can draw In August 1953 the North Ameri­ your own conclusions') and to bring Hitler Parallels can Newspaper Alliance, a national this correction to the attention of press syndicate, released to its member the North American Newspaper Returning from a trip to Europe, papers a four-part interview with Mc­ Alliance." Bishop G. Bromley Oxnam, of the Carthy. In it the Senator was asked Methodist Church, told reporters to comment on his habit of labelling In a letter dated Nov. 12, 1953, that religious leaders in Europe are McCarthy had failed completely to concerned about McCarthyism be­ critics as "Communists." cause "they see too many parallels to McCarthy replied, "I'd have to respond to the request of the editors the pre-Hitler days." Said the Bishop: know what critics you have in mind," of The Commonweal that he set the "Sen. McCarthy has done more to When The Commonweal was men­ record straight. Instead he renewed discredit the nation abroad than any tioned, McCarthy said, "I never said his attack on The Commonweal, other single factor. Europeans over­ The Commonweal was Communist. widely regarded as one of the most estimate the place and power of Mc­ effective of anti-Communist publi­ Carthy in this country. They seem I just said that, in front of the Jen­ to think he is dictating the policy of ner Committee, one of its writers re­ cations in the United States. In his this country." fused to say whether he is a Commu­ letter McCarthy said: The New York Post nist or not. From that you can draw "I may also have pointed out that Feb. 16, 1954 your own conclusions." while you referred to your publica­

April, 1954 55 Detroit by the Association of Catholic cut. Communist propaganda to 37 He is the helpless prisoner of a slave Trade Unionists. Writing in the of its commands last year." state . . , Such an existence would be January 1954 issue. Father Karl Hub­ "If you read this and believed it, intolerable to Americans. American ble, chaplain of the Detroit chapter, you would move to Russia," Mc­ (traditions and beliefs militate against after observing that,"one cannot go Carthy told reporters, pciinting to every facet of government activity in^ on indefinitely being silent about Joe photostatic copies of 70 pages of a the U.SiS.R. British and American McCarthy," struck back at McCarthy's docuinent he said was prepared for Communist sympathizers who visit claim that The Commonweal was an indoctrination course for intel­ the U.S.S.R. nearly always return in doing a "tremendous disservice to ligence officers and others. bitter disillusionment. 'There is no the Catholic church" and was "dis­ better antidote for radicalism." Reported by the honestly masquerading" as "a mouth­ Associated Press, McCarthy's failure to make this piece for the Catholic Church." Said Sept, 10, 1953 part of the repor^. available to thé:^ Father Hubble: "Having read The presis at the time he was denouncing Commonweal for most of the 29 years Army authorities were furious, not the report as Communist propaganda of its existence, we need look no far­ only because McCarthy had disclosed shows again how lazy he believes oth­ ther for a better example of the restricted security information in vio­ ers are. Perhaps he felt that Pent­ slanderous resulte of the terrifyingly lation of the espionage laws, but be­ agon officials would not care to fight simple McCarthy methods." cause he had clearly distorted the i"6al back, but it is difficult to under­ meaning of the Army's bulletin which stand why he would jiot know that Distorting the Truth was an intelligence study of the "psy­ newsmen would not be content to accept his handout, but rather would A recurring McCarthy device is to chological and cultural traits of So­ viet Siberia," made in January, 1952,, ask for permission to examine the play fast and loose with the record, entire report. even in cases where the record can by the Far East Command. be easily checked. An example of By selecting certain passages from Another example and one which is McCarthy's loose use of the truth the report, McCarthy sought to back a revealing study of McCarthyism in could be found in McCarthy's No­ up his claim that the document was action came in a speech McCarthy vember 1953 radio and television at­ "95 per cent Communist propagan­ gave in Milwaukee, Sept. â, 1952, tack on former President Truman. da." But in his release McCarthy during his primary campaign for re­ In denouncing the former President, significantly omitted precisely those election, McCarthy said in the McCarthy said that Truman's defini­ portions of the report which clearly course of his address: tion of McCarthyism was exactly the showed the intent to be the exposure "There are those who say, 'But same as that of the Communist Daily of Cormnunism as a way of life. For there' are no longer Communists in Worker. The definition, he said, instance, McCarthy conveniently government,' I am not going to ask was "identical, word for word, com­ failed to make available to the press you to take my word for that. I have ma for comma." the conclusion of this Army survey in my hand the brief prepared by After the broadcast, however, when which read as follows: seven lawyers of the Justice Depart­ asked what issue of the Daily Worker - "The Soviet citizen enjoys neither ment dated July 28, 1952. Let me contained the Truman-employed defi­ the liberty nor the civil rights which read to you from it: nition, "an official source of the we insist upon as a-natural endow­ "'Illegal passports have been used committee of Senator McCarthy," ac­ ment of all men. The 'free worker* to expedite travel in foreign countries cording to the United Press, ciualified in the Soviet Union is as much by'members of the Communist Party. the McCarthy statement. It had not chained to his job and local area Plans have been discussed by leading appeared in any single issue, this as is the convict ... members of the party and agents of source said, but in selected phrases the Soviet secret police to obtain "He has no redress against TI harsh put together by McCarthy. blank American passporte from the authoritarian government . . . His Thus, the quotation was not, as [State] Department from Commu­ voting righte are a travesty on i the McCarthy had pretended, "word for nists employed in the State Depart­ ideals and purposes of democracy • . . word, comma for comma." Quite the ment.' contrary, it was a series of isolated "For the benefit of the press, that's phrases stretching over many issues on page 91 of their very excellent which were assembled by McCarthy 'Greatest Menace' and lengthy brief." in order to present the wholly false Two days later, on Sept. 5, the As­ impression that Truman had lifted "The greatest menace to liberty sociated Press reported from Wash­ the Daily Worker's precise language we have had in a long time is Mc­ ington that Atty. Gen. James P. Mc- Carthyism ... McCarthy will be in describing McCarthyism. blown sky high when people wake Granery had exposed the distortion up to what he has done." McCardiy had made of the Depart­ Another significant example of DR. JOHN LAPP ment report. McGranery said that this characteristic of McCarthyism— Former Director of the Paul Crouch, an acknowledged form­ distortion by tampering with the Scxrial Science Department er Communist, had testified that in at Marquette University, 1928 he had met a man identified as truth—^was on display in the fall of The Jesuit College attended 1953 when McCarthy suddenly open­ by M<£Carthy the head of the Russian secret police ed a new attack on the Pentagon, Mardi 2, 1951 in the United States and learned from charging that it had sent out "clear- him that a plan was afoot to obtain

56 Th€Í PROGRESSIVE blank passports from Communiste The Great Flop Floberg who had approved the award employed in the State Department. of medals to McCarthy (See Pages "His [McCarthy's] reference to 9-11), but apparently McCarthy was 'plans' discussed to obtain blank concerned that Floberg, in discussing American passports from Communists, his approval of medals for McCarthy, employed in the State Department. might delve into portions of Mc­ does not mean that there were Com­ Carthy's service record which he pre­ munists employed in the State De­ ferred to leave undisturbed. As a re­ partment," McGranery said. sult, on Jan. 2, 1953, McCarthy wrote In other words McCarthy used a Floberg saying that he had heard quotation from the Department's re­ Floberg was "displaying classified ma­ port which referred to a condition terial to unauthorized personnel." that was alleged to exist 24 years Further, said McCarthy, "this is to earlier under the Administration of inform you that I am aware of this Calvin Coolidge, to support his situation and you will be held fully charge that there were Communists accountable. Will you please pre* in government in 1952! pare a report to me on such activities on your part, and have it avail­ Another ingredient of McCarthy­ able for presentation to me as ism is the reckless use of exaggeration chairman of the Senate Investigating to bolster a weak case or to create Committee?" headlines for personal and political aggrandizement. An interesting ex­ Fitzpatrick in The St. Louis Post-Oispatch Note how McCarthy used the pow­ ample of this characteristic of Mc­ er of his position as chairman of the Carthyism was exhibited iti the sum­ Senate Investigating Committee to typical Communist Party line smear mer of 1953 when McCarthy returned crack down on Floberg. Floberg upon Senator McCarthy." Convinced to his home state to address the Re­ wrote McCarthy Jan. 5, 1953, "you of the accuracy of his findings. Hart publican Convention of Wisconsin are hereby advised that I have not decided to go ahead with publication. in Madison, June 13, 1953. at any time disclosed any classified McCarthy then wrote the president material to any unauthorized person In that speech McCarthy demanded of Duke: that the Justice Department bring or persons; any reports which you the "traitors" responsible for the "The purpose of this letter is to have received of any such conduct ammunition shortage in Korea be­ call your attention to the fact that on my part are false." fore a grand jury and - make them this preliminary draft of the Hart answer for their crimes. McCarthy report contains a vast amount of the 'The Ruthless Effort to vicious, false, and libelous attacks seemed to be basing his charge and Make Himself Feared* demand ori the investigation of the which have been leveled at me by Senate Armed Services Committee. the Daily Worker and some of the The recent uproar generated by Communist camp-following elements But Sen. Leverett Sal tonstall, Massa- McCarthy's violent clash with the of the press and radio. This is to no­ chusette Republican and chairmari of U.S. Army—a case in which he ac­ tify you personally of Mr. Hart's the committee, promptly asserted that cused high Army ojfficials of "cod­ project, in case you are not aware there was nothing whatever in the dling Communists"—is j^rhaps the disclosures before the Committee to of it at this time, and that I shall hold the University legally account­ best recent example of McCarthyism indicate a "general picture of treas­ in action. The background: on." The "only thing charged" by able for the publication of this document." Dr. Irving Peress, a New York the investigators, Saltonstall told re­ dentist, was called to duty as a cap porters, on June 15, 1953, was "in­ On Oct. 31, 1951, McCarthy wrote tain Jan. 3, 1953. In the routine efficiency and bad manners"—cer­ a second letter which contained the loyalty inquiry that followed, he in­ tainly a far cry from treason. following: voked the Fifth Amendment in re­ McCarthy frequently attempts to "Unless I hear from you on or fusing to answer questions. In June, prevent the publication of unfavor­ before Nov. 10 that you are taking 1953, the commandant at Camp Kil­ able material. A notable example steps to have retracted the false and mer, N. J., where Peress was sta­ occurred in läte 1951 when Prof. defamatory statements made, I shall tioned, recommended that the dentist Hornell Hart, professor of sociology assume that the material in the publi­ be dismissed. This was more than and anthropology at Duke Universi­ cation meets with your aproval." six months before McCarthy took a ty, was preparing to publish his sur­ Despite these threats of libel ac­ hand. vey entitled, McCarthy Versus the tion. Hart and Duke University went But as a result of the Army's "hur­ State Department. Hart, more con­ ahead with publication. When the ry up and wait" delays known to siderate than many authors, sent a Hart study appeared, McCarthy took every GI, Peress was not dismissed preliminary draft of his study to Mc­ refuge in silence. then. In a completely separate ac­ Carthy, tie requested a factual tion Peress received an automatic pro­ criticism. Instead, he received from Still another example involves the motion to major in October under Jean Kerr, then McCarthy's secre­ then Assistant Secretary of the Navy the law requiring advancement of tary, a letter calling the survey "a for Air, John F. Floberg. It was medical men according to age and

April, 1954 57 professiorial experience. On Feb. 2, which said: "I did not at that meet­ Joe owes the Army an apology but I 1954,^ he was given his honorable ing [recede] , . . from any of the doubt if our soldiers will get it; the discharge. v. principles on which I stand, , , ,T Senator has sure lost his touch since Army officials, the New York Times shall never accede to [Army person­ he took up with those oil-rich, anti- reported Feb. 26, 1954, "admit cer­ nel] . . . being browbeaten or hu­ Catholic Texas millionaires, the very tain aspects of the case have been miliated. ... From assurances . . . same gang which threw the shiv at poorly handled. . ." But, the:y were received from the Committee, I am \A1 Smith back in 1928." quick to point out, they "had no confident they will not permit such Summarizing the whole case for feasible legal alternative but to conditions to develop in the future." the Republican New York Herald grant the dentist an honorable dis­ McCarthy struck back by accusing Tribune Feb. 27, Walter Lippmann charge under Defense Department Stevens of having made "a completely expressed the conclusion of countless directives. . ." false statement" about the assurances. middle-of-the-road newspapers and The case began to command front­ The violence of McCarthy's attack citizens when he said: page headlines when McCarthy sum­ on Army officials created a front-page moned Gen, Ralph W. Zwicker, sensation throughout the world and "Manifestly, McCarthy's purpose new commandant at Kilmer, to a se­ measurably lowered American stature . . . was to demonstrate his power to cret hearing. McCarthy's treatment of everywhere people could read. Even intimidate the Army, to show that he Zwicker angered Army officials. The papers usually friendly to McCarthy was so powerful that he could reach official transcript shows that Zwicker, were critical of his behavior. Thus, over the head of the Commander- a combat veteran much decorated for the Chicago Tribune coriimented: in-Chief and terrorize individual heroism, had declined to anstver some "McCarthy will better serve his cause officers. ... questions because a Presidential or­ if he learns to distinguish the role of "This is the totalitarianism of the der forbade Army officials from investigator from the role of aveng­ man: his cold, calculated, sustained, revealing details of loyalty investiga­ ing angel." H. V. Kaltenborn, vet­ and ruthless effort to make himself tions. Zwicker's steadfast insistence eran newscaster who said that up to feared. That is why he has been stag­ on following Presidential orders en­ then he had "enjoyed defending Mc­ ing , . , demonstrations, each designed raged McCarthy into using language Carthy," found it impossible to to show that he respects nobody , , , of this kind: _ swallow McCarthy's conciuct in this and no institution in the land, and "General, let's try and be truth­ case. "McCarthy uses the same bludg­ that everyone at whom he growls will ful," , , . "I cannot help but question eon to hit an honorable Army Gen­ run away." either your honesty or your intelli­ eral that he swings at a treacherous Communis. He has become so vin­ The shocked outcry of press and gence." . . . "Don't give me any of public led Leonard W. Hall> chair­ that double-talk." . , , "Anyone with dictive . . . that he treats as an open enemy anyone who is not on his man of the Republican National the brains of a five-year-old child can Committee, who had previously understand that question." . . . "Any side. ... He has become completely egotistical, arrogant, arbitrary^ nar­ called McCarthy an asset to the GOP, [General] who says, 'I will protect to say Mar. 2: "When he begins to another General who protected Com­ row-minded, reckless, and irresponsi­ ble. Power has corrupted him." attack persons who are fighting Com­ munists' is not fit to wear that munism just as conscientiously as he uniform." Frank Conniff, writing in the us­ is, I can't go along with him." Afterward, McCarthy said, "I was ually pro-McCarthy New York Journ­ On Mar. 3, the President de­ too temperate." al-American (Hearst) said: "I think Secretary of the Army Robert T. nounced the "disregard of the stand­ Stevens, expressing resentment at the ards of fair play" in Congressional "unwarranted abuse of our loyal of­ investigations, and warned the nation ficers," ordered Zwicker and other that "in opposing Communism, we Army officials not to appear before are defeating ourselves if either by McCarthy and announced he would design or carelessness we use methods go himself. that do not conform to the American But the showdown did not come sense of justice and fair play." off as scheduled. Stevens met, in­ McCarthy sought, as always, to re­ stead, with McCarthy and the other serve the last word for himself. He Committee Republicans. The out­ issued a statement sneering at the come of the conference was universal­ "silly tempest in a teapot" and char­ ly interpreted as complete surrender acterized the criticism as "unprec­ by Stevens, for he agreed to give the edented mud-slinging , , , by the McCarthy Committee the names of extreme left-wing elements of the everyone involved in the Peress case, and consented to their appearance press and radio, , ," McCarthy did before the Committee. not make it clear whether this desig­ Greatly troubled by the adverse nation was meant to include the Chi­ public reaction to Stevens' capitula­ W^i^^'^<. cago Tribune, the Hearst press, and tion to McCarthy, the Eisenhower the scores of ultra-conservative dailies Administration gave 100 per cent ap­ 'O.K., Bud, When I Want You and radio commentators that had proval to a statement by Stevens Again, I'll Send for You" condemned his conduct.

58 The PROGRESSIVE ^Striking at the Freedom "The Whole Thing Reeks With of the Press' Totalitarianism," Said the Voice Of the U. S. Newspaper Profession

NE OF the most frequently re­ written several columns exposing Communism is long, clear, and con­ O curring characteristics of Mc­ some of McCarthy's operations in the sistent. It cannot be twisted around Carthyism is his attempt to pin the Senate, McCarthy picked a fist fight to make it appear that Time is ob­ Red label on those who criticize his with Pearson at a Washington club; structing that fight." Henry R. Luce, methods and morals. This tendency on the wave of the publicity that editor-in-chief of Time, in a letter to has been especially marked in Mc­ followed, he made a two-hour Senate McCarthy Nov. 5, 1951, asserted that Carthy's dealings with the nation's speech demanding that all his friends "Time feels you haven't lived up to press. boycott Pearsoh's radio sponsor, the those principles [of fairness] in your At one time or another McCarthy Adam Hat Company. Shortly after­ campaign against Communism." has denounced as being practically ward, the Adam Hat Company with­ indistinguishable from the Commu-- drew its sponsorship of Pearson's ra­ 'Betraying Principles of Decency' nist Daily Worker such leading dio program, although officials of the company denied that they had Commenting on McCarthy's at­ American-publications as thé St. tempt to launch a boycott by Time Louis Post-Dispatch, the Washington acted in response to McCarthy's intimidation. advertisers—an effort which pro­ Post, the Milwaukee Journal, the duced no noticeable results—the ul­ New York Post, the Christian Science Late in 1951, McCarthy tangled tra-conservative Boston Herald said Monitor, the Saturday Evening Post, with Time magazine. On Oct. 22, editorially Feb. 14, 1952: Time, the Madison (Wis.) Capital 1951, Time had carried à document­ Times, the Portland Oregonian, the ed story showing that "after nearly "Sen. McCarthy is a good man Louisville Courier-Journal, and the two years of tramping the nation, with a smear, but he can't take it Denver Post. In addition, McCar­ shouting that he was rooting out the when he is on the receiving end of thy has accused the re-write desks of skunks" (Communists in government) the tar brush. . . . This new tech­ the three great news-gathering agen­ McCarthy had failed to root out a nique of sandbagging newspaper and cies^ the Associated Press, the United single Communist. McCarthy struck magazine critics through their adver­ Press, and the International News back with an appeal to the mag­ tisers is dangerous and should be Service, of doctoring., and distorting azine's advertisers to withdraw their stepped on promptly. It strikes at stories dealing with his operations patronage, with the familiar charge the very basis of an independent in Washington. (McCarthyism: The that the purpose of Time's story press and is as un-American in its Fight for America, by Joseph R. Mc­ was to "obstruct the fight against essence as anything the Senator has Carthy, p. 3.) Communists." criticized in others." The principal characteristic of Mc­ Time, however, refused to be The Chattanooga Times observed Carthy's treatment of critical publi­ intimidated. James A. Linen, pub­ Jan, 30, 1952, that McCarthy's boy­ cations has been an attempt to lisher of the magazine, issued a cott threat against Time involved intimidate them by smearing them statement on Nov. 9, 1951, saying, "actions and attitudes that betray as "Daily Workers," threatening "We believe our interpretation and every principle of decency. . . . We them with libel actions, and seeking analysis of Sen. McCarthy's political have never witnessed a more dis­ to launch advertising boycotts against activities is an honest and factual reputable act on the part of one who them. one drawn from months of inter­ holds but does not honor, the posi­ Perhaps the best known case in­ views, research, checking, and cross- tion of United States Senator. . . , volves the Washington columnist. reference." Moreover, said Linen, McCarthy does not deserve to sit in Drew Pearson. After Pearson had "Time's record in the fight against a body which represents the entire

April, 1954 59 nation and any investigation worthy can have a bright iuture in the U. S. the official instructions issued Com­ of the name would confirm this Senate." munists and fellow-traveling mem­ fact." But the Journal sc)on found Mc­ bers of the press and radio by Gus One of McCarthy's more success­ Carthy's activities in Washington Hall, national secretary of the Com­ ful efforts at intimidation concerns impossible to condone. It criticized munist Party." the Syracuse (N. Y.) Post-Standard, him editorially. McCarthy struck Hibbs, who knew the Alsops' rec­ which denounced the Senator in 1951 back. Although the /ourna/ is well- ord of combating Communism, re­ about the same time that Time did. known in Wisconsin for the militan­ plied to McCarthy: "The Alsops and McCarthy sued for $500,00t). The cy of its anti-Communism, McCarthy the Saturday Evening Post are Post-Standard's lawyers evidently de­ promptly pinned the label of "the against the employment of 'traitors cided that some of the paper's charg­ Milwaukee edition of the Daily and perverts' in government, just as es were not true, and that a Worker" on the Journal. you are. But we are also against settlement was in order. The set­ On Aug. 6, 1950, speakirig at the wild, unsupported charges such as tlement included some cash and a you have been making. We feel retraction that was unique. The re­ convention of the Wisconsin Retail Grocers Association, McCarthy urged very strongly that the tactics you traction took back, not only the have employed succeed only in mud­ the retailers to withdraw their ad­ statements which the Post-Standard dying the waters and playing into vertising. "Keep in mind when you could not prove, but statements for the hands of the enemy." which official support existed. send your checks over to the Journal or pay a nickel apiece, you are con­ McCarthy's harassment of the For example, the Post-Standard re­ tributing to bringing thé Communist press takes. many forms. Thus, for tracted its criticism of Mctlarthy's Party line into the homes of instance, on Aug. 22, 1953, McCar­ $10,000 Lustron housing pamphlet Wisconsin." thy, according to a United Press dis­ fee, by remarking that this deal was patch, announced that he had asked made "after the Republican Party Muddying the Waters the Post Office Department to supply had been defeated in the 1950 elec­ him with estimate on the cost of tions and had lost control of Con­ McCarthy taxed the credulity of "subsidizing distribution" of the gress and Sen. McCarthy was very even his warmest admirers when he Washington Post, the Wall Street unpopular with the Truman Ad­ sug^sted that the conservative Sai- Journal, and the New York Commu­ ministration. It is not possible, urday Evening Post had fallen for the nist Daily Worker. therefore, that Sen. McCarthy Communist line. In the July 9, could have been useful to the In a letter to Postmaster General 1950, issue of that magazine, Joseph Arthur E. Summerfield, McCarthy Lustron Company with the Truman and Stewart Alsop reported their Administration." . said that "they are typical examples critical impressions of McCarthy's of papers that overburdened taxpay­ The fact, as related officially in the activities in charging Communism in ers should not be called upon to Hennings Subcommittee Report on government. McCarthy angrily wrote subsidize." MtCarthy in December 1952 /5^« Ben Hibbs, editor of the Saturday Evening Post, on Aug. 15, 1950: "It On May 7, 1953, according to the Pages 12-21), was that McCarthy's Washington Post oi that date, Mc­ Lustron deal was initiated not after is disturbing to find that this article is almost 100 per cent in line with Carthy directed Öarvey Matusow, a the 1950 elections, but before the one-time Communist, to supply the 1948 elections—in other words, while McCarthy Committee with a list Of he was still vice chairman of a joint "all the names of Communists who committee on housing which proved Planning Tomorrov/'s Menu have infiltrated the news media. . . . quite useful to Lustron by preparing I italize that this will be a monu­ legislation for RFC loans to pre­ mental task," McCarthy told Matu­ fabricated housing companies. Mc­ sow, "so I will not set any date by Carthy must be one of the few libel which you are to complete it." Ma­ suit winners who has compelled the tusow is the man who told a Montana defendant not only to issue a retrac­ audience during the 1952 campaign tion, but to rewrite history in his that there were 126 "dues-paying behalf. Communists" on the staff of the Sun­ Another revealing example of Mc­ day New York Times. A check Carthy's tactics was on display in his showed that the entire staff of the treatment of the Milwaukee Journal, Sunday Times totaled only 93. largest daily in Wisconsin, After McCarthy's election to the Senate in Wechsler Fights Back 1946 the Journal hopefully editorial­ ized: "We think that Joseph McCar­ Perhaps the most notorious case thy has it in him to be a good Sen­ involving attempted intimidation of ator and a good representative of his the press—a case in which McCar­ state. ... If Joe McCarthy will use thy took on a considerable segment his talents and his experience in be­ of the American press—^was the dis­ half of the people of Wisconsin and pute which arose from McCarthy's the people of the United States, he Fitzpatrick in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch questioning of James A, Wechsler,

60 The PROGRESSIVE editor of the New York Post. Wechs­ One of the most extracH'dinary ler, who had been a young Commu­ statemente frOm McCarthy came after nist in his teens, but had abandoned Wechsler had seemed to meet every Communism more than 15 years ago known test of anti-Communism. "I to become one of the nation's most am convinced," said McCarthy, "you effective editorial foes of the Soviet have done exactly what you would do line, had been high on McCarthy's if you were a member of the Com> list for a long time because Wechs­ munist Party, if you wanted to have ler had been equally effective in ex­ a phony break to the advantage of the posing the machinatioris of the junior Communist Party." (Hearings, Apr. Senator from Wisconsin. 21, p. 276.) On Apr. 23, 1953, Wechsler was Some indication of what McCarthy summoned (on 18 hours' notice) to was up to in his examination of , testify before McCarthy's Investigat­ Wechsler can be found in these ing Subcommittee. The Sul^commit- quotes from the official transcript of tee was ostensibly investigating the the hearing: State Department's overseas libraries "Do you have any other people and Wechsler was called to testify on who are or were members of the his views, his past, and his newspaper Young Communist League working opinions and personnel. James A. Wochsler for you on your newspaper? . . . The legal pretext was that Wechs­ Your record, as far as I can see it, ler had written books which appeared his paper, that in nailing down his has not been to fight Communism. on the shelves of U.S. overseas li­ antí-Communist credentials, he of­ You have fought every man who has braries. McCarthy, however, never fered as an exhibit a statement issued ever tried to fight Communism. was able to tell which of Wechsler's by the Central Committee of the Your paper, in my opinion, is next books had given offense. This, plus Communist Party in December 1952 to and almost paralleling the Daily the equally obvious fact, clear in the which said that the activities of Worker. . . Have you been making official transcript of testimony, that Wechsler, along with a group of anti- attacks on J. Edgar Hoover in the McCarthy was much more interested Communist labor leaders, were large­ editorial columns of your paper? ... in Wechsler's conduct of the Post ly responsible har wrecking the Com­ Have you ever, in your editorial than he was of the views expressed munist attempt to roll up a big vote columns, over the last two years, by Wechsler in his books, led to for the Prc^iessive Party in the 1952 praised the FBI? . . . Have you al­ widespread denunciation of McCar­ elections. v ways been very critical of the heads thy's tampering with the free press. of the Un-American Activities Ccmi­ Of his experience as a witness be­ The Communist pronouncement mittee? Do you think Jenner is fore McCarthy, Wechsler has written: had charged that "the Reuthers, Du- doing a good job? . . . Do you know "It is not quite possible to com­ binskys, Wechslers, ei aZ, paralyzed Bernard DeVoto? . . . No one who is municate the quiet horror of exam­ independent political action by pro­ an anti-Communist would put the ination by McCarthy. I have no tecting the myth that [Adlai] Steven­ New York Post on a shelf to fij^t wounds to exhibit; I write what I son was an obstacle to the advance of Communisbi any more than they please about McCarthy. I bear every reaction." would use the Daily Worker, . . If external resemblance to the person The exhibit seemed to Wechsler you or I were a member of the Com­ I was a moment before the telephone "devastatingly conclusive. I thought munist Party and we wanted to ad­ call from Washington [summoning it might even jar McCarthy. I un­ vance the Communist line, perhaps him to appear before the McCarthy derestimated the man. Suddenly the the most effective way of doing that Subcommittee]. But Í do not com­ faint, familiar smile Variished from would be to claim we deserted the mend the experience to anyone else. his face. party; and if we got in control of the ... No moment can be riauch more " 'Did you write that statement?' paper, use that paper to attack and hideous than that in which your McCarthy asked sullenly. smeajf anybody who actually wa^ fighting Communism. Now, without own estimate of yourself is alleged "At first I wondered whether I had saying whether you have done it, you to be a case of mistaken identity; heard him correctly. When he made would agree that would be a good when you are charged with harbor­ clear that I had, I asked whether the tactic, would you not? ... I feel ing the doctrine that you long ago question was facetious. He repeat­ that you have not broken with Com­ renounced; and worst of all when ed it, broadening it this time to aàk munist ideals. I feel that you are you know that the men who are mak­ whether I or one of my deputies had serving them very, very actively." ing the charge do not believe what inspired the Communist attack on they are saying. To be catapulted me. McCarthy's treatment of Wechsler into the realm of madness without ' "In what I will always recall as brought a wave of angry editorials losing one's own reason is a rough one of the most preposterous mom­ in many of the nation^s leading news­ journey." (The Age of Suspicion, ents of my life, I thereupon solemn­ papers. The, American Society of p. 323.) ly denied under oath that I was the Newspaper Editors appointed a com­ " Wechsler recalled, in his book and author of Communist statements de­ mittee to investigate. Thé commit­ in a series of articles he wrote for nouncing myself!" tee divided, seven to foiu*, on thé

April, 1954 61 specific issue of whether McCarthy cause because that editor's writings had violated the constitutional guar­ are not to his liking. Particularly is antee of a free press. this so when the chairman of the The majority of the committee Committee approaches such a hear­ confessed to some confusion. They ing with preconceived ideas and re­ could not make up their minds fuses to review every aspect of the whether McCarthy had intended to record objectively." punish or challenge Wechsler's opin­ The strongly pro-American Lon­ ions as an editor. They wondered don Economist found Wechsler's if maybe McCarthy had only been courageous response to McCarthy's interested in establishing the facte attempts at intimidation the begin­ of what Wechsler's opinions were. ning of what itlioped would be a Unable to agree that an offense to general movement in the American freedom of the press had been com­ press to fight back. Said the Ecori- mitted, the majority urged other edi­ omist: "It has been particularly dis­ tors to read the record and decide maying throughout this whole period for themselves. of McCarthyism that the people who Herblock in The Washington Post control the media of public com­ "A Dangerous Precedent" munication, though they have a vest­ 'You Wouldn't Criticize Me, ed interest in freedom of thought Four members of the ASNE com­ Would You, Pal?" and expression, have on the whole mittee wrote a supplementary report refused to fight back. It seems to in which they expressed their own have taken Mr. Wechsler to show strong conviction that McCarthy had Committee "investigate the extent to which the chairman of your Commit­ that blood could be drawn even un­ been tampering with constitutional der klieg lights." _, rights. "The people," said the re­ tee, Mr. Wiggins, through his paper, port drafted by J, R, Wiggins, man­ the Washington Post, has prostituted America, the national Catholic aging editor of the Washington Post, and endangered freedom of the press weekly review published by the "suffer some /diminution of their by constant false, vicious, intemper­ Jesuits, concluded after examining right to know fully and comment ate attacks on anyone who dares the evidence that Wechsler was freely upon their government when­ expose any of the undercover hauled before McCarthy "because he ever a single newspaper, however Communists. . ." has dared to engage in a give-no- worthy or unworthy, is subjected by But others sought and got the last quarter fight against McCarthyism. one Senator, however worthy or un­ word. William M. Tugman, editor Having had some experience of thé worthy, to inconvenience, expense, of the Eugene, Ore., Register-Guard, way the Senator goes about 'replying' humiliation, ridicule, abuse, con­ who was a member of the special to his critics, we admire Wechsler's demnation, and reproach, under the committee, characterized McCarthy's refusal to play dead," auspices of governmental power." attack on the Washington Post as Perhaps the most effective sum­ "another move to try to intimidate McCarthy sought to reserve the mary of McCarthy's relations with editors for their honest opinions. . . the press, as indeed in every other last word for himself. He issued a The Senator's attack on Mr. Wiggins aspect of McCarthyism in action., ap­ statement demanding that the ASNE verifies the conclusions we made in peared in the newspaper profession's reviewing the Wechsler case." eminently conservative organ, Editor As for the larger issue, whether and Publisher. Said that magazine Off McCarthy's Wagon McCarthy's grilling of Wechsler in­ at the time McCarthy was threaten­ volved an attempt to investigate the ing Time magazine with an adver­ "We have just completed our own tising boycott; personal survey on the subject of Sen­ Post's editorials, the most significant ator Joseph McCarthy. comment came from Editor and Pub­ "When a United States Senator "At the recent Centennial Convention lisher, the newspaper industry's lead­ attempts to silence criticism in the of the Wisconsin Press Association we ing trade publication, which <:on- press by high-pressuring advertisers talked with 16 publishers, all of whom cluded that McCarthy had indeed into dropping their economic sup­ have actively supported ' 'Jumbled Joe' sought to probe into editorials crit­ port of a publication, that is a new during his recent campaign. Of the 16, icizing McCarthy. Said Robert U. low in politics, no less than 11 have had enough. Brown, the publication's editor: "This strikes at the very roots of They're off Joe's wagon for keeps. "... Nevertheless, that is just what press freedom—the economic power Four more had lost so much of their he did do." Continued Brown: "The that makes a free press possible. It enthusiasm for Joe that they no longer Senator has every right to attack the is one thing to answer or attack support him, although they aren't Post, its editor, or any other news­ critics^—it is another thing to attempt actively opposing him. One—rjust one paper or newspaper man. But we to intimidate and silence them. And of the 16—stilll regards Joe as the think it is an abuse of his position, in this case the dignity and influence Moses to lead us out of the wilderness." and a dangerous precedent, for him of the U.S, Senate is being perverted Sauk City Siar to use the forum of his investigating to this sin. June 4, 1953 ^ Committee to accuse an editor of "The whole thing reeks with subservience to the Communist totalitarianism."

62 The PROGRESSIVE WIN at any cost

The Truth About the Man Who Ran With Communist Support and Then Reached Out for the Support of the Far Right

RITICS of Sen. McCarthy fre­ military service in the Pacific, and 2) R. McCarthy to the U.S. Senate filed C quently assert that his tactics Wisconsin law made it a felony for a reports with the Wisconsin Secretary are strikingly similar to those of the judge to run for a political office. of State, showing the foHowirig con­ Communists, whose ideology he de­ His friends helped him overcome tributions to the campaign: nounces so passionately. If his man­ both by launching his campaign for HOWARD MCCARTHY ner of operation, they say, were to him and by having the 1943 session (brother) „...;..|10,600 be distilled into a written dogma, as of the Wisconsin legislature repeal TIM MCCARTHY (father) 4,000 •the Communist, creed has been, it the law. (There was also a consti­ ROMAN KORNELY would show no less devotion to the tutional provision against judges run­ (brother-in-law) 3,000 X doctrine that the end justifies the ning for political office, but that was means. As Arthur Eisenhower, the ignored. See Page 7.) On page 27 of its report the Senate Subcommittee drew this conclusion President's brother, put it July 24, McCarthy's friends ran the 1944 1953, McCarthy's purpose is power about the financing of the 1944 cam­ campaign for him for a while. He paign: "In that these relatives of Sen. and his strategy to "keep his name in was presented to'the public by a the papers at all co'its." McCarthy do not appear to be people former Hearst editor and Milwaukee of substantial means and for the Patient research into the tech­ public relations man, James Colby, further reason that Sen. McCarthy niques of McCarthy's political cam­ as a, "fighting Marine" who had made a profit on securities transac­ paigns results in the conclusion that waived his immunity to military serv­ tions in excess of $40,000 in 1943 and his one all-dominating considera­ ice and "enlisted as a buck private in withdrew most of these profits in tion has been to win at any cost. To the Marine Corps," though he never 1944 prior to the Aug. 14 primary achieve his ends he has failed to served an hour as a private. election, it might appear possible repudiate support from the extreme In July of .1944, with many dreary that the $17,600 allegedly contrib­ left and extreme right, including and dangerous weeks of fighting uted by Sen. McCarthy's relatives Communists on the far left and some ahead for his Marine buddies, Mc­ were, in fact, personal expenditures of the most disreputable, hate-mon- Carthy wangled a leave and was back of Sen. McCarthy." gering, fascist-minded groups in the in Wisconsin where he managed to McCarthy was defeated in the pri­ nation on the far right. show himself at numerous political mary by Sen. Wiley. After resigning McCarthy's first experiences in pub­ rallies in his Marine uniform. from the Marines Dec. 11, 1944, he lic life are discussed in an earlier returned to begin the campaign that chapter^ This section is concerned The Communiste Help to was to defeat Sen. Robert M. La­ with his political xonduct in the years Elect McCarthy Senator Follette, Jr., in 1946. since he first became a candidate for During the campaign of~ 1946 the U.S. Senator. The 1944 campaign is remembered mail boxes in the cities and rural In 1944 McCarthy ran unsuccess­ principally for the chapter it added routes were jammed with literature fully for the Republican nomination to the story of McCarthy's curious showing McCarthy in his dashing against the incumbent. Sen. Alexan­ financial affairs. The Senate Sub­ "tail-gunner's" outfit. der Wiley, now chairman of the Sen­ committee on Privileges and Elec­ But perhaps the most important ate Foreign Relations Committee. In tions, which later investigated his single factor in winning the nomina­ preparation for that campaign, he financial affairs (See page 12), found tion for McCarthy was the help given faced two obstacles: I) he was in that the Committee to Elect Joseph him by the Communists. It seems in-

Aprll, 1954 63 credible now that MeCarthy should owe his membership in the U.S. Sen­ Wisconsin í dif ion ate to the Communist Party, but any informed appraisal of the factors in LaFolUHe Shields Role Of the 1946 campaign can lead to no Reattionaríes, Says Seaman other conclusion. Body Union in Sharp Answer- ni^ua Lt reltotir ih» powrfuJ U*- The Communists were in control "W» tMy Urél fS al iht Atiin Warkm.h4« MormH itm Vt»- •inr Iha' II U •vlK.*.,w,(y <.p^n«d !• Ihi-i -...— •. — -- of the Wisconsin CIO during the nwmtMrtnn CWk* «Ml intwt kfrfwnrri* i •he ««Il rMiftMA CfNilnmtr*. t,B ••..iirii; th«i i>m n «•04 hy thr ' r>««»*\J!i 1946 campaign. The state secretary, the key man in the organizational ap­ paratus, was Melvin Heinritz, a mem­ Blast LoFoltett. Pleo fo'Jái'?!!!!.,, ber of the Communist Party. The Toward NaxI G«t«any, Faiart ^^ ^ Wisconsin CIO News was diverted to i..ii>«,.««^«'"'»-»*,:íííXyiM'''>"'^''"":ril.':''^-í^.*'"'"-'' •^•'-*"'"-".Ii. ;•--"•'• the role of a propaganda sheet for r.'Tlw»'>'M>r4^¿^ ¡nîî^i".-"^*'"^"^ '"¡^^^ "- •'•^iri'lv.'.ïjt^'.^-ti H "¿'"'.'•J the Communists. Its influence ex­ ST'r:¿LÏ.'ÎM^r* "•'*""^ ' • "liT -r.-:".¿-•^''' -^^^"^-^-• ^-^^ tended deep in the 75,000 rank-and- file members of the CIO unions. In May of 1945 LaFollette had de­ livered a major address on the Sen­ ate floor warning the nation of the aggressive designs of the Soviet Un­ ion. That was enough for the Communists. Through the CIO in Wisconsin they opened up on LaFol­ lette at just about the same time that Circuit Judge McCarthy was focus­ sing his sights on the veteran Senator, The line was laid down and sent out through the locals. The CIO News began a systematic smear attack which reached a crescendo of vilifica­ tion in the closing weeks of the campaign. (See cut.) The Communists falsified Bob La- Follette's voting record and refused

faMWM. tk> WlMMMis CIO Hm •*• to correct the lies when ordered to do so by officials of the national CIO. According to McCarthy: The Man, CommunistsHelpedtoElectMcCar^y, The Senator, and the Ism, by An­ derson and May, reporters asked Mc­ Carthy about this Communist attack ^•^iirÄ?^ "Cu. - u,.njj., wJlke le on his opponent. "Communists have

MPk MeCulk, the same right to vote as anyone else, NOTS). »»•'•IMcG.rthy jnaic «éVEU. don't they?" McCarthy is reported to have answered, (Page 104.) LaFollette's strength had always been great in the labor areas of State Leaders In CIO Milwaukee, Racine, and Kenosha, but McCarthy captured all three and thereby won the election, LaFollette Blame Communists For was defeated by a margin of 5,378 out of a total 410,474 votes cast. It was

^2**« ISSU! t clear enough, and CIO officials have MenlBacking La Follette lrC'1946,, Say'Reds to Above is evidence to show the extent to which the Communists came to McCarthy's aid in his bid for the U.S. Senate in 1946. Blame for BoVs Defeat The headlines in the upper two-thirds are from the CIO News, (This Is ihe last of three ar­ then completely dominated by the Communists. They threw their ticles «liowinr how Communists in the State ClO in 194S helped heavy artillery against Sen. Robert M. LaFollette, Jr., whose seat elect U^SjSen. Joseph McCar- McCarthy was contesting. The lower one-third shows excerpts .^yJII^BIHItmhif EDITOR'S from a 1952 survey by Aldric Revell, anti-Communist CIO leader and political writer, quoting present CIO leaders as exposing the extent to which the Communists helped McCarthy in 1946.

64 The PROGRESSIVE confirmed the fact, that without been publicly pilloried with far less had very sad results for our Commimist support McCarthy would, evidence, country. . . have been beaten. "On returning to Wisconsin," Mc­ Later in that year the anti-Com­ McCarthy Goes After > Carthy continued, "I notice that hun­ munist forces in the Wisconsin CIO MacArthur in 1948 dreds of big campaign billboards tell were successful in cleaning the Com­ the people to support the General munists Out. Herman Steffes, Mil­ McCarthy's next excursion into a because he is a native son of Wiscon­ waukee, was elected state president. Wisconsin political campaign was in sin. The Hearst papers, which are In an interview in 1952 with the the Presidential preference primary booming the General's candidacy, re­ Madison Capital Times Steffes said, in the spring of 1948. Thomas E. fer to him as the 'Wisconsin-borh "The Communiste were definitely Coleman, boss of the átate GOP^ had General.' This is not true. responsible for the election of put together a slate of delegates for McCarthy." Harold Stassen, on which McCarthy "The General was born in Little Harvey Kitzman, Milwaukee, di­ was a candidate for delegate-at-large, Rock, Ark., on Jan. 26, 1880, and not rector of District 10, UAW-GIO, said, A slate was in the field for Gen. in Wisconsin. He is not listed On "The Communists certainly did de­ Douglas MacArthur, who had wired any poll list as a voter of Wisconsin. feat LaFollette and elect McCarthy. from Tokyo that he would consider Neither his first nor his second mar­ They are the people mainly respon­ himself "derelict" in his duties as a riage, nor his divorce, tOok place in sible for McCarthy. They played a citizen if he were called and did not Wisconsin. He was first married in big role in his election." Walter serve. Thomas E. Dewey also had a Florida to Mrs. Walter Brooks of Kappel, UAW-CIO representative, slate in the field. > Baltimore, who now lives in Wash­ said, "There is no doubt in my mind ington, D.C. After she divorced him It was clear that the Stassen slate, in Reno, Nev., he was remarried in that the Communists were mainly re­ with the backing of the Coleman ma­ sponsible for electing McCarthy. New York City. Neither wife ever chine, was the most formidable in the resided or voted in Wisconsin. In a They were strongest in Milwaukee, field. But a strong appeal was beinjg Racine, and Kenosha, and that's sworn marriage application for his made on behalf of MacArthur, prin­ second marriage he did not claim where McCarthy ran ahead of La­ cipally on the grounds that he was a Follette." Said John Giacomo, inter­ Wisconsin as his residence, but gave "native son" who claimed residence Manila as his residence and Balti­ national representative of the CIO in Milwaukee. Stassen supporters Steelworkers, "The Comiftunists cer-. more* Md., as the domicile of his sought to explode the "native son" former marriage." tainly were responsible for the defeat appeal and to plant the notion that of LaFollette and the election of Mc­ the General was an old man and al­ A majority of Stassen's delegates Carthy. They didn't come out pub­ so a divorced man. It was McCarthy were elected, among them McCarthy. licly and say to vote for McCarthy who did the hatchet job. In 1952, when Gen. MacArthur was but they opposed LaFollette with four years older than when McCarthy everything they had and that was the In a letter that went out all over the state, with particular attention urgeci his retirement from active pub­ same thing." lic life, McCarthy suggested publicly McCarthy won the general election paid to church groups that frown on divorce, McCarthy said, "Gen. that the hero of the Pacific would be . against his Democratic opponent, a good candidate for President. Howard McMurray, by a vote of MacArthur has been a great General. 620,430 to 378,772. After the election But he is how ready for retirement. McCarthy's next major appearance he was interviewed Nov. 10, 1946, by He would be 72 years old before a in the limelight was to be his biggest. Lawrence C. Eklund of the Milwau­ term as President ended. Twice be­ On Jan. 7, 1950, he was having din­ kee Journal, who quoted the Senator- fore we have had Presidents who be­ ner at the Colony Club in Washing­ elect as saying: came physically weakened during ton with Father Edmund Walsh, dean their term of office and both times it of Georgetown University's foreign- "Stalin's proposal for world dis­ armament," he said, "is a great thing and he must be given credit for being sincere about it." (McCarthy waited ^Homespun Totalitarianism' eight years before repudiating the Dr. Chad Walsh, a director of Episcopal Church News, the national quotation, but the Milwaukee Journ­ Episcopal magazine, said at Appleton, Wis., McCarthy's home town, Sept. al's president and editor, J, D. Fer- 3, 1953, that "international Communism and domestic McCarihyism" are twin guson, publicly announced Dec, 6, threats^ and the Christian churches must lead America's fight against them. 1953, that the quotation was accurate "Our danger is that McCarthyism will gradually grow into a homespun in every respect, "Sen, McCarthy," variety of totalitarianism, and will destroy our liberties as surely as Cam-' he said, "conveniently forgete or de­ munism would. TTie antics of the McCarthyites are made tp order for the nies statements which might now propaganda purposes of international Communism. embarrass him.'') "I am sure that McCarthyites are not intentionally aiding the international It is nonsense, of course, to couple conspiracy of Soviet Communism, but if they were Communist agents they Red votes for McCarthy with his ac­ could not be idoing a more useful job, from Russia's viewpoiiit. The wilder the colade for Stalin and conclude that McCarthyites grow, the weaker they leave America, Eind the stronger the posi­ McCarthy was or is pro-Communist, tion of international Communism." ' But many a McCarthy victim has

April, 1954 65 service school. Col. William A. Rob­ paign. These Senators were Robert and publisher of Col. Robert R. Mc- erts, Washington attorney who repre­ C. Hendrickson (Republican, N. J.); Cormick's Washington Times-Her­ sente Drew Pearson, and Prof. Charles Margaret Chase Smith (Republican, ald, testified before the Committee Kraus, of Georgetown's political Maine); A. S. Mike Monroney that "the first time I heard qi the science department. (Notes on this (Democrat, Okla.); Thomais C. Hen­ contemplated production of the tab­ conference appear in the diary of a nings, Jr. (Democrat, Mo.); and Guy loid was when Sen. McCarthy called close associate of one of the partici­ M. Gillette (Democrat, la.). me that a group of persons intere^ed pants; the story is also published in The Senators unanimously con­ in Sen. Butler's [Tydings' Republican Anderson and May's McCarthy, page cluded that the Maryland election opponent] campaign were consider­ 172, and has appeared frequently in "brought into sharp focus certain ing producing a tabloid and Sen. Mc­ the press without challenge from campaign tactics and practices that Carthy asked me if they reached a McCarthy.) can best be characterized as , . , de­ decision to produce such a thing structive of fundamental American could the Times-Herald do the job." McCarthy was worried about his (Hearings, pp. 431-2.) political future. His stock had been principles," (Senate Report No. 647, The Committee concluded from the dropping back home. His income 82nd Congress, 1st session, p. 6.) evidence that "Sen. Joseph R. Mc­ tax scandals had rocked the state; It was, the report continued, a Carthy of Wisconsin was actively in­ his "quickie" divorcés and his "despicable 'back street' type of cam­ terested in the campaign to the extent troubles with the bar association and paign which usually, if exposed in of making his staff available for work the state Supreme Court were not time, backfires." on research, pictures, composition, easy to explain. A four page tabloid, entitled From printing of the tabloid From the McCarthy confided that he needed the Record, flooded Maryland. This Record." (Senate Report, p. 5.) an issue for his 1952 bid for re-elec­ tabloid featured what the Commiittee Although the Committee did not tion. Several suggestions were made, report called the "infamous composite charge McCarthy with personal re­ but McCarthy was intrigued by the picture" which through a process of sponsibility for the composite picture possibility that he try Communism photographic faking showed Tyd­ of Browder and Tydings, it reported in government as an issue. None of ings "in close physical proximity to that members of "his [McCarthy's] McCarthy's three dinner companions Earl Browder, Communist leader." staff, and particularly Miss Jean Kerr, had any notion of the kind of show "The tabloid," the Committee his research assistant, vigorously sup­ he would conduct. found, "contains misleading half ported the propriety of the tabloid truths, misrepresentations, and false * and composite photograph in their The 'Despicable Back Street* innuendos that maliciously and with­ testimony." (Senate Report, p. 23.) out foundation attack the loyalty and Campaign in Maryland On Page 9 of its report the Com­ patriotism not only of Sen. Millard mittee—Democrats and Republicans McCarthy put the suggestion into Tydings, who won the Distinguished alike—offered this serious recom­ effect a month later with the now Service Cross for battlefield heroism mendation to the Senate: "The ques­ well-known speech at Wheeling, W. in World War I, but also the entire tion of unseating a Senator for acts Va. (See Pages 22-29 for a full report membership of the Senate Armed committed in a Senatorial election Services Committee in 1950." of the Wheeling speech and Mc­ should not be limited to the cancii- Carthy's subsequent leap into the Mrs. Ruth McCormick Tankersley, dates in such elections. Any sitting limelight.) then Mrs. Ruth McCormîck Miller Senator, regardless of whether he is a candidate in * the election himself, In the Maryland campaign of should be subject to expulsion by ac­ 1950 McCarthy had a chance to test tion of the Senate, if it finds such the Communists-in-government issue Senator engaged in practices and be­ as a political possibility for himself. havior that make him, in the opin­ Sen. Millard Tydings, conservative ion of the Senate, unfit to hold the Maryland Democrat, was up for position of U.S. Senator." re-election. The Aug. 17, 1951, issue oi The Tydings had headed the special Commonweal, the Catholic weekly, Senate investigating committee which said editorially, "Such campaign found that McCarthy's charges of methods and tactics are destroyirig Communists in government were a our system of free elections and un­ "fraud and a hoax." McCarthy had dermining the very foundation of determined to "get" Tydings, and he our government.. . If the West Point jumped into the Maryland cam­ cadets are to be tried for cheating, why not McCarthy? ... The issue here paign with his Communist issue. is not whether or not Communism Jydings was defeated, though there must be fought at home; it must. is considerable disagreement about The issue is whether or not we have the effect of McCarthy's influence. the intelligence and the j courage to A Senate committee composed of do it in the American way, or two Republicans and three Demo- "Stop That! McCarthy Will Demand whether we will leave the job-—and crate looked into the Maryland cam­ Space for a Reply" our liberties—to a man who runs

66 The PROGRESSIVE along the back streets to do his cheat­ Non-Composée McCarthy never permitted any­ ing when he hasn't the stuff it takes thing but the Communist issue to be to do things the straight and open Campaign Picture raised in his campaign. He ignored way," repeated attempts of the Democrats When McCarthy came up for re­ to smoke him out on his voting rec­ election in 1952, more than two years ord. Questions designed to get an had passed since he went to Wheel­ explanation of his strange finan­ ing, W. Va., on Feb. 9, 1950, to make cial operations and tax difficulties Communism in government his issue. brought the reply that the questions He had become a national figure and were "Communist inspired." was attracting a fanatical following, McCarthy continued to ignore his many of them Americans who seemed Wisconsin opponents until the last genuinely èonvinced that McCarthy days of the campaign when he was was the only person in government forced to recognize the gravity of a fighting Communism. charge brought against him by Ed­ In the primary election he defeated ward P. Morgan, former administra­ an independent Republican, Leonard tive assistant to FBI Chief J. Edgar F. Schmidt, 515,481 to 213,701. McCar­ Hoover and a specialist on Commu­ thy made but one major speech, at a nist activities. Speaking over WTMJ- Milwaukee Republican rally, broad­ TV Nov. 2, 1952, Morgan charged cast over a network of 31 radio sta­ that McCarthy, "in a mad effort to tions in Wisconsin, during the pri­ Herblock in The Washington Post justify his charges of Communism in mary race. the State Department, produced a In it McCarthy appealed for votes, thick document on the Senate floor" saying that he needed them "badly." by a majority of 100,000, McCarthy's which "two agents of the FBI told me But most significant, in view of friend Cain was defeated by the was an out and out forgery." (Quoted his subsequent attitude toward the Democrat, Henry Jackson, by 134,000 in the Milwaukee Journal, Nov. 3, Eisenhower Administration, was his votes, 1952) failure to ask support for the GOP Presidential candidate. His only McCarthy's bid in Wisconsin was McCarthy felt obliged to answer reference to, Eisenhower was a critical well-financed and was conducted in his last campaign talk on thé night one, made without mentioning his through two principal organizations, of Nov. 3 at his home town of Apple- name. the Republican Party and the Mc­ ton. McCarthy called the Morgan His Democratic opponent in the Carthy Club. The latter raised money charge a "new low in campaign de­ general election was Thomas E. Fair- across the nation for the campaign. generacy," accused Morgan of "pos­ child, a brilliant young attorney who Advertisements appeared in news­ ing" as an FBI agent, and flourished had served as Wisconsin's Attorney papers throughout the country solicit­ a telegram from Hoover saying Mor­ General and as the U,S. Attorney for ing contributions. Letters were sent gan now had no official connection the western district of Wisconsin, to McCarthy's new-found friends with the FBI. This was a typical McCarthy divided his time between among the oil millionaires of Texas. McCarthy diversion, for Morgan had campaigning in Wisconsin and barn­ (Milwaukee Journal, Dec. 20, 1953.) emphasized in his TV presentation storming other states in behalf of Re­ A flood of out-of-state money that he was a former FBI agent and publican Senatorial candidates. He poured in. Among the contributors was now practising law in Washing­ likes to take credit for the defeat of were such well-known men as H. R. ton. McCarthy made no effort Sen, William Benton of Connecticut CuUen, multi-millionaire Houston whatever to answer the Morgan and Sen, Blair Moody of Michigan, oil man, who came through with one charge of forgery, nor has he insti­ and other Democratic incumbents of the largest single contributions, tuted libel or slander action against against whom he campaigned. But $5,000; Seymour Weiss, one of the the former FBI official. he carefully avoids mention of the top figures in the old Huey Long fact that he also went into Washing­ machine in Louisiana, who was sent McCarthy's Role as ton, Missouri, and Montana, where to jail for tax and mail frauds; Gen. despite a Republican trend in those Robert E. Wood, chairman of the Hatchet Man in 1952 states, he was unsuccessful in prevent­ board of Sears, Roebuck Sc Co.;,Craig The most spectacular part he R. Sheaffer of the Sheaffer Pen Co.; ing the defeat of three of his closest played in the 1952 campaign was in and Maj. Gen. Claire Chennault, Senatorial cronies: Cain of Washing­ his old role of hatchetman. His ton, Kem of Missouri, and Ecton of long identified as a major figure in the "China Lobby". talents were mobilized for the task of Montana, Perhaps the most notable smearing Adlai Stevenson as disloyal. exhibition of McCarthy's lack of pull­ McCarthy roamed the state. The ing power was displayed in the state Associated Press reported that at Eau On Sept. 4 he had announced in of Washington. There McCarthy Claire he told an audience he would Milwaukee that he was checking the worked hard for his most effusive sup­ make a "good American" out of Ad­ Stevenson record. He said, "We are porter in the Senate, Harry Cain. lai Stevenson if he were put aboard finding proof not of guilt by associ-' But while Dwight Eisenhower carried Stevenson's campaign train with "a ation but of guilt by collaboration." the state for the Republican Party slippery elm club." Addressing himself directly to Stev-

April, 1954 67 enson, he declared, "After your en­ ÄiK^T"'' f^ffwa-jT^i even freedom-loving Americans look tire record is given them, and I can wistfully at Russia. . ." assure you it will be given before The quotation is taken from an Nov. 4, if the American people want article in Life magazine for July 29, you, they can have you. I don't think 1946. It appeared und-ïr the title, they will." "THE U. S. COMMUNIST PARTY—SMALL From then on there was a steady BUT TIGHTLY DISCIPLINED, IT STRIVES build-up for the day when McCarthy WITH FANATIC ZEAL TO PROMOTE THE would "tell all" about Stevenson. A AIMS OF RUSSIA." Written at a time $78,000 radio and television network when McCarthy was receiving Com­ show was scheduled to be broadcast munist help to defeat Bob LaFollette from Chicago on Oct. 27. - in Wisconsin, the article was one of The money was raised by a group the most effective anti-Communist headed by Gen. Wood. Some of the pieces of its day and was written af­ most generous contributors were ter consultation with Whittaker Texas oil millionaires whose support Chambers, among others. McCarthy had attracted. One of the Schlesinger had written that the contributors was C. W. Murchison, a way to defeat Communism is to elim­ Dallas oilman who has been host to inate its breeding grouncls—poverty McCarthy at his fabulous homes Burck in The Chicago Sun-Times and discrimination. ' "The Commu­ during the Senator's visite to Texas. nists," he said, "are looking to a Other Texans listed were W. L. Gol- "You Sure Knocked Some Loyalty Into Them, Senator" next depression as their happy hunt­ stan, Houston, and E. B. Germany, ing ground. The way to ddEeat them Dallas. is not pass repressive legislation or The attack was delivered in the Italian government," Prof. Pedrick return Martin Dies to public service, familiar McCarthy style. Prof. Wil­ said, "Sen. McCarthy refers to Walter but to prevent that depression and liam H. Pedrick of Northwestern Uni­ Bedell Smith's My Three Years in to correct the faults and injustices in versity Law School soberly analyzed Moscow. our present system, which make even the McCarthy charges in a scholarly "Nowhere in Smith's book is Stev­ freedom-loving Americans look wist­ article on the law of libel in the May- enson's name mentioned nor for that fully at Russia." June, 1953, issue of Northwestern matter is any reference made to the University Law Review. Prof. Ped­ Italian Foreign Economic Adminis­ America, the well-known Jesuit rick cites several examples of the Mc­ tration mission or ite report. If weekly, in the issue of Nov. 22, 1952, Carthy technique, of which this one Smith undertook to give any credit called the McCarthy attack on Stev­ is typical: for our wartime political policy in enson a "cheap stunt" and in its McCarthy speaking: ". . . Steven­ Italy, it was to Gen. Eisenhower and issue of Dec. 13, 1952, said, "That son says, 'I was the man who form­ Mr. Robert Murphy, his chief po­ Sen. McCarthy, without a shred of ulated [our post-war Italian] policy' litical adviser." warrant, set out to smear the reputa­ tion of Gov. Stevenson by trying to .'. . and the head of the Central In­ Two days after the McCarthy telligence Agericy [Gen. Walter Be­ wrap up his candidacy in The speech, the Stevenson report was Daily Worker seems to this writer; dell Smith] says the policy then was declassified. to 'connive' to put Communiste into in view of the evidence, simply the Italian government, 'connive' and "What does the report show as re­ incontrovertible." to bring Togliatti, the Communist gards the mission's recommendations leader, back from Moscow, which concerning Communist participation McCarthy Runs Far in the Italiari government?" Prof. they did. Now I wOnder what their Behind His Own Party defense of Stevenson's plans for foist­ Pedrick asks. ing the Communists upon the Ital­ "The answer is—nothing, nothing On the night before the 1952 elec­ ians will be." at all. Nowhere in the report is the tion McCarthy went, on a radio net­ Prof. Pedrick's investigation pro­ name of Togliatti nor the Com­ work and again repeated his charges duced the following facts: Stevenson munist Party mentioned.' The mis­ against Stevenson and his advisers. had headed a Foreign Economic Ad­ sion simply did not address itself to 'To his supporters he had risen to a ministration mission to survey and the problem of the elenqients to be new and heroic stature. If Eisenhow­ report on Italian economic problems considered 'for participation in a er and the other Republicans should in 1943. The report he submitted government for a democratic Italy." carry Wisconsin the next day, they was classified secret, but that did not McCarthy also charged disloyalty told each other and McCarthy, it prevent McCarthy from speaking as against five of Stevenson's advisers would be because McCarthy turned though he were summarizing the doc­ and supporters. The charge against the trick. ument, although he made no claim Prof. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Har­ The p«)ple of Wisconsin made a that he had read it. vard historian, is typical. somewhat more restrained assessment. "To support his charge that Stev­ McCarthy said: "Now in 1946, Ar­ When the votes were counted on the enson formulated a policy of 'cony thur Schlesinger, Jr., says the present night of Nov. 4, it was found that niving* to put Communiste into the system in the United States makes McCarthy had trailed tar behind the

68 The PROGRESSIVE rest of the Republican ticket and of Republican papers in the state. failed "it would probably have a dis­ might have fallen if the Republican He is a close political confidant of astrous effect upon his carididacy for sweep had not been so strong as to the Wisconsin Senator and a long­ Senator in his home state" and be­ ' carry him along. time personal friend. To Wyngaard's cause the "barest announcement of Gov. Kohler, for example, ran children, McCarthy is known as such a plan would be detrimental— 407,327 votes ahead of his Democratic "Uncle Joe." Richard Wilson, chief giving his critics an opportunity to opponent. Gen. Eisenhower ran Washington correspondent for the say that his Communist-hunting ex­ 357,569 ahead of Stevenson. Repub­ Cowles papers, named Wyngaard, in ploits, were calculated solely for his lican Secretary of State Fred R. the Dec. I, 1953, Look magazine own political aggrandizement." Zimmerman, an outspoken foe of article entitled "The Ring Around The Wisconsin Senator's recent McCarthy whom McCarthy had at­ McCarthy," as one of the newspaper­ repeated denials that he has Pres­ tempted to purge in the primary, ran men close to McCarthy. Wyngaard's idential aspirations are probably 505,300 votes ahead of his Democratic columns in Wisconsin papers are motivated in part by the realization opponent; he led the whole Repub­ watched carefully for clues as to Mc­ that it is not good politics to let his lican ticket, and polled the highest Carthy's moves arid moods. As long ambitions show too obviously. On ^ vote ever given to any candidate in ago as Oct. 9, 1951, Wyngaard re­ radio program in Washington Dec. the history of Wisconsin, McCarthy ported to his papers that McCarthy 6, 1953, he said he had "no desire" beat Fairchild by 139,042 votes. His "has been importuned by some of his to be President and there was "no margin of victory was 102,616 less admirers around the country to en­ possibility" that he would run. than it was in the general election of ter his name in a few of the early 1946 against his Democratic op­ state Presidential preference primar­ Opening Up on the ponent, when he ran as a compara­ ies" of 1952. tively unknown circuit judge and ex- "McCarthy's career to date has not, Eisenhower Administration Marine, and considerably less than been. distinguished by the caution of Speculation about his ambitions every other Republican on the state his approach," Wyngaard wrote. broke into headlines all over the ticket. "While there is nothing to indicate country after his nationwide radio McCarthy did not let his compar­ that McCarthy intends to make the and TV broadcast Nov. 24, 1953, atively shabby showing in the Wis­ biggest jump of his spectacular po­ when he charged the Eisenhower Ad­ consin election prevent him from litical life, those who have followed ministration with "batting zero" in darting back into the limelight and him closely know also that they will ;the removal of some' disloyal indi­ reaching out för a major role of not be surprised if such a decision viduals from government and in­ leadership in the Republican Party. comes." sisted that he, McCarthy, would be It is now fairly well settled that he McCarthy decided against showing the issue in the 1954 campaign. It will play a prominent part in the his hand in 1952, possibly because, as was given greater impetus when, a Republican campaign of 1954 to re­ Wyngaard pointed out, if the plan iew days later, he made an appeal tain control of Congress, for McCar­ that people write and wire the Pres­ thy has repeatedly declared his de­ "You Mean Vm Supposed ident to change what Secretary of termination to campaign this year State Dulles called the "heart of our for Congressional candidate^ who To Stand on That?" foreign policy." share his views. Newsmen who study McCarthy at But the big question concerns close range saw his ambitions long 1956. Will McCarthy make a bid before this, however. On Oct. 27, for the Presidency? 1952, the Alsop brothers, two of the In Wisconsin some of McCarthy's most influential of Washington cor­ life-long friends know that such am­ respondente who write for the Re­ bitions are not beyond his conceptions publican New York Herald Trib­ of the politically possible. Some une, reported that "the prize he is claim to have heard his boasts that playing for is nothing less'than the he would someday be the first Cath­ Republican Presidential nomination olic President of the United States. in 1956." A survey of opinion among His friends know him as a gambler Democratic and Republican poli­ who plays for high stakes. ticians in Washington caused the Al­ McCarthy's White House ambitions sops to repört Apr. 16, 1953, that "it have claimed much national atten­ is almost universally agreed that Mc­ tion in recent months, particularly Carthy's objective is the Presidency since he challenged the leadership of and nothing less." the Eisenhower Administration on The immediate reaction regarding basic issues in the closing weeks .of the motivation of McCarthy's Nov. 1953. Those ambitions were known This cartoon by Herblock, Pulitzer 24, 1953, speech blasting both former in Wisconsin long before. Prize-winning cartoonist for the President Harry Truman and- the John Wyngaard is an able Wiscon­ Washington Post, is the first-known Eisenhower Administration was the sin newspaperman who covers the use of die word "McCarthyism." It same in both the pro-McCarthy and state capitol at Madison for a string appeared Mar. 29, 1950. anti-McCarthy press. One of his

April, 1954 69 staunchest supporters in Wisconsin, wrote in the June 16, 1953, issue of perate financial straits arid was being Editor John Chappie of the Ashland Look magazine that "McCarthy is on pressed by the Appleton State Bank I^ress, immediately called for McCar­ no account a typical party man. . . on his overdue loans (see pages 14 to thy's nomination in 1956. "Let When 'McCarthy,' as he sometimes 18), he wrote his banker. Matt Eisenhower be a one-term President," calls himself in the third person, Schuh: he said. "He deserves no more. Let transfers his attack from 'Acheson' "I have made complete arrange­ him make way, however unwilling, ... to the present Republican State ments with Walter Harnischfeger to for McCarthy." Department he is not much troubled put up sufficient collateral to cure The Chicago Tribune, a warm and by party considerations." both our ulcers." Two years later, unwavering friend, said McCarthy And yet, in recent months McCar­ McCarthy played a pugnacious and "will mâk& the fight for the Repub­ thy has seemed to regard himself as uninvited role in a Senate commit­ lican Party even if a great many pro­ a Republican spokesman. In a ser­ tee's investigation of the Malmedy fessed members of the party lack the ies of Lincoln Day addresses begin­ "massacres" during the Battle of the stomach for any fight at all." ning at Charleston, W. Va., Feb. 4, Bulge in World War 11^—a case in Commonweal, the Catholic weekly, 1954, McCarthy called on Democrats which Harnischfeger was greatly said in its Dec. 11, 1953, issue th^t who are "loyal Americans" to join ^ interested. (Quoted in Commentary, McCarthy's speech is "perhaps his the Republican Party. In Canton, March, 1953.) first bid for the Republican nomina­ O., Feb. 5, according to the United McCarthy's conduct during the in­ tion for the Presidency in 1956." The Press, and in subsequent "Lincoln quiry brought charges that he iiad Chicago Sun-Times (anti-McCarthy) Day" speeches, McCarthy character­ based his extremely pro-German posi­ said, "It is clear that he proposes to ized the Democratic Party as "the tion on materials provided by a take over the Republican Party, Ike Party of treason," German Communist spy and ultra-na­ included, and shape it in his own The speculation about McCarthy's tionalist forces in Germany. The image." Joseph C. Harsch, Wash­ ambitions has caused some observers records show that McCarthy was as­ ington correspondent for the Chris- to attempt an assessment of the kind sisted in his role in the Malmedy in­ tion Science Monitor, reported, "One of support he could expect if he quiry by Tom Korb, lawyer for White House spokesman character­ makes his move in 1956. Newsmen Harnischfeger, who was carried on ized the McCarthy speech ... as a noted that at about the time he was McCarthy's Senate staff payroll as "ad­ 'hat-in-the-ring' speech." Lyle Wil­ challenging the leadership of Pres­ ministrative assistant" during six son, chief of the Washington bureau ident Eisenhower, a group of na­ weeks of the investigation. of the United Press, wrote, "There is tionalists and McCarthy backers met But most of McCarthy's financial ample evidence here that some dis­ at the Harvard Club in New York support has come not from Wiscon­ tinguished Administration insiders City and announced plans for the sin but from wealthy Texans. They, believe Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy is formation of an American Action like some other business forces in the grabbing for the 1956 Republican Committee. country, were early impressed by Mc­ Presidential nomination." Writing in Former Rep. Hamilton Fish, the Carthy's attitude on labor. The New Magazine Digest for August, 1953, New York super-nationalist, issued a York Times of Dec. 6, 1946, quoted Julian M. Snyder said that McCarthy statement saying, "It is obvious that McCarthy as saying during a coal is grooming himself to be "the man if the Republican Party in 1956 again crisis: "I believe the President should of the hour." Commenting on Mc­ nominates an internationalist for use his powers to immediately draft Carthy's denial that he wants to be President and adopts an internation­ John L. Lewis into the Armed Serv­ President, Snyder said: "But there is alist platform, there automatically ices. Lewis should be directed to or­ no other goal toward which his am­ will be a third party with machinery der his miners to mine coal. If he bition can take him. As he told a set up in every state." does not do that, he should be court- friend not long ago, 'I'll either end Others interested in the new or­ martialed. We should go straight up in jail—or in the White House.' " ganization are Col. Robert R. Mc­ down the line. If subordinates of Cormick, publisher of the Chicago Lewis fail to order the miners back, McCarthy Labels Democrats Tribune; former Sens. Burton K. they should be court-martialed." Wheeler of Montana and Albert W. McCarthy's Texas supporters, most 'The Party of Treason' Hawkes of New Jersey, and Frank of whom have made their mil­ It is the theory of some Washing­ Gannett, publisher of a chain of lions in oil, are enthusiastic about ton observers that McCarthy, failing Eastern newspapers. McCarthy and what he is doing. to capture the Republican nomina­ There seems little question that They entertain him royally at their tion, would head a third-party McCarthy could command consider­ luxurious homes in Texas, provide movement. "McCarthy," the i^sops able financial support from men of him with private airplanes with reported in April of 1953, "would great wealth to advance his political which to travel about the countiy,- have no compunctions at all about ambitions. One of the first indus­ and contribute generously to his po­ wrecking the Republican Party, if trialists who offered to come to his litical projects. this seems to serve his purposes." financial aid was Walter Hamischfeg- McCarthy's Texas benefactors And William S. White, Washington er of Milwaukee, a backer of extreme stoutly insist their support of Mc­ correspondent for the New York right-wing causes with close ties to Carthy has nothing to do with his Times, although unconvinced that ultra-nationalist forces in Germany. voting record. This may well be McCarthy would run for President, In 1947, when McCarthy was in des­ true, but an analysis of the Senator's

70 The PROGRESSIVE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

These illustrations present an interesting case study of symbol of America, and "Names of Jews Running the one phase of McCarthy's support. The photograph on United Nations," were mailed out by Biggers on re­ the lower right shows E. M. Biggers, Texas rancher and quest to the address shown on the lower left. The UN printer, presenting McCarthy with a $6,000 Cadillac in pamphlet distributed by Biggers is sponsored by the Christian Nationalist Crusade. Among other things, it behalf of McCarthy's Texas supporters. (Details on urges: "The reader of this tract should join the Ajmer- Page 74.) The two illustrations above, "History of the ican Committee for the Abolition of the United Na­ United States," a crude bit of anti-Semitism featuring tions." To date McCarthy has not, publicly at least, the caricature of a Jewish pawnbroker as the dominant repudiated Biggers' support. official voting record shows that and Democratic Parties of Wiscon­ gation for the bill which Congress whether by conviction or other mo­ sin, The state, through its governor, passed but then-President Truman tivation, McCarthy almost always attorney general, and legislature—all vetoed. votes their way in the Senate. On Republicans—made known its oppo­ On Sept. 28, 1951, McCarthy was Mar. 29, 1950, he voted for the pas­ sition on the ground that it would paired against an amendment to the sage of the so-called Kerr natural gas mean an increase in natural gas rates tax bill that would have cut the 271/^ bill which gave natural gas interests for Wisconsin consumers. McCarthy per cent depletion allowance given to an exemption from regulation by the and one other Republican Congress­ oil operators—an allowance which Federal Power Commission, This man cast the only votes the oil saves them millions of dollars in tax­ bill was opposed by the Republican people got from the Wisconsin dele­ es each year.

April, 1954 71 On April 2, 1952, he voted for DoiJGLAs MARSHALL of Houston, who entertain McCarthy when he is passage of the so-called tidelands oil who is Cullen's son-in-law. He en­ in Dallas. He arranged speaking dates bill under which the federal govern­ tertained McCarthy at his home and for McCarthy at American Legion ment turned over to Texas, Cali­ gave $500 each to the campaigns of meetings in Texas. fornia, Louisiana, and Florida the two Wisconsin Republican Congress­ . AUSTIN HANCOCK of San Antonio is off-shore oil deposits, worth billions. men, both of whom voted for the a retired insurance executive and tidelands bill. founder of the American Heritage Cast of Texas Supporters C. W. MURCHISON of Dallas, who Protective Association. Hancock, who An investigation of McCarthy's has an estimated total worth of was quoted in Look, Dec. 1, 1953, as connections with these wealthy Tex­ $218,000,000, owns 19 corporations, saying that he hopes to get the 1956 ans was recently conducted by Edwin Mexican ranches, and several private Republican Presidenti^il nomination R. Bayley, a seasoned political analyst airplanes which have been used to for McCarthy, has distributed a con­ of the Milwaukee Journal. The re­ fly McCarthy around Texas. Murch­ siderable number of anti-Semitic sults were published in the Dec. 20, ison gave $10,000 to the 1950 Mary­ tracts, some Written by himself, others 1953, issue of that paper. Here are ithe land campaign which McCarthy di­ written by fellow racists. names f oí some of these millionaire rected againá; Sen. Millard Tydings, W. L. GOLDSTAN of Houston, who supporters of McCarthy and perti­ This was part of the money which contributed $500 to McCarthy's radio nent data about them: was not reported, as required by law, and TV attack on Adlai Stevenson until a Senate committe began an in­ HUGH ROY CULLEN of Houston, during the 1952 campaign. vestigation of the campaign. Murch­ who broke into headlines in 1947 E. B. GERMANY of Dallas, another when he set up an educational and ison said in an interview that he had contributed a total of $25,000 to oilman' and chairman of the board charitable foundation with 169 mil­ of a bank and president of the mil­ lion dollars worth of oil properties. various candidates at McCarthy's request. . lion dollar Lone Star Steel Co., who He was in the news again when he contributed $250 to McCarthy's at­ In late May and early June of gave $2,250,000 to the University of tack on Stevenson. Houston reportedly (but subsequently 1953, McCarthy was Murchison's denied) for winning a football game guest in Texas. Part of the vacation H. B; KECK of Houston also is against Baylor University and a week was spent on "an island owned by an oil tycoon. When McCarthy and later gave a million to Baylor. He the Murchisons off the coast of Mex­ his wife flew into Madison, Wis., contributed $5,000^ to McCarthy's ico near Tampico, where the Duke Nov. 1, 1953, they had at their dis­ cairipaign in 1952, the legal limit for and Duchess of Windsor had been posal a converted Douglas B-26, de­ any one ccmtributor and the largest entertained two years before," the scribed by personnel at the Madison single contribution reported by the Journal said. "The party was said to airport as "plush." The plane is McCarthy Club. In 1948 he wrote a include 14 oilmen and the purpose of owned by the Superior Oil Co. of letter to Houston papers attacking thé trip was the «hooting of rare Houston. The president of the Su­ Jesse Jones, former Cabinet officer, 'white winged doves.' " McCarthy perior Oil Co. is H. B. Keck, who, for, among other things, trying to had announced before leaving Wash­ according to the Milwaukee Jourjial, run Houston "with the assistance of ington that he was going mxt of the "is possibly the same person as the a bunch of New York Jews," (Quot­ country for about 10 days on busi­ 'N. B. Keck' listed as a donor of ed by the Associated Press, Jan. 17, ness involving his investigating com­ 12,000 to McCarthy's campaign club 1954.) Cullen subsequently said he mittee. in 1952." The Journal pointed out that Moody's Industrials, an investors' "didn't: mean anything by that re­ CIPRIANO ÄNDRADE III of Dallas, mark. I was just mad." service manual, indicates that the another one of the oil millionaires Superior Oil Go, is interested in tide- lands oil and that in 1947 it joined with another company in leasing from Texas about 66,000 acres of sub­ merged land in the Gulf of Mexico ^Wrecking the Republican Party' and Galveston Bay. "McCarthy will have no compunctions at all about wrecking the Repub­ lican Party if it seems to serve his purposes. His contempt for his own party Another private plane which Mc­ was amply demonstrated during the battle over the (Confirmation of Charles Carthy has used to carry him about E. Bohlen as ambassador to the Soviet Union. He then implied clearly that the country belongs to John Fox; the Republican Secretary of State was a liar. He arrogantly defied both the publisher of the Boston Post. Though Senate Republican leader and the chairman of the Republican Policy Com­ Fox is not a Texan, he has wide- mittee. And at least by implication, he also attacked the Republican President. ranging oil holdings. Gas fields in "McCarthy has certain very great assets (as a neW party candidate). For Pennsylvania alone, according to the the first time in American political history, he has succeeded in uniting be­ hind him the whole assortment of small, proto-Fascist extremist groups. Saturday Evening Post, bring him an ITiese have existed for a long time, but despite their attempts to poison the estimated $400,000 a month. His political atmosphere, they have heretofore been hardly more than a nuisance. paper has joined McCarthy in at- Now they are all together in one movement, which can exercise a balance of tackirig Harvard University as a nest power in key areas." of Communiste. When McCarthy THE ALSOPS Washington Posi came to Wisconsin from Boston Nov. Apr, 15, 1953 19, 1953, and landed at the Stevens

72 The PROGRESSIVE Point airport, he was flown there in Fox's plane. ^^^ HAROLDSON LAFAYETTE HUNT of Dallas, who is McCarthy's most im­ fvtb» portant backer among the wealthy ^ce^ Texans. His income has been esti­ mated at $200,000 a day, or about $70,000,000 a year before taxes, and he is reputed to be the nation's rich­ '!2:j^m~S j »fePtOirtofrtint" I est man. He made his money in oil. According to Ben H. Bagdikian, who wrote a series of articles about Hunt and his political activities for the Providence (R.I.) Journal-Bulletin, Hunt was recently awarded leases on tidelands oil property by Gov. Allan Shivers of Texas. He was the biggest single awardee, getting more than -ISÎWa AMD CONQUCSr 100,000 acres at an average of $6 an acre while others paid as high as $400. , VI îfa 16» " UNION, NEW JERSEY, AUGUST I5th, 1852 KrÄí.fÄ,"'N."J.Î'Æ!^rï?rf'il^J^.% $100 PER YEAJT "Hunt believes that Shivers is a good possibility for President," the INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT Journal-Bulletin reported. "He thinks the same of Sen. McCarthy." When Hunt was asked if he were supporting McCarthy for the Pr'isidency in 1956, RULES BOTH PARTIES he replied, "Some day I might be able to answer that better. But I U>\M AHD m MARXIST STOOeCS think it is a little too early. It's two years away." BARUOI, FRANKFURTER, LEHMAN, ARVEY, SCHLESSENGER, SAM ROSENMAN GIVES ORDERS Here we have Jak»« Arvr jacked gave a lavish party "for Jake Arvey honor- for his accorapllshment. "Hunt," according to the Journal- j^- Bulletin, "is estimated to own 200 million dollars' worth of farm land. He is estimated to be the biggest in­ dependent oil operator in the world JHItCÅRTHYiSM Stands ForAñUmCANm with holdings in excess of 500 mil­ lion dollars. He is estimated to \ GOD^m^ism BlfSS THÍC kkhu TULS™-A -EDITO —B HRlm .._ (Continued be the largest grower of pecans Does he know? «' Madison' in the world. He has, in addition, county in <=<»>veiition gold mines, natural gas, and other 5^«- 4,000 interests." being him , In 1951 Hunt established Facts he Forum, which the Journal-Bulletin, 'bumtat *' Senator McCarthy enougiiT after an exhaustive investigation, wanted described as "an organization of a sockf ** Challenges Marxism growing power in American mass Those Americans who wish to, live as free «ipeeclj communications and public opinion." ,, he men and enjoy Christian worship as they- see _ -Jhere best, should thank oar good Lord for such a man Facts Forum presents political views y- Senater AlrCarU.y has taken the lid o'i £S#orld as Joe McCarthy. Senator McCarthy, like all n.. the odor. \.h-, a.¿ so .nan^ pcuj^Ic ^,fyOa^J. other leaders who had the courage to challenge on a network of radio and TV sta­ to public hearings for discovering traitors, thej^iates. Marxism, is now attacked by Marxists and their « spies and disloyal enemy agents? What are luesT dupes and hatchetmen. Only a few Communists tions, most of the time for which is ¡^^ they afraid of? Thd witnesies are either are allowed to admit that they belong to the ,j5 involved as enemies of American Constitu­ of Communist party and, actually, none have car­ tional laws.or have been influenced by tu- ried cards since 1945. Those 55,000 admitted those v/ho are involved. The polity should little ¿L Communist Party members are only shock troops be—subpoena e^-erj-one who complains of hss defaJ for the Marxist-Zionists who are the brains and On the right are samples of^ these anti-Commtnisc hearings. FULL is eoiDgf dkectors of Communism while posing as loving, SPEE0 AHEAD. TO HELL WITH THE pointer respectable men and philanthropists. issues of "Common Sense," ^ TOfîPEDOES. PUbacJ published by Conde McGin- PJe. " y The Zionists set up Communism in 1917, as of one of their fronts, to do a job for them. Zionists ley, one of the nation's most use Communism as the aggressive front to secure virulent racists, featuring, 1) control of unions and other organizations with huge memberships so that those votes and anti-Semitism; 2) attacks on the power can be used to place Christian servants of Zionism in government key spots, to serve the Messrs. Eisenhower and Stev­ Marxist jpriigra». enson as "Marxist stooges," and 3) fulsome praise of McCarthy.

April, 1954 73 furnished free. Hunt has said that it Washington. In an interview with a 24-page booklet entitled, Unfolding is a non-partisan, non-political, edu­ the Milwaukee 7

74 The PROGRESSIVE on MeCarthy by Arthur Eisenhower, brother of the President. "Eisenhower hates McCarthy," he said. "The brazen brother let the ^ "p««i<^i i^"' «^^^^i^lS^ cat out of the bag in Las Vegas when he referred to McCarthy as 'another Hitler' and as 'Nazi-like.' This quotation from brother Art smells íKrS.*?^ *•*»«**. Owe MÍ&Í*"^ Jewish to me. It increases my dis­ satisfaction with the Eisenhower r^í^** i*AS^^ÏC»««*« CVS family tree. We have tried in vain to find out why the West Point Year­ book referred to Dwight Eisenhower as a 'Swedish Jew' even facetiously if that were the case, but our answers have been very, very unsatisfactory.'' . SPINELESS DEACONS McCarthy is also backed by Conde • NEW DEAL WATER BABY McGinley, the hate-mongering editor • THE STEVENSON FLOP • MURDER WILL OUT of Common Sense, perhaps the shrill­ • PANAMA .TREASON .D,PI/>MATK.DOirB. ZT^^;^^^Í^);S%:^ ^ est racist publication in the nation • CHICAGO TBffiUNE V& • WHO MADE BÜSSW Ä^ÄÄ^4Ä^^^^ today.* In April, 1950, McGinley THEiEWS wrote in his publication: "Those jsi«ttto;;jy"« pwpMwd. Americans who wish to live as free -=F::)UNO£D B/ 6ERAI-0 t. K. b^^i men and enjoy Christian worship as they see best, should thank our good Lord for such a man as Joe McCar­ thy. . . Those 55,000 admitted Com­ Here are the cover of the November issue of Gerald L. K. Smith's munist party members are only shock "The Cross and The Flag" and an excerpt from the editorial page troops for the Marxist-Zionists who in which Smith lashed out at Arthur Eisenhower's attack on Mc­ are the brains and directors of Com­ Carthy. ITiis is the kind of racist support McCarthy has attracted munism." On Oct. 15, 1950, McGin­ without publicly accepting or repudiating that support. ley warned in a headline, "YrooisH MARXISTS PLOT U.S.A. DEFEAT BY U.S.S.R." In the same issue, McGin­ ley wrote that the "Yiddish Marxists invented the Zionist movement. Yid­ ported that the Post series showed summed up in the complaint filed by dish Marxists developed this Zionist the Minute Women to be engaged tijie Wisconsin Board of Bar Commis­ movement into the most subtle in­ in "irresponsible vigilantism" and sioners asking his disbarment because strument for aggression in the his­ "the most powerful organization of of his conduct in the 1946 campaign tory of the world."^ Another McGinley its kind . . . since the Ku Klux Klan." that put him in the .U. S. Senate. headline, this one Aug. 15, 1952, McCarthy wrote Suzanne Silvercruys "He . . . knowingly and willfully shouted, "INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT Stevenson, founder of the Minute RULES BOTH PARTIES—ADLAI AND IKE Women, May 8, 1952, hailing the placed the gratification of his por- MARXIST STOOGES." (See cut Page 73.) organization's work in fighting sonal ambition above the interests of the public," the Board said. Frank L. Britton of Inglewood, Communism. Calif., is also a McCarthy zealot. His There are many others from the It is eight years since that Board of American Nationalist, on Aug. 10, shabby and shadowy world of hate noted Wisconsin lawyers formed this 1953, published the charge that mongering who have rallied to Mc­ basic judgment of McCarthy's diar- "Jews Plot to Murder McCaröiy" and Carthy, There is nothing in the acter. Certainly the documented facts attacked the "McCarthy-hating Na­ record to show that McCarthy has assembled in these pages confirm die tional Conference of Christians and either solicited or repudiated their accuracy of their estimate of the man. Jews." Virtually every issue carries support. His "win at any cost" approach to laudatory references to McCarthy— public affairs led him to launch his McCarthy also has formidable press sandwiched in between attacks on national political career with the sup­ Negroes and Jews. and radio support from the Hearst and McCormick newspapers and port of the Communists, and, as he -Another source of McCarthy sup­ from such commentators as Fulton seemed to reach out for the biggest port is the Minute Women of the Lewis, Jr., Westbrbok Pegler, Walter political prize of all, he completed the U.S.A., Inc., which was exposed as a Winchell, George Sokolsky, and circle by attracting the support of the fanatical organization by the Houston others. right-wing extremists—the Texas oil Post, in a series of articles by Ralph millionaires, the Chicago Tribune O'Leary, beginning Oct. 11, 1953. A distinguishing characteristic of nationalists, and the racist spokesmen Time magazine, on Nov. 2, 1953, re- McCarthy's political career was for the hate cult.

April, 1954 75 SOWING SEEDS ^ OF DISUNITY

Facts on the Extent to Which IVIcCarthy Has Split the Free World and Has Helped To Strength^i the Commimist Cause

HE most ironic commentary on which McCarthy has operated to beginning of conversations. It was un­ T Sen. McCarthy's operations is the divide the anti-Communist nations of fortunate that the general opinion is fact profusely documented on this the West: that Sen. McCarthy is another. Hit­ and succeeding pages—that the man ler. .." (Madison, Wis. Capital Times, 1. The principal strategic goal of Nov. 23, 1953) who has made anti-Communism his the Kremlin—as defined by ¿he late career has strengthened the Com­ Premier Stalin and the present Rep. Sheehan's conclusion that munist cause more than any other Premier Malenkov—is to loosen the Europe generally regards McCarthy single American. As La Croix {The bonds that hold the nations of the as "another Hitler" is reflected in Cross), the French Catholic daily, put West together under American scores of editorials in the European it with devastating simplicity June leadership. press. An analysis of this editorial 19, 1955: "Far from being a formid­ comment shows that criticism of Mc­ able foe of Communism, McCarthy is 2. It was the awareness of this basic Carthy is based in part on the fear fast becxaning the precious ally of Soviet strategy that led Secretary of that ¿he Wisconsin Senator is crip­ Communism." And a leading spokes­ State John Foster Dull« to exclaim pling American foreign policy and man for American Protestantism, the in a press conference Dec. 1, 1953: imperiling the security of the Western Christian Century, reported Sppt. 23, "Never in all our history was there alUance designed to prevent Com­ 1953, that "in the free nations" Mc- a time when good Mends and Allies munist agression. Carthyism,"making America an ob­ meant so mudi to us." Paris-Match, France's most import­ ject of derision before the World . . . Yet it is precisely at this decisive ant weekly newsmagazine, catering to [is] helping the local Communist moment in history that McCarthy a conservative audience of moie than Parties"—so much so that McCarthy provides a great deal of grist for the a million, put it this way June 5, has become "the best agent Moscow Soviet propaganda mill by damaging 1953: "If the United Siates is ruled has." his country's reputaticm for decency by fanatical, brutal .McCarthy, can In no area of American p>oliticaI and respect for democratic rights. the British and Western Europe ac­ life have McCarthy's operations Even McCarthy's supporters are cept the leadership of a furions' proved more destructive than in the shaken when they see the harvest of demagogue? In the general crisis with-, critical and highly sensitive field of iU-will he has sown abroad. Congress­ in the Atlantic Alliance, McCarthy foreign relations. The testimony of man Timothy Sheehan, Illinois Re­ has become a weapon for the anti- American dipltmiats, journalists, publican and a supporter erf Mc­ Americans." traveler, and of political leaders and Carthy, told the press when he re­ A leading Frendi daily, Paris- publicists in the countries of the free turned from Europe last fall: Presse, summarized the extent to worid, is virtually unanimous that "In all/the sections I visited, every­ which McCarthy has confused and McCarthy has actually aided the Com­ one seemed to know Sen. McCarthy weakened U.S. foreign policy when it munists by qreating a widening gulf and his investigations. Even during said May 19, 1953: "The United between our Allies and ourselves. short political discussions, this sub­ States has two Secretaries of Stater- Consider the background against ject was always broached at the very McCarthy and Dulles, and in. siX:

76 The PROGRESSIVE weeks McCarthy has created for oath of office. By Feb. 22 the New two. Sen. Taft for the Republicans Dulles most cruel embarrassments. He York Times could headline a Wash­ and Sen. Sparkman for the Demo­ decapitated the Voice of America, al­ ington dispatch this way: crats, took the almost unprecedented most torpedoed the nomination of a step of reviewing FBI's Bohlen file. MCCARTHY POSES ADMINISTRATION PROBLEM U.S. ambassador to Moscow, called HIS WIDE SWINGS ARE HITTING-DULLBS Sen. Taft then reported to the Senate Dulles a liar, fastened on Dulles a PiND THE STATE E>SPARTMENT of the United States: security chief devoted completely to "There was no sug£nunittee, press conference Mar. 25, also refuted publicans Eisenhower and Dulles. which included Republicaii Senatprs McCarthy's attack. The President said Combat, a French daily, reflected Taft, Knowland, Ferguson, Hicken­ that he knew Bohlen personally, was the opinion of many other European looper, and Chairman Wiley, voted well acquainted with his philc^ophy, newspapers when, in an article en­ unanimously, 15-0, their approval of and believed that he was the best Bohlen's high qualifications. qualified man in the United States titled, "MCCARTHYISM: THE ADVANCE for this important, post. GUARD OF FASCISM IN THE UNTTED Then McCarthy rose to accuse and STATES," it said on Apr. 22, 1953: attack. He charged Bohlen with be­ For McCarthy, the whole-hearted "While the Democrats were in power ing a security risk and alleged that approval of the President and Sen. McCarthy took out after Acheson, but there was damaging material in the Taft and the members of the Senate now that McCarthy's own party is in FBI files on Bohlen. So bitterly did Foreign Relations Committee was not power, far from calming himself he McCarthy attack that a committee of enou^. The Senator from Wisconsin seems to have doubled his zeal and continued his. attacks on Bohlen, does not hesitate to attack Dulles and charged Secretary Dulles with "un­ Eisenhower." As Stewart Alsop ob­ true" statements, and on the floor of served in the Republican New York the Senate questioned the honesty of Herald-Tribune Jan. 10, 1954, "Mc­ the Senate Majority Leader, William Carthy is, after all, a political carni­ F. Knowland of California. vore—^he lives by attacking. He can­ Sio malicious were the McCarthy not subsist indefinitely on the corpse tirades against Bohlen and those who of the Truman Administration." supported him, including the Presi­ The Eisenhower Administration dent and the Secretary of State, that had been in office only two weeks Knowland cried out in the Senate: when McCarthy struck. On Feb. 2, "If we have so destroyed confidence 1953, President Eisenhower delivered in men in the government of the his first State of the Union message United States, then God help us." to Congress. In it he said that "the McCarthys himself was thoroughly primary responsibility for keeping repudiated when 74 Senators voted ~ out the disloyal and the dangerous their approval of Bohlen's appoint­ rests squarely upon the Executive ment; McCarthy could 'find only Branch. I am determined to meet this twelve to join him in a negative vote. responsibility." Two days later, Feb. Hex^lQck in Hie Wasfalncton Port They were: S«is. Bricker, Ohio; 4, McCarthy initiated the first of a Bridges, New Hampshire; Dirksen, series of attacks on the State Depart­ 'We Have Documentary Evidence Illinois; Dworshak, Idaho; Gold* ment whose head,. John Foster Dulles, That This Man Is Planning water, Arizona; Malone, Nevada; had jlist two weeis before taken his a Trip to Moscow'* Mundt, South Dakota; Schoeppel,

April. 1954 77 í

Kansas; Welker, Idaho, all Repub­ which could be distorted into polit­ licans; Johnson, Colorado, and Mc­ ical attacks. Carran, Nevada, Democrats: More important, American diplo­ McCarthy was repudiated, but Mc­ mats must spend time guarding Carthyism made its contribution to against sudden stabs from McCarthy ,i the Communist cause: Ambassador and his numerous staff of investi­ Bohlen's departure was delayed for gators instead of devoting themselves weeks by McCarthy's attacks at a time to advancing the cause of the free when expert American representation world. at Moscow was important to the new Americans of maturity and ability Republican makers of foreign policy. have become reluctant to serve the It was the period immediately after Department of State and its Foreign Stalin's death when vital decisions Service. Young men are dissuaded affecting grave issues of peace and from even applying for positions by war were being hammered out in the thought of being future victims Moscow^ the United States alone had of political smears. Foreign Service no ambassador there. As Clifton Ut- job applications declined by almost ley told an NBC audience, "Even in half in the first six months of 1953 the Bohlen matter, where his case compared to what they were in 1952. was so bad it was foredoomed to de­ With a much smaller group from feat, McCarthy essentially command­ which to choose, standards of ability ed the Senate to stand still for two and intelligence are measurably weeks—and it did." Charles £. Bohlen lowered. Throughout the non-Communist The Christian Science Monitor, .countries of Europe, McCarthy's ef­ June 6, 1953, reported an interview fort to obstruct the Eisenhower Ad­ with a State Department official, ministration caused deep concern per. Le Monde, hopefully on Apr. 7, whose identity it protected, in these over the influence he would exercise 1953. words: "The men and women in the on American diplomacy. A survey Other outstanding diplomats have State Department don't talk any long­ conducted by the New York Times been hounded out of government er about staying for the good of the Mar. 29, 1953, found America's allies service by McCarthyism. The Sen­ service. They want to get out fast. inquiring whether American diplo­ ator has used the State Department They feel their Department has been mats in the future were going to be and the Foreign Service as a political ruined beyond repair. . . . Fear, ^in­ bullied into making distorted reports punching bag. The fact that in trigue, and suspicion are now the cur­ to please McCarthy. Anti-Commu­ doing so he weakens American di­ rency of the whole State Department. nist leaders were reported as being plomacy and strengthens Commu­ No one trusts anyone. No one says.. appalled by McCarthy's attack on nist diplomacy has never deterred anything he can avoid saying. The Eisenhower's "new team," and Amer­ him from irresponsibly assaulting practices of Fascism have come to the ican prestige was found to be "visibly individuals. United States." tarnished." Senate approval of Boh­ The survivors of McCarthy's at­ In a letter to the New York Times len was hailed, on the other hand, by tacks carry on their duties greatly dis­ Jan. 17, 1954, five of America's most the leading non-Communist papers of heartened. Never knowing who will distinguishedNformer diplomats spoke Europe. "The influence of Mr. Mc­ be McCarthy's next victim. State De­ up against the impact of McCarthy­ Carthy in the Senate is clearly di­ partment employees avoid responsibil­ ism on the Foreign Service of our minishing," said a leading French pa- ity for action and duck decisions country without identifying the Sen­ ator by name. The five men who signed the let­ ter were: Joseph C. Grew, who had *A Form of American Totalitarianism' 41 years in our foreign service and. was our ambassador to Switzerland, William F. Qancy, associate editor of the Cathoïic magazine Common­ Turkey, and Japan, and served for a ^ weal, told the ADA of Newark, N. J., that "if McCarthy had never really time as Undersecretary of State; Nor­ existed, Communists would have invented him.^' man Armour, 33 years in the State Clzmcy said that, rather than being opposed tb McCarthy, the Commu­ nists are actually delighted to be able to use his attacks on loyal Americans Department, who held, among others, to spread their own anti'American propagemda here and in other parte of the the posts of ambassador to Chile, Ar­ world. " . gentina, and Spain, and was an as­ "McCarthyism is actually a form of American' totalitarianism," Clancy sistant Secretary of State; Robert said. He pointed out that the two foremost Catholic magazines in this Woods Bliss, 33 years in the State cotmtry, Commonweal and America, a Jesuit publication, were both strongly Department, onetime chairman of antl'McCarthy. the Board of Examiners for the "If one is truly anti-Commimist," he said, "he must of necessity be Diplomatic Service, minister to Swed­ an anti-McCarthyite. Both are anathema to a free, democratic society." en, ambassador to Argentina; G. Quoted in iht^ADA World November, 1953 Howland Shaw, 27 years in the State

78 The PROGRESSIVE i

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'We've got the range, now pour it on!'

Department, chief of the Division of tacks has been so flimsy as to have no believes to be in the interests of the Near Eastern Affairs, expert on per­ standing in a court of law or in the United States may subsequently find sonnel problems, member of the State mind of any individual capable of his loyalty and integrity challenged Department's Policy Commission; differentiating repeated accusation ... A premium therefore has been and William Phillips, 39 years in the from even a reasonable presumption put upon reporting and upon rec­ Department of State, Assistant Secre­ of guilt." ommendations which are ambiguous­ tary of State, Undersecretary, am­ Among the "sinister" results flow­ ly stated or so cautiously set forth as bassador to Belgium, Italy, and min­ ing from these reckless attacks, the to be deceiving, ister to Canada. five men maintained, was the fact "When any such tendency begins Writing of the attacks "from out­ that "the conclusion has become in­ its insiduous work it is not long be­ side sources" on the "loyalty and escapable that a Foreign Service of­ fore accuracy and initiative have been moral standards" of the Foreign ficer who reports on persons and sacrificed to acceptability and con­ Service, these five retired diplomats events to the very best of his ability formity. The ultimate result is a pointed out that "with rare excep­ and who makes recommendations threat to national security. In this tions the justification for these at­ which at the time he conscientiously connection the history of the Nazi

April, 1954 79 and Fascist Foreign Services before istration as headlines throughout the had not carried any cargo, into these the Second World War is pertinent." nation proclaimed his defeat in the ports for at least two years. (New After pointing out the extent to Bohlen appointment. But an hour Y^rk Times, Mar. 30, 1953). They which anonymous informers and after he was decisively voted down on said they coop^ated with McCarthy careless investigations play their part the floor of the Senate, McCarthy's because they wanted to end "bad in the type of attacks made on the office telephoned the press gallery to publicity." {St. Louis Post-Dispatch Foreign Service, the five diplomats ajmounce an important press confer­ Apr. 5, 1953.) ask "whether we are not laying the ence the next day. When the Wash­ foundations of a Foreign Service com­ ington correspondents had assembled, On Mar. 31, 1953. the New York petent to serve a totalitarian govern­ McCarthy broke his Greek shipping Times quoted the Greek shipowners ment rather than the government of story. as saying the vessels have "not taken cargoes of strategic materials to Red the United States as we have hereto­ McCarthy's strategy in leaping from fore known it. China, but have usually arrived emp­ the Bohlen renversai to the Greâ: ship ty at Darien from Japan to load coal "Fear is playing an important part story was part of the basic pattern for Japan and soya beans for India, in American life at the present time. of his "battle-plan" described by Ceylon, and Europe. The deals haVe As a result the self-confidence, the George H. Hall in the St. Louis Post- been made publicly in the Baltic ship­ confidence in others, the sense of Dispatch Apr. 4, 1953: "Attack al­ ping exchange in London." London fair play, and the instinct to protect ways, never defend, never explain Greeks also affirmed that ships under the rights of the non-conformist are— and never>etreat; when in a hot spot, their flag were not going to Com­ temporarily, it is hoped—in abey­ break off the engagement and attack munist por& and that ships leased to ance. But it would be tragic if this on another front." other countries were forbidden to" feai, expressing itself in an exagger­ McCarthy announced that he had carry strategic materials to Commu­ ated emphasis oh secmity, should been carrying on negotiations with nist countries. {London Times, Apr. , lead us to cripple the Foreign Serv­ the Greek shipowners of New York 17, 1953) Moreover, testimony be­ ice, our first line of national defense, City. As a result he had secured an fore the Committee showed that there - at the very time when its effective­ agreement with the owners of 242 were only 26 Greek-owned ^hips in­ ness is essential to our filling the place merchant ships to stop all trade with volved in any trade with Ghin?i, and which history has assigned to us." Communist China, North Korea, and not the 242 claimed by McCarthy in This has been the impact of Mc­ Russian Pacific ports. He spoke of his first sensational splash in the Carthy and McCarthyism on the agen­ the "dismal failure" of the Eisen­ headlines. cies of American foreign policy. Com- hower Administration in not stopping mimists and fellow-travelers, boring this trade and claimed that he. was Actually McCarthy claimed credit from within, would have difficulty carrying on negotiations with the for something the Eisenhower Ad­ in equaling the wreckage of the Greek ship owners of London to ministration had already accom­ American diplomatic service achieved reach the same sort df agreement. The plished. The State Department and by McCarthy frnfi'^ tary of State Dulles and President dence following his inquiry to the. Eisenhower himself. The making of Eisenhower Administration. He im­ foreign policy, as clearly understood mediately set about to harass the in the Constitution, is the responsibil­ Greek shipowners of New York, and ity of jthe Executive Branch of our they offered to confirm what their government. 'Steamroller^ government had already accom­ The first of McCarthy's ventures "In Senator JosejA McCarthy's book plished. McCarthy had made, as a in the making of foreign policy would there is only one side to his story—his high Eisenhower official frankly have been high comply, based as it side; anâ woe to anyone who would stated, "phony claims." {New Y&rk was on pure bluff, if it had not con­ argue otherwise. They can expect Mc' Times, Mar. 30, 1953) tributed to confusion among our al­ Carthy to come at them like a clatter­ McCarthy had not only made lies about the character of American ing, thundering streamroller." phony claims but he had entered ixh policy. St. Louis Post-Dispatch to unconstitutional negotiations with ( On Mar. 27, 1953, McCarthy re­ Dec. 7. 1953 citizens of a foreign country. Harold ceived his first repudiation by his Stassen, director of the Foreign <>p- party and the Eisenhower Admin­ erations Administration and once a

80 The PROGR£$$)VE close associate of McCarthy's, bluntly This statement McCarthy was unable aged 26, were supplied with a fat asserted that McCarthy's tactics were to challenge and, as the New York expense account out of the U.S. "undermining American foreign poli­ Times said, "The Voluntary Secre­ Treasury for a whirlwind trip across cy" and were "harmful to our ob­ tary of State promised tp retire from the continent. Stopping briefly at key jective." (JNTen; York Times, Mar. 31, his unconstitutional role.**^ (^P^- 2, points, they left behind them a trail 1953) 1953) To reporters McCarthy ad- of denunciations of American officials In a letter to Sen. John L. Me­ 'mitted that the initiative for the and a shocked Europe. No time was Clellan, a member, of McCarthy's" agreement had come from the Greek taken for sober study and investiga­ Subcommittee, Stassen wrote that shippers. But the Senator, cornered tion. Radio Free Europe's staff of McCarthy's action "had these un­ by his contradictions, refused to dis­ 1,200, for example, was processed fortunate effects: It confused the is­ cuss the matter further. A few weeks by Cohn and Schine in little more sue of responsibility in the seeking of later he was again back at work en­ than a half hour. international action to cut down the dangering American fofeign policy on other fronts. Neither of the men whom Mc­ flow of goods to the Communists; it Carthy selected had any knowledge increased the difficulties of conclud­ of Europe or of its diplomatic prob­ ing the necessary agreements with Cohn and Schine, Leave lems. Schine had a background of a other nations which we are seeking wealthy playboy who had written Trail of lU-Will in Europe— . . . and it has made it more difficult several popular songs, served as a to obtain information and cooper­ Europeans who lacked first-hand press agent for a dance orchestra, and ation" in investigating Greek ship­ knowledge of McCarthyism and what had chased after Hollywood starlets. owners. {Quoted in the St. Louis it means were brought face to face Cohn's experience was more serious, Post-Dispatch, yi^r. 5, 1953) with its workings in April of 1953. As but limited to a few years of legal After Secretary Dulles called Mc­ chairman of the Senate's Permanent practice. These two of McCarthy's Carthy to a conference, a press state­ Subcommittee on Investigations, Mc­ "investigators" appeared in Europe— ment was released by the Eisenhower Carthy sent his two personal aides on representatives of the U.S., govern­ Administration which pointed to the an "investigation" trip through West­ ment—to insult officials and display dangers of Congress unconstitutional­ ern Europe. These two young men, their buffoonery and ignorance in ly entering the field of foreign policy. Roy M. Cohn and G. David Schine, each city they visited. Their antics in

Aprín 1954 81 Europe earned them the derisive "In Rome, a new angle came to "undermined confidence" in anti- nickname of the Keystone cops. light. McCarthy, back in Washing­ Communist radio broadcasts beamed Writing in The Reporter, Ridiard ton, had told the press that they had to the Russian people. "It is not Rovere observed that the trip "was been sent abroad to bring back a known whether Sen. McCarthy was marked from beginning to end by report on the amount of money that helping the Soviets intentionally or low comedy. In the basic circinnstance had been spent 'in putting across the not," said the Merkur, "but the ef­ of the trip there was the ready-made Truman Administration' in Europe. fect of his activities was such that he - plot for a goigeous farce—two yoimg This was news to Cohn, but he was will probably be made an honorary men madly and preposterously bent equal to it. 'We hadn't heard about member of the Communist Party by on the ideological purification of the that,' he said, ^but anything the chair­ the Kremlin soon." {Quoted in the greatest government on earth. And man of our committee says, if he U.S. official HICOG digest of Ger­ the journey itself, the real journey, said it, goes with us.* man press comment) had such familiar fixtures of farce as "Apparently they had no purpose a female spy who was once the toast beyond McCarthy's continuing one 'McCarthy Is a Disgrace of Vienna, a contretemps that in­ of free-style, catch-as-catch-can harass­ volved a platoon of diplomats in a ment" To the Name of America* search for a mislaid billfold, and an The press of Europe, from conserv­ In Stockholm, Dagens Nyheter, altercation—denied in toto by the ative to liberal, warned of the ill ef­ principals but sworn to by reputable fect the Cohn and Schine mission had Sweâen's largest and most influential journalists and in any case flrmly in giving a distorted impression of the daily, said of Cohn and Schine: fixed now m the profoundest reali­ United States. The mission gave the "What the gentlemen possibly might ties of myth—^in which young Mr. Communists a boost in their anti- have discovered they have aheady Schine chased young Mr. Cohn American campaign, and Communist spoiled by foolishness and arrc^nce. around the hotel lobby swatting him papers were jubilant over the activ­ They have introduced anti-American over the head with a rolled-up ities of McCarthy's agents. propaganda far more effective than magazine." what possibly could have been ac­ One European cartoonist pictured complished by the 'Communistic* Rovere, who conducted a compre­ two zoot-suited youngsters lounging books and persons they were supposed hensive inquiry into the Cohn-Schine over an American official's desk and to investigate . . . The unanimous expedition, reported that it "appears asking, "Is there anything around opinion of Europe is that Joseph to have been set up only a few days here which would injure respect for ,' McCarthy symbolizes exactly the re­ in advance, and the purpose of it was America?" To this question the offi­ verse of what America stands for and so obscured that almost everywhere cial bravely and honestly answered, what we have learned to appreciate. the travelers touched down they gave "Besides you, nothing elsel" {New His name is the arch enemy of liber­ a different account of why they were York Times, Apr. 18, 1953) ty, and a disgrace to the name of traveling. In Paris they said they were In Vienna, the usually pro-Ameri­ America." (April 24,1953) looking for inefficiency in government can Arbeiter Zeitung, aftor hearing When the two inquisitors came to offices overseas. In Bonn they said Cohn and Schine's hasty denuncia­ London, Lord Beaverbrook's conserv­ they were looking for subversives. tions of American officials, ques­ ative Daily Express said: "McCarthy Asked in Munich which it was, tioned whether McCarthy's methods is seeking to promote bitterness be­ Cohn explained that it was both. differed essentially from those of the tween Britain and America^ ^thereby 'Efficiency,' he said, 'includes com­ Communist secret police. In Ger­ playing Malenkov's game," plete political reliability. If anyone many, the independent Munich is interested in ¿he Communists, then Merkur expressed horror at the ex­ The London News Chronicle said he cannot be efficient.' tent to which the McCarthy aides the Cohn-Schine visit might be worth­ while if they should depart with the impression that "for the large num­ bers of British citizens McGarthyism has done more to bedevil Anglo- American relations than any oaier Sapping America's Prestige single factor." London The ultra-conservative Financial. "The Communists' manipulation of Horopean distaste for 'McCartíiyism' as a maneuver to divide die Lhiited States koia its allies abroad has caused Times lost its temper over the harih concern here. done by these two young men and "British and II.S. students of trans-Atlantic relaticms believe that tíie pic­ spoke of them as "scummy snoopers". ture, at least partly distorted, of the activities of Sen. McCartiby . . . that is and "distempered jackals." being widely accepted in Europe is being empk>yed by the Communists to sap The usually pro-American London the prestige and ¿äuencc of the United States. .. "Prof. Denois W. Brogan declared in the current edition of The Speci^or: Times, on Apr. 29, described the 'It is an exaggeration, but not much of one, to say that Ae issue of "Mc­ Cohn-Shine expedition as . a "gro­ Carthyism" is one of the most powerful wedges being driven between the tesque voyage" and noted that Mc­ British and Ameriom peoples (and between the American and French and Carthy had so greatly damajged U.S. odier European nations).'" ' interests abroad that he "has become DREW MES>LET]ON in the direct conœm of the Unitæfd TTie New York Times Feb. 18. 1954 ^States' allies."

82 The PROGRESSIVE The United Press reported from Sen. Alexander Wiley, McCarthy's London Apr* 24, 1953, that The In­ Wisconsin colleague and chairman of dependent Weekly, publication of the the Foreign Relations Committee, and Church of England, referred to the next ranking Republican mem­ •"McCarthy's two agents of intoler­ ber of the Committee, Sen. H. Alex­ ance and totalitarianism." < ander Smithr of New Jersey, were quick to disavow the attack of their The Attack on Attlce fellow Republican Senator. Speaking of the McCarthy affair, Sen. Smith For McCarthy this contribution to said, "I can imagine nothing more the Communist effort to discredit the pleasing to the Kremlin . . ." United States and split this nation from its. allies was not enough. In In Britain, Attlee hastened to coun­ May of 1953 McCarthy poured all his ter the Ul )5ffeets of the McCarthy venom into promoting ill-feeling and speech; "I do not think tíiat anyone distrust bet^^n the United States in this country judges America by and Great Britain. On the floor of Sen. .McCarthy. The British Labor the U.S. Senate on May 14, McCarthy Party and I myself have been vigor­ att£u:ked the jbrmer British Prime ously opposing the Cennmunist Party Minister, Clement Attlee, as a Com- in this country ever since its forma­ mnnist, calling him "Comrade Att- tion—long before Sen, McCarthy was Fitepatriek in The St. Louia Fost-Dlspat«h lee," and charing him with insulting ever heard of." the United States and its citizens. The French Catholic Daily, La Croix, said June 17, 1953: "Mc­ with phrases like"perfumed notés," The occasion for McCarthy's as­ Carthy's insulting of Attlee earned "phony truce," and "blood trade." sault on än American ally was a him the general reprobation of The Tablet, chief organ of the Cath­ speech which Attlee made in the Europe and America (except the ex­ olic church in England, warned (Dec. .House Qf Commons as leado: of Her tremist papers)." The Paris daily, 12, 1953) after the McCarthy outcry, Majesty's Opposition. In the course of Combat, put it this way May 15: "Unless the President can silence the a long discussion ' of foreign policy, "McCarthy's indecent attack against Senator, the Republicans Will be in the former ï^me Mftiister explained Attlee brings to mind a few predeces­ difficulties ... The world today could the diversity of opinion m xb& IMited sors in this kind of eloquence. Goeb- not support anything short of a hard, States and the constitutional lifiâita- bels never did better on thebest day cold realism guiding the policies of tions placed upon the President of he ever had." "~~ the U.S. The time is too serious for the United States in his relations with Messiahs of either right or left." Congress. McCarthy Attacks "The V«ry The Chicago S«n-Tímej (Dec. 3, In contrast to the British system 1933) reflected the editorial opinion where the Prime Minister derives his Heart of Amorfean Policy" of many middle-of-the-road dailies in power directly frcmi controlof Parlia- this country when it characterized mentf Attlee pointed out that Presi­ At the end of eleven montlis of McCarthy's principal theme as a de­ dent Eisenhower '-'speaks for the Ad­ McCarthy's constant attacks on mand for "blackmail, ' coercion, and ministration, but in America power is American policy and American offi­ intimidation" and "blustering and divided, between the Administration cials, the Eisenhower Administration domineering methods" in the conduct ^ and Congress," Mentioning also that recognized the fundamental split be­ of American jEoreign policy. Referring SJEunetimes members of Congress op­ tween the leaders of the Republican specifically to McCarthy's attack on pose thé President, Attlee commented Paf^ and the Junior Senator from tiie Eisenhower Administration for that one "sometimes wonders who ^s^ Wiscpnsin^vïn the weeks pce<«iing not cracking down on allied nations the more powerful, the President or this step, McQu?thy*s chargés had which trade with Communist China, Sen. McCaithy." In die saáie speech reached a new peak of violence. At the Sun-Times said: "M(£larthy, who Attlee expnsssed Britain's gratitude a crucial stage in international nego­ professes to abhor Communist meth­ for America's assistance and his tiations—^in fact, on the eve of the ods, would employ those very methods admiration of Presidents Eisenhower Big Three Conference in Bermuda— to bring our allies abjectly to heel. and - Tiiima»- He repeatedly ex­ he was again undermining his na­ He would threaten and browbeat plained that he had no intention of tion's representatives. . them as Russia does her satellites.*' criticizing the American system of On Nov. 24, in a nationally broad­ government, but was explaining its cast and telecast speech which was McCarthy's attempt to discredit the working^. ostensibly a reply to former Presi­ Republican Administration for con­ McCarthy gave no heed to what dent Truman's indictment of Mc­ doning "blood money" trade between Attlee had actually said, but used the Carthyism, the Wisconsin Senator, our allies and China was answered occasion of the speech to denounce according to the Alsops in the New by Harold E, Stassen, chief of Foreign Great Britain and imply that Attlee, York Herald-Tribune, "intimated Economic Operations, who was Mc­ lox^ a leading foe of Communism, that the Eisenhower Administration's Carthy's choice for President in 1948> was a Soviet sympathizer. Other Sen­ foreign policy is one of 'whining, Stamen had pointed out 6n an ear­ ator» were irate at McCarthy's blow whimpering appeasement."* lier occasion that the problem in­ to Anglo-American friendships Both McCaithy's speech was studded volved "a very complex question. If

April, 1954 83 we insist our Allies break off some of us on our Allies, would mark the their present trade some of them United States, not as a leader, but would be in a position to ask^ 'How as an imperialist power, which is the do we stay alive economically?' " On very charge leveled against us by Jan. 9, 1954, Stassen, whose anti- Soviet propaganda that feeds on Mr,* Communist credentials are as impres­ McCarthy's diatribes." sive as any official's in the Republi­ Britain, the nation which has suf­ can Administration, said that in­ fered most from McCarthy's attacks, creased East-West trade this year hailed the Administration's step. would help push democratic ideas through the Iron Curtain and might The Manchester Guardian Weekly even improve political relations with said Dec. 10, 1953; "The rebukes is­ Russia. sued by the President and Secretary Dulles to Sen. McCarthy have been Stassen declared in art interview, reassuring, at least on this side of the carried by the Associated Press, that Atlantic, because they have set up a the Republican Administration is barricade of good sense to stem the now inclined to favor East-West trade flood of vituperative politics." becanse Western Europe's recovery has reached the point where such The London Daily Telegraph trade can be economically as well as (Dec. 5, 1953) devoted its lead edi­ politically profitable. He pointed out torial to denouncing McCarthy's "intensifícation of the demagogic that the Administration still opposed -Dwight D. Eisenhower trade with Red China, and would at technique which has inflated him into least until peace is restored in Korea a figure of worldwide significance . .. and Indo-China, but, he emphasized, the Soviet pattern. Therefore; "We Even if the Senator fails to shake the a general resumption of East-West shall be firm and persistent in trying Administration, his campaign will trade could "succeed in convincing to secure agreement on what we be­ continue to poison American atti­ the people of the Soviet bloc that the lieve to be right. We shall expect a tudes to friendly nations." free world is pursuing a genuine poli­ fair sharing of efforts and burdens. Reviewing the whole episode, ABC, cy of peace and even force their But we shall not tty to be arrogant, an important newspaper in Franco leaders to be less hostile to the West." or to demand of others what we our­ Spain, said Dec. 4, 1953: selves, if circumstances were reversed, On Dec, I, 1953, Secretary of State "The intolerant aggressiveness of would reject." Dulles, after receiving the President's his temperament and an impeccable approval, struck back on the broader President Eisenhower stood fully instinct ior publicity have led Mc­ issues raised by McCarthy in his at­ behind Secretary Dulles in opposing Carthy to, believe that the most im­ tack on the Administration's foreign the McCarthy policy of treating our portant man in today's American policy. Without mentioning his allies in such a way as to drive them political life is McCarthy . . . name, but with direct reference to into Soviet hands. In his press confer­ McCarthy's attack, Dulles repudiated ence the President said, as para­ "Having received for nothing one the Senator's recent insinuations that phrased by the New York Times Dec. half-hour on radio and TV networks, the Eisenhower Administration was 2, 1953: "Such coercion, imposed by worth in normal circumstances several appeasing the Communists. hundred thousand dollars, McCarthy used the thirty minutes not to defend Dulles told the press: "The burden himself against attacks by ex-Presi­ of that criticism was that we spoke dent Truman but to attack President too kindly to our allies and sent fliem Eisenhower, the allies of the United 'perfumed notes,' [the McCarthy States, and those of the Republicajis phrase] instead of using threats and wl^o disagree with the Soviet spy hunt intimidation to compel them to do which is foremost in the Wisconsin our bidding." After stating the desire Senator's political capital . . . for constructive criticism, the Secre­ tary of State said that these charges "The simple negation of the ob­ [McCarthy's] were attacking "the vious is a familiar tactic for the Sen­ very heart of American policy." ator from Wisconsin . . . His world The Secretary of State went on to is divided between traitors at the discuss the need for the closest coop­ service of Russia and patriots at the eration with our allies. These nations service of McCarthy . . ." had been willing to give the United In Rome, Giornalei d'Italia, the States air bases on the periphery of conservative daily, commented that the Soviet Union which were essen­ Eisenhower and Dulles took the polit­ tial to protect the American people ical risks involved in fighting back from sudden air attack. And our al­ against McCarthy because "from too lies, Dulles said, were not as Mc­ many capitals came alarming reports Carthy would have them, satellites on John Foster Dulles of the opinion that had been forming

84 The PROGRESSIVE in friendly countries about the Amer­ 26, 1953, the report that thé Italians its own separate form based on na­ ican conduct of foreign affairs." The "are bewildered that a nation so tional experience ... In Germany the Eisenhower Administration, said this strong as America should be so toler­ German mind has found what it re­ Italian paper, felt-obliged to act be­ ant of [McCarthy's] fanaticism, of gards as ji release from its own sense cause "in Europe and Asia the im­ witch-hunting methods in dealing of guilt about Hitler. From the day pression was growing that McCarthy­ with problems of Communism." Hitler achieved power, Germans ism dominates Washington." From Paris, Don Cook of the New have winced under the charge of hav­ York Herald Tribune wrote July 26, ing lacked the political wisdom and 'The Spreading Poison' 1953; "It is a rare Paris diplomatic the moral courage to stop Hitler be­ fore it was too late. To the German The incalculable damage done gathering where a remark is not made to the effect, 'But when we see things Of 1953, Sen. McCarthy is reason to by McCarthy to the Western cause in say to an American, 'Now practice its historic struggle against Commu­ like McCarthyism happening to your country, we certainly have doubts what you have preacheil.' Sen. Mc­ nist ideology shows up with great Carthy has become the German's vin­ clarity in the sober comments of our about America's capacity for world leadership.' " dication of his own sense of guilt friends in Europe a,nd Asia. The cen­ about Hitler:' (July 22) "It the fu­ tral Soviet goal, Kremlin strategy has In Belgrade, Eric Bourne sent a ture generation of Europeans turns emphasized, is to drive a wedge be­ dispatch to The World, monthly U.S- again to Communism, the turn will tween the United States and its allies. magazine, for November 1953 report­ be dated from the spring of 1953 That is why President Eisenhower ing that among the forces in world when McCarthyism discredited anti- urgently emphasized Dec. 4, 1953, affairs most feared in Yugoslavia is Communism in Europe. Europe can­ that "unity among free nations is our "the influence on U.S. policy of Sen. not be held against Communism with­ only hope for survival in the face of Joseph McCarthy . . ." out the support of its intellectuals the worldwide conspiracy backed by In Tokyo, Prof. Sadayoshi Fukuda, and its working classes. In those areas the weight of Soviet military power." writing in the October issue of the the damage [done by McCarthy] has That is Why Secretary of State Dulles magazine Bungei Shinju, reported been devastating." C/tiZy 25) said Dec. I, 1953: "Never in all our that one of the principal reasons for history was there a time when good It is strikingly significant that all anti-Americanism in Japan is "the anti-totalitarian political groups in friends and allies meant so much red-hunting conducted by McCarthy." to us." Europe are--opposed to McCarthy. In Delhi, India, The Sunday States­ The New York Herald-Tribune for Yet it is precisely at this time that May 22, 1953, put it this way: "He is McCarthy creates doubt and division man wrote Nov. 22, 1953, of "Mc­ Carthy's special nose for politics by criticized as much from the extreme among our friends and holds Ameri­ Right as from the extreme Left, and can institutions up to ridicule and smear" with this observation: "While it would be foolish to suggest that the Center regards him as a threat to mockery throughout the free world. the world it is trying to create." Few Americans realize how seriously the American mind has been para­ oiir allies abroad take McCarthy and lyzed by McCarthy, its slow poisoti On July 22, 1953, Joseph C. how deeply he strikes terror in the has spread fairly wide and deep," Harsch of the Christian Science Moni­ hearts of our friends. In a series of articles in the Chris­ tor expressed much the same conclu­ On July 16, 1953, Joseph C. Harsch tian Science Monitor in July 1953, sion in these words: "There are liter­ reported for the Christian Science Joseph C. Harsch made these signi­ ally no defenders of Sen. McCarthy in Monitor that "Sen. McCarthy is the ficant comments while studying con­ Europe except for the occasional in­ most frequently discussed American ditions in Europe: "In each Euro­ dividual who always hated America in Europe." pean country anti-McCarthyism takes anyway ., . Such a person says, and I Constantine Brown, columnist for the Washington Star, wrote from Switzerland Oct. 9, 1953: "McCarthy- ism is more discussed in intellectual circles here than the Soviet threat or A Tearful Thing* Eisenhower's foreign policies." "The voice of McCarthy was abroad in the land and it is now, as it was The New Yorker for May 30, 1953, in the beginning, a poisoned and fearful thing. It went on forever making carried a dispatch from Paris noting unproved charges, forever irresponsible, forever merely free of libel; it went that "for the past month American on exploiting die insecure, the anxious, the confused, and the afraid. visitors to Europe who are important "It told no truth, and Held no answers. ... We haVe known demagogues enough to know important Europ­ in our political history but this is a special kind—an evil kind, a deliberate eans have been, reporting that they kind. It adds falseness to the already false. are everywhere being asked the same "It represents the other side of the election coin. It is the spurious and question: 'What are you going to do the counterfeit. It would be legal tender nowhere in any world where reason about McCarthy? What has happened was and where intelligence was operative." ^ to America?* " The Commonweal Catholic weekly magazine From Rome, Frank Kelley cabled the New York Herald Tribune July

Aprib 1W4 85 have heard it, 'I like McCarthy. He harm in eight months than Soviet proves how barbarous America really propaganda has done in eig^t years.^* is.' " Bill Baggs, columnist for the Miami Even more significant than this uni­ Daily News^ reported a œnversation versal loathing of McCarthyism by with ar Norwegian who emphasized the democratic forces of Europe is the that McCarthy "makes these times fact that the Communist press alone hard for us. He promote hysteria. makes little or no genuine protest When he promote hysteria, the Com­ against McCarthy, for it is in the munists use this against America in totalitarian interest to have Ameri­ Europe." ca's good name besmirched by the In Italy, a Christian Science Moni' junior Senator from Wisconsin. A tor corr^pondent found that Italian. survey of the French press, conducted Communists owed "a vote of thanks" by Lionel Durand, former foreign to McCarthy because his attacks on editor of Paris-Presse and more re­ the U.S. Information Service led to cently editor of the officii organ the removal from their library of the World Veterans Federation, shelves of some of the most effective showed that over a sample period of 1—^jjgf ' '^1 anti-Communist propaganda ever to two months in 1953 paperis of all but appear in Italy. one political and religious complex­ "I Bear He's Going to Demand ion—conservative, middle-of-the-road. Equal Time in the White Hotise' In Canada, the Montreal Star re­ Catholic, Protestant, and independ­ potted that McCarthy "has beannea ent—expressed alarm and disgust over symbol in many parts of his own McCarthy's operations. The one ex­ country and abroad of the worst kind ception was die French Communist But outside of the United States it is of American. Enemies of the United daily, L'Humanite, which alone made the reports of , McCarthy's charges States joyfully proclaim this, and no direct attack on McCarthyism. which give the distorted impression many friends of America have had of his power. And when, as in the I their faith in American leadeiihlp case of the Cohn-Schine mission, out­ weakened by the presence of such a Aiding the Cpmmunists standing officials are discharged af­ man in the Senate." ter being subjected to McCarthy's Americans know that McCarthy is A representative report on British not running the United States, des­ attack, McCarthy's rule of terror seems stronger in the eyes of outsiders opihion was written by Philip Drew, pite the fact that he wields tre­ special correspondent for the Cleve­ mendous influence, and that the tra­ than it really is. As the Washington Post pointed out Oct. 3^, 1953, the land Plain Dealer, from londcm Dec ditions of American freedom and 5, 1953: "The other day an English democratic procedure are still strong. very fact that "McCarthyism seems to have reached such heights of in­ friend who watches international do-~ timidation is almost as damaging as ings, and particularly Anglo-Ameri' if the intimidation were a fact." can doings, pretty closely, shook ti$ considerably with this one: So great has been the adverse im­ " 'If the Soviet Communists hope pact of McCarthyism on U.S. forei^ to weaken the Western Allismce, and policy that the U.S. goveijiment has most especially the Anglo-American officially recognized the barriers part of it, they will never su<^eed«: which McCarthy has created to bar But th^y-can satisfy themselves there the successful functioning of that is a man unconsciously doing a much policy. The National Security Coun­ more efflcient wreddng job than .any­ cil, the most important strategic body in the Kremlin would ever have, planning body in the United States, diosen. The name is Sen, Joseph Mc» made up of the military and diplo­ Carthy.* matic chiefs, has had to concern itself "Just to set things straight the män with a detailed study of the effect of who said this is no bug-in-the-head. McCarthy in undermitiing confidence Bevanite. He is not even a socialkt. in America. (Washington Post, Nov. He is a conservative who is sick to 21,195-3) death of reading every day in British, But it is the aid McCarthy gives and American newspapers little Communism that chiefly concerns our things and big things that add up ^ friends abroad. Adlai Stevenson, for the souring of Anglo-American feel­ instance, reported in Look magazine ings. And he is not alone. It is what SepL 23, 1953, that "one of Western an alarming number of Britons ate Europe's most responsible and re­ thinking." "Feel Free spected leaders told me that Mc­ Constantine Brown, columnist for. To Write Whatever You Want' Carthyism has, done America more the Washington Star, was obliip^ to

86 %• PRÛCt^SSIVE report from Switzerland Oct. 10, 1953, Jj^g Challenae how much that war (between Mc­ that Communists were effectively Carthy and the whole Democratic spreading wild rumors about the de­ Party, half the Republican Party, the gree to which McCarthy is now able State Department, and perhaps even to control American thinking. One of the White House) has done to Ameri­ the "concoctions" of "{)oisonous prop ca and the whole world; that war of aganda against the United States" lies, of groundless attacks, slander, shows the extent. Brown reported, to and pompous declarations that Mc­ which the Communists have exploit­ Carthy has waged with pitiless vio­ ed fears of McCarthyism. lence . . . McCarthy doesn't care a bit about results. What interests him is "A sample of this concoction was the publicity these affairs bring him. served with cigars and coffee after a. His only fear is to fall into obscurity. dinner attended by this reporter: 'Mc­ His only .desire: attract attention." Carthyism is actually an American form of Hitlerism. McCarthy's impact On anothei phase of McCarthy's on the frightened American mind of operations, La Croix noted that "in today is no less powerful than Hitler's accusing indiscriminately the inno­ was before he came to power 2Ö years cent and the guilty, McCarthy does ago. He has <:reated the bogey of trea­ enormous harm to the former and son in the government and has gives a manifest advantage to the lat­ slurred the reputations of men whose ter. But far from wishing to change only guilt was to think, years ago, dif- his methods, he has a tendency to feröitly from the present American Fitzpatrick in Thr St. Louis Post-X)ispatdi worsen them. He lies. He accuses with thinking.* " no proof. He starts with the idea that Reports of this kind by commenta­ the public is too stupid to prefer a tors as conservative as Constantine chief editor of the militantly anti- complex truth to a simple but spec­ Brown, who are not identified as anti- Communist Arbeiter-Zeitung, on Apr. tacular lie ... Let us hope that in the McCarthy, make it clear how joyfully 14, 1953, characterized McCarthy as interests of the United States and of the Communists have been boosting "the best ally the Communists have the entire world they [the American McCarthy's reputation as a way of cre­ in the United States." On another oc­ people] do not take too long to dis­ ating doubt and suspicion of America casion (May 2ö/this leading Austrian cover the truth about Joe McCarthy, among European friends. These daily put it this way: "Looking at the Senator and witch-hunter." rumors developed and circulated by total of McCarthy's activities, one Communists had reached so many in sees that in forei^ affairs hie has áí- Another French daily, the influ­ pro-American Switzerland that one of waysr—witíi few éaHÄ^tfoni-^layed ential France-Soir, a moderate paper, Europe's outstanding newspapers, the into the hands of the Cconmunists." said on Nov. 4, 1953: "Sen. McCarthy Swiss Neu^ Zuricher Zeitung, pleaded Said the Arbeiter-Zeitung in a lead­ specializes in the most far-fetched ac­ with .Ajnericans to realize "what kind ing editorial Apr. 14, 1953: "The cusations, launched under the cover of impression is created abroad by methods of the McCarthy G.P.U. are those tendencies which are character­ a mockery of the liberties of an Ameri­ ized by the name of McCarthy. Persons can citizen—liberties of which the whom we had become used to ad­ citizens of the whole free world are miring have been helplessly subjected proud.. It is the worst and most inef­ to the most debasing investigations/' fectual weapon against Communism (Quoted in a Geneva dispatch to- the —to copy its G.P.U. No one indeed New York Herald Tribune July 26, needs to warn us in Austria .. , what 1953) Communist infiltration means and how it should be fought. That is why In an Austrian estimate of Mc­ we protest against McCarthy and his Carthy and his works, the Neue terror. It makes the battle harder for Wiener Tageszeitung said Apr. 19, America—ahd for us." ^ 1953; "McCarthy's influence and his methods of action of 'making poli­ LM. Croix, the Catholic daily of tics* run counter, to^ the whole of the France, not only described McCarthy past chafacter of ;jËhé United States on June 19, 1953, as "fast becoming and to the spirit actuality thisdian'- the precious ally of Communism" ocratic country. They are unh^â?dof, (see p. 76) but went on to say edi­ because his method of approadiing torially: "Led by another man than the problem is not serious, and of­ McCarthy, the Committee to investi­ fends the sacred principles of fair gate die danger of Communism «f^et^b.vBiinwiD w I» «mir play.'* would certainly have appreciable re­ Biirek in The Chicago Soa-l^M Anodier Austrian estimate of Mc­ sults. Unfortunî^tely that is not the 'Haven't You Heard? McCarthy's Carthy, thisj>ne by Dr. Oskar Pollak, case ... It can never be said too often Declared War on the Army"

April, 1954 87 IlMcCarihy Were a Witne^ ..

A well-known British journal­ proached the Yalta Conference, to CHAIRMAN. The question. ist, for three years a Washington the point that he actually went to Senator. correspondent, last year tried his see the President before he left for hand at reporting a hypothetical Yalta to plead with him to take a MCCARTHY. My staff has been Senate hearing where the witness, tougher and more realistic atti­ careíálly selected and screened. rather than the inquisitor, was tude towards the Russians? CHAIRMAN. What we want to Senator McCarthy—-but where know is whether there are any the method was still strictly Mc- MCCARTHY. NO, it's not. present or former Communists Carthyite. The remarkable re­ CHAIRMAN. You see what I'm among them. sult, reprinted below, was pub­ getting at, though, don't you, Sen­ (A pause.) lished in the famous English ator—that the Communists and magazine. Punch (June 10, 1953). fellow-travelers in Wisconsin had MCCARTHY. Two former Com­ very good reasons for wanting to munists who ... CHAIRMAN. Well, Senator, pick­ get LaFollette out of the Senate CHAIRMAN. Good. For the ing up our questioning where we and you in, and were delighted record, the Senator employs two left off yesterday, you will admit, when you succeeded? former Communists. He was I take it, that when you defeated MCCARTHY (hanging the table, elected in Wisconsin with Com­ the late Sen. Robert LaFollette in munist and fellow-traveler sup­ the Wisconsin primaries in 1946, thereby stimulating a new burst of energy on the part of the pho^ port. He denies being as of now you had the support of the Com­ a member of the Communist Par­ munist and fellow-traveler vote? tographers). If that is so, they've had every reason subsequently to ty, but it is à matter of public MCCARTHY. What of it? As I regret it. knowledge that his activities since said at the time. Communists he became a Senator have greatly have votes, don't they? CHAIRMAN. Are you SO sure? benefited the cause of Commu­ MCCARTHY. I'd like to read in­ nism here in the United States CHAIRMAN. Please answer the and abroad. question. Senator. Did you have to the record a resolution passed the support of the Communist by the American Communist Par­ Furthermore, it can be said and fellow-traveler vote against ty and published in the Daily with a certainty that, if he were LaFollette? Worker to the effect that Senator an undercover party member, Joseph McCarthy is one of the chosen for that reason to oust La­ MCCARTHY. I believe so. bitterest and most unrelenting Follette (particularly dangerous, foes of Communism. . . ^ from the Communist point of CHAIRMAN. Right. Now would view, because a progressive him­ you also agree that LaFollette, CHAIRMAN. YOU can read any­ self, and bearing a name famous whom you defeated With the aid thing you like into the record. among progressives, and at the of this vote, though holding Senator, but did you help to draft same timé intensely and knowl- strong liberal views, was intense­ the resolution? edgeably a:nti-Communist), every­ ly anti-Communist, long before MCCARTHY. Did I help . . . thing hé has done and said sub­ you or most other professed anti- that's ridiculous. We're both sequently would support such a Communists of today thought of grown up, aren't we? hypothesis. taking up such a position? CHAIRAIAN. Answer the ques­ (McCarthy begins to expostu­ MCCARTHY. I'm not familiar tion. late violently, again lavishly with the late Senator's record. photographed the while.) MCCARTHY. NO, I didn't. CHAIRMAN. It's not within your CHAIRMAN. You'll have every knowledge, then, that he was one CHAIRMAN. NOW'another ques­ opportunity. Senator, to rebut of the very few members of the tion. Have you got any present these grave charges. The session Senate to' see, in advance, the ap­ or former Communists on your is now suspended. staff? palling dangers of the mood in —MALCOLM MUGGERIDGE which President Roosevelt ap­ MCCARTHY. I . . . Editor, Punch

88 The PROGRESSIVE of parliamentary immunity against sense ... These reactionaries with high officials and eminent persons. taints of Fascism have succeeded, al­ His accusations are always made in 'Guerrilla Warfare' though to a limited degree so far, in the most sensational form. In general, "There is today no challenge to the discrediting the principles of any liv­ these accusations are not followed by latent greatness of the American ing democracy. They have succeeded real proof, but the noise made by the people that so demands action than in pressing President Eisenhower and Senator shatters the most solidly es­ the problem of legislative investigat­ other high officials in a manner which ing committees which conduct polit­ tablished reputations and has already ical guerrilla warfare . . . and in in our eyes has weakened the pres­ resulted in the destruction of careers the process besmirch private citizens, ent American government, and Amer­ of men well known in the United public officials, and each other . . . ica .. . If any group in America is States." It is here in the growing misuse of engaged in un-American activities it the investigative process that the certainly is Sen. McCarthy and his The right-wing Paris daily, Aurore, rights of die individual are being followers." made this comment on June 9, 1953; most grievously assaulted." "Since Sen, McCarthy launched the WILLIAM T. GOSSETT In Italy, John P. Leacacos, a con­ witch-hunt, the United States, which Vice President The Ford Motor Company servative European correspondent for had been until then sure of its the Cleveland Plain Dealer, cabled strength and of its institutions, lives from llome Dec. 4, 1953: "Dirty es­ in a tense atmosphere with the press pionage linen being washed in public each morning denouncing new plot­ back home has lowered esteem for the ters and the radio revealing each lying, he answers by spreading more United States and indirectly enhanced night new conspiracies.*' poison." Russian prestige. Accusations that In Norway, Arbeidernes Presse­ Dagbladet, largest daily in Nor­ former American officials were once kontor, news service of the Labor way, warned its readers Mar. 20, 1953, Reds is used by the Communist press Party which serves 45 Norwegian that the United States was mistaken to brag: 'See, even in capitalistic newspapers, carried an article Nov, in feeling that Fascism was a purely America there are important prole­ U, 1953, by Anders Buraas, who had European disease. "Hitler had less tarian patriots who believe in just completed a five months fact­ support in Germany when he took Communism.'" finding trip through North Ameri-' over than McCarthy has in America Leacacos reported that scoffers who cá. Referring ta-MeCax^yi$æar JBuraas today. It was rather difficult in the dislike the United States are able to concluded: **TñheJ Jos^ M "Amïari- 1930's to make people understand capitalize on the operations of Amer­ can democracy. In thé opinion of the what type of a man Hitler was. Those icans like McCarthy by being able rest of the world the prestige of Amer­ who tried to tell the truth were to say: "Willy nilly, the United States ica has been weakened . . . Demo­ told they were hysterical if not some­ is taking on vices of its arch enemy. cracy has survived many a tough thing worse,'' .. - .._.r.: :, Communism. Fear imbued by Red fight, but somewhere there must be a In Sw^^^^géf^ ^yhèier. Stock- terror in its victims is allegedly dupli­ limit to what democracy can endure." holmes laigå^t daily, commented edi­ cated by fear and uncertainty instilled torially June 19, 1953, that "Mc­ in American citizens by 'smear' Also in Norway, Kontakt, a middle- charges." of-the-road monthly magazine, ob­ Carthy's position in American politi­ served in June 1953: "McCarthy man­ cal life is alarming in more than one, In Germany, the Frankfurt Allge- aged to cripple the information ma­ chinery of the Voice of America at a tíme when America had most use for it, namely during the period of Stalin's death . . . The result of Mc­ Our Reliance—^he Love of Liberty* Carthy's investigations is a crippling demoralization of government em­ Below is the Lincoln quotation which McCarthy, in a radio address to ployees . . . Nobody dares make a ma­ the nation Nov. 24, 1953, garbled ami distorted to produce exactly the op­ jor decision any more. . . He creates posite of Lincoln's point: fear among Americans ... It is the same foundation on which Hitler "What constitutes the bulwark of our own liberty and independence?/ It built his Gerinany , . . M<

AprH, 1954 89 meine, an independent conservative To What Low Levels? Red, it will never justify the weapon and one of the most important dailies he has given Moscow to blast and in Western Germany, on Noy. 13, misrepresent us. 1953, warned that the "spread of "The Senator is the 'darling' of McCarthyism" would "fill Amer­ Moscow. They hope he goes on for­ ica's friends with increasing anxiety." ever. Wherever there is a Red leader, On Dec. 2, 1953, that German the Senator's accusations are hailed daily editorialized that it "is an and passed on to the people as actual illusion" to believe that McCarthy's proofs of the power of the Kremlin chief objective is to expose spies. in the most important department "What is really going forward has [State] of* the U.S. government . . . emerged into clear light in Mc­ Carthy's challenge to President Eisen­ "The Russians, no matter what hower. Forces are growing in America we think of them, are no dopes about with which we have long been familiar gauging the sensitiveness of Europ­ in our less fortunate continent. No eans. They have been watching the country is protected against fascistic effect of McCarthy's foaming charges germs ... If these forces should con­ with very shrewd interest and have tinue to gain groiind in America, the been exploiting them to the hilt." leading Power of the Western World, It would be possible to go on in­ there would be reason f or the gravest definitely with comparable quota­ anxiety." Fitzpatricjc in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch tions. AH of them hammer home the On Dec. 22, 1953, Der Kurier, a same conclusion—that McCarthy has seriously impaired the functioning of French-licensed daily in Berlin, one Japan, and Korea, was on a furlough American foreign policy, reduced our of the most influential Christian in Copenhagen, Denmark, during the capacity for leadership in the free Democratic publications in Germany, Summer of 1953. In a report to the world, sown seeds of doubt and dis­ in a review of the Anderson-May book Milwaukee Journal, Dec. 26, 1953, on McCarthy, commented that Mc­ unity among our friends and allies, O'Brien wrote that he met a Chinese and strengthened Communism in the Carthy "sees Communists everywhere, Communist who told him that "Sen. as a delirious alcoholic sees white world struggle of ideologies. Just as McCarthy is one of Communism's significant as the multiplicity of anti- mice." The review wonders if "not best friends in America. the least important explanation of McCarthy comments by anti-Com­ McCarthy's . . . following in the "I asked why, to which the Chinese munist forces abroad'is the scarcity, U.S.A. is the fact that Americans saw replied: 'Your Sen. McCartäiy gener­ if not the downright absence, of such only from afar" the tragedy of the rise ates and spreads suspicion, doubt, and quotations in the Communist news­ of Hitler. distrust of your public officials, mili­ papers of Europe. These papers re­ tary leaders, your religious, educa­ gard McCarthy as their helper be­ This theme that McCarthyism tional, and scientific institutions, cause his irresponsible attacks under­ might be a stage in the development neighbor against neighbor. We care mine confidence in the men and in­ of Nazism is contained in scores of nothing about who McCarthy talks stitutions that are most dan^ous to warnings in the German press. The for or against, so long as he generates the Communists. Wesser-Kurier, an independent publi­ and spreads confused thinking and cation, said that if Goebbels were widespread distrust. Your Sen. Mc­ alive, he "would have appreciated Carthy supplies us indirectly with 'As Great a Threat McCarthy," and the Allgemeine oi endless propaganda material which Frankfurt professed to see in Mc­ As the Kremlin* we use to our great advantage and to Carthy "a united loudspeaker to give the detriment of America.' " Perhaps the most striking com­ voice to the anti-liberal, anti-Sem­ mentary on the extent to which Mc­ itic, and anti-British forces . . .in The American woman is Josephine Carthyism parallels Communism America." Quirk. She traveled in Europe on in its threat to freedom came from The exposure of the frightful price a confidential mission during the Father Leon Sullivan, a Catholic mis­ the United States is paying for Mc­ summer of 1950. She reported her sionary who was imprisoned by the Carthyism comes not only from finding in an article in the October Communists in China. Writing of his American correspondents abroad and 1950 issue of Father Baker's Victorian, experiences in The Commonweal, the foreign editors, but from American a Catholic monthly published by Catholic weekly, Nov. 14, 1952, Father travelers and GIs stationed overseas. Father Baker's Homes for Charity Sullivan said; "I would rather return Two comments from Americans (National Shrine and Basilica of Our to my Chinese Communist prison cell abroad are representative of countless Lady of Victory) at Lackawanna, New than avail myself of Senator McCar­ others like them. One is from an York. Here is what this woman who thy's 'protection.' He is as great, if American soldier, the other an has spent 15 years lecturing in this not a greater threat to American free­ country on Communism had to say American woman- dom than the military might of the about what she heard in Europe; Joseph V. O'Brien, now a civilian Kremlin, and, believe me, I do not after 12 years of active military and "Even if every man accused [by underestimate either the Kremlin's combat duty in Europe, Africa, McCarthy] of Communism is really a might or its cleverness."

90 The PROGRESSIVE Our Great Hope Is a Fighting Faith in Freedom, Not the Fear Generated by McCarthy *^'

HE DOMINANT reality that ernment and rescued the Republic to criticize because they think his ac­ T emerges from the documented from betrayal by traitors. tivities have been worthwhile in dra­ record of McCarthy in action is the Many Americans who share this be­ matizing the evils of Communism and fact that this man who has made anti- lief say th4^ find McCarthy's methods alerting the nation to the menace. Communism his political career has repulsive, but they feel that in tense However, as Elmer Davis so crisply contributed dangerously to strength­ times like ours we need someone to put it recently, "This amounts to ening the Communist cause. If the do "the dirty work" of exposing the saying that nothing brings the danger Kremlin could succeed in planting subversives in our midst. of fire more to the attention of the one of its own agents in the Senate of public than turning in false alarms This widely held feeling might be all over town." the United States, it could hardly more understandable if McCarthy hope for greater results in creating were in fact exposing Communists in But means and methods are im­ doubt, disunity, and fear in America government and saving us from a portant to people who love liberty than it has gained from McCarthy's Red plot. But fact piled relentlessly and cherish principles of tolerance operations. on fact in this issue of The Pro­ and fair play. It is the contrast be­ If this judgment seems harsh and gressive shows that the evidence does tween our means and methods, and extreme, we can only reply that the not in any way support such a those of the totalitarians, whether hard facts painstakingly assembled in conclusion. Communist or Fascist, which mark this issue of The Progressive make it In the pitifully rare cases that he clear that— has focused his sights on what may • McCarthy has struck violently at have seemed like a worthwhile target, As America Goes, the very principles of freedom and McCarthy has so totally distorted the So Goes the World fair play which distinguish democrat­ evidence and overplayed his hand as ic self-government from Communist to render his "revelations" less than regimentation. useless. In his eyes honest mistakes, misjudgments, or misunderstandings , • McCarthy has sown seeds of sus­ become part of a sinister pattern of picion and disunity among the na­ conspiracy. tions of the free world at the very The evidence seems to us over­ moment they most need unity against whelming that if we overlook meth­ the threat of Communist aggression. ods because it is results we say we want, McCarthy has not in any meas­ • McCarthy has flagrantly demor­ urable way contributed to strengthen­ alized the civil and military establish­ ing the security of our country ments of our government at a time of against spies and saboteurs. More unparalleled world crisis. than four years of hit-and-run ac­ By substituting headlines and hys­ cusations have yet to produce a single teria for facts and evidence, McCar­ Conviction of a Communist in gov­ thy has so successfully harnessed ernment on evidence uncovered by Hitler's concept of "The Big Lie" to McCarthy. his own purposes that many decent Some Americans who know of no Americans actually believe he has ex­ specific achievements in McCarthy's posed a Communist plot in our gov­ record of Red-hunting are still loath Fitzpatrick in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch

April, 1954 91 one of the great gulfs between them When the (^SfSSêHBf^Away that menace by burning books, by and us. crushing dissent, and by creating an Allan Nevins, one of our foremost atmosphei"e of hysteria. historians, summed this up with great clarity recently when he said: "How can we defeat Com­ munism," President Eisenhower "The fact is that in the protection asked at Dartmouth last year, of basic human rights, method is "unless we know what it is? everything. The Spanish Inquisition What it teaches—^why doeà it justified torture on the ground that have such an appeal for men? it was in a good cause, and was a .... We have got to fig^t it with, mere matter of method. The Rus­ something better." sian secret police justifies the knock on the door at 3 a.m., the siimmary Here is the heart of our problem sentence, and the pistol shot or de­ in this dangerous age—the challenge portation to a slave camp oil the to oppose Communism with some­ ground that all this is in a good thing better. This we can never cause and is a mere matter of hope to do if we abandon our most method." cherished democratic principles and The right of Congressional com­ embrace the very methods we abhor mittees to investigate and the need in Communism. This process . of for the most comprehensive surveil­ diluting precisely those qualities lance in guarding the nation's securi­ which distinguish us from those we ty are not at issue; what is at stake is Burck in Chicago Sttth-Time» oppose is dangerously far advanced -the urgent necessity for exposing and in McCarthyism. McCarthy's daily combating the dangerously un-Amer­ activities carry us perilously close to ican character oiE McCarthy's one-man David Schoénbrun, CBS chief in the Kremlin concepts that trial by show before it, completes the corrup­ Paris, on precisely this point. Com­ jury must be replaced with trial by tion of what is finest in the American menting on the shocked response of mere accusation; that honest, hitman system of law and justice. our friends in Europe to the capitula­ error of judgment is equivalent to tion of the U.S. Army to McCarthy, Learned Hand, one of the wisest of criminal offense; that dissenters are Schoenbrun told Murrow: "They American jurists, who has retired as traitors, and that every friendly tor- [our friends] don't think a line can eign nation must become our regi­ Chief Judge of the Federal Circuit be drawn between objectives and Court of Appeals after 42 years on mented satellite or spffer our wrath methods, particularly when methods, and reprisals. the bench, warned his countrymen of as in the McCarthy case, are so spec­ this very danger in a memorable ad­ tacular and destructive that they ob­ The first battle in the struggle dress a year and a half ago. Said viously achieve objectives far removed against Communism is within our­ Judge Hand: from the avowed one. selves—to strengthen our own dedi­ cation to democracy by living its. "I believe that that community is "It is a case of burning down the already in the process of dissolution compelling principles in our daily barn to-catch a rat, one French editor lives. where each man begins to eye his told me, pointing out that it is ri­ If we are to be true to ourselves neighbor as a possible enemy, where diculous to say you approve rat- and effective in action with others, non-conformity with the accepted catching, although you deplore the ours must be more than a mere nega­ creed, political as well as religious, is fact that the barn burned down. You tive adherence to anti-Communism. a mark of disaffection; where denun­ cannot separate the two, any more A fighting faith in freedom, ntA ciation without specification or back­ than you can say that you approved cringing fear of Communism, alone ing takes the place of evidence; Hitler's aims while deploring his un­ will qualify the United States of where orthodoxy chokes freedom^ of couth methods. Hitler's aims may America to lead the free world in the dissent; where faith in the eventual have been to eradicate Communism historic clash of ideologies that is the supremacy of reason has become so in'Germany and destroy the Soviet dominant fact of life in our time. timid that we dare not enter our con­ Union, but what his methods did in victions in the open lists, to win or fact accomplish was tb eradicate de­ We of The Progressive are con­ lose. mocracy in Germany and destroy vinced that our best chance to keep, "Such fears as these are a solvent France—not Russia." the lamps of hope and liberty burn­ which eat out the cement that binds ing brightly in a world hungry for the stones together; they may in the light and leadership is to deal head- en(^ subject us to a despotism as evil II on with the conditions which create as any that we dread; and they can the doubts and fears on which Mc­ be allayed only insofar as we refuse to We live in a dangerous age, and Carthy and Malenkov thrive. The proceed on suspicion, and trust one surely one of the greatest dangers first great stride down that road of another until we have tangible that confronts us is the counterfeit hope must be to replace "The Big ground for misgiving." philosophy of Communism and its Lie" of Communism and McCarthy­ In his nightly newscast Feb. 24, appeal to the underprivileged of hu­ ism with "The Big. Truth" of a workr 1954, Edward R. Murrow quoted manity. But we do not begin to meet ing democracy.

92 The PROGRESSIVE INDEX

ASO (Spain). 84 ^ Combat, 77, 88 Grew, JosephC., 78 A3>A Worid, 7S Commission on Religious OrganizatJj^nis of the Guess, Miss Cleta, 44 Acheson, Dean, 26. 28, 70, 77 National Conference of Christians and Jews. 49 Adam Hat Co.. 69 Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Aktuell (Norway), 89 Departments, 12 Hagerty,, James Ci 82 Alexander, Jack, 9 Committee on Government Operations, 83, 60 Hall. George H., 80 Alsop. Joseph and Stewart, 60. 60, 69. 70, 72, 88 Common Sense, 73, 74, 76 Hall, Leonard W., 68 Alsop. Stewart. 77 Commonweal, Hie, 65, 66, 66, 70, 78, 86, 90 Hall,'Gus, 60 America, 62, 68. 78 Communist support of McCarthy, 4, 68, 68, 64 Hancock, Austin, 72, 74 American Action Gommittee. 70 Compton, Dr. .Wilson, 86. 38 Hand, Learned, 92 American Heritaeé Protective A880ciation,r 72,-74 Congressional Hecord, The, 4, 22, 28, 26, 27, 28, Harnischfeger, Walter, 70 American Legion Magasine, 41 46. 47. 48, 52, 58, 77 Harris, Reed, 88, 89 : American Library Association, 42 Ck>nniff, Frank, 68 Harsch. Joseph C., 70, 86 American Mercury, 48 Gook, Don, 86 / Hart, Merwin K., 74 American Nationalist. 76 Correspondence between McCarthy and his Hart, Prof. Hornell, 67 American Society of Newspaper Editors, The, banker, Matt Schuh, 16 Hatch Act, 80 Cosmopolitan, 29 Hawkes, Sen. Albert W.. 70 61, 62 Hayden, Sen., 12, 21, 44 Americans for America. 74 Crosby, Ben, 36 Americans for Democratic Action. 19, 46 Crouch, Paul, 66 Hebrew Language broadcasts, 87, 88 Gulleii. Hugh Roy, 67, 72 Heinritz, Melvin, 64 America's Retreat From Victory, 62. 68 Hendrickson, 'Ben. Robert G.. 12, 21, 66 Ändrade. Cipriano, III. 72 Hennings Subcommittee Report, 12, 18, 14, 16, Andrews, Col. F. P., 86 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. 60, 63 Appleton Post-Crescent, 10, 64 Dagbladet (Norway). 89 Hennings, Sen. Thomas G., Jr., 12, 21, 66 Appleton State Bank. 18, 14. 16. 16. 17. 20, 21. 70 Dagens Nyheter (Sweden), 82, 89 Hibbs, Ben. 40, 60 Arbeidernes Presse^Jcontor (Norway), 89 Daily Worker, The;'^66, 67, 69, 60, 61, 68, 88 Hickenlooper Committee, 86, 40 Arbeiter Zeitung (Austria). 82, 87 Davin, Thomas. 66 Hickenlooper, Sen. Bourke B., 40, 77 Armour, Norman. 78 Davis, Elmer, 46, 91 Hiss, Alger, 28, 29 Arundel. Russell M., 14 Denver Post, 59 Hoover, J. Edgar. 26, 27, 28, 81. 82, 61. 67, 80 Asbury Park Press, 46 Der Kurier (Germany). 90 Horton, Philip, 87 Ashland Press. 70 . _, DeVoto, Bernard, 61 House Committee on Appropriations, 24 Association of Catholic Trade unionists, 66 Dewey, Thomas E., 66 House Committee on Expoiditnres in the Sbiee- Attlee, Clement. 88 Dies Committee, 48 utive Dept., 24, 26 Ayers, Stuart, 87 Dies, Martin, 68 House 0>mmittee on Foreign Affairs, 24, 26 Dilling, Elizabeth, 74 House Government Operations Committee, 26 Dirksen. Sen. Everett, 46, 48. 77 House Subcommittee on Appropriations, 81 Baarslag, Karl. 41 Dodds, Dr. Harold Willis, 40 House Un-American Activities Committee, 29, 48 Badger Village, 10 Dooher, (Serald F. P., 88 Housing Act of 1948, 12 Bagdikian, Ben H., 78 Drew, Philip, 86 Baggs, Bill, 86 Housing and Home Finance Administration, 14 Dulles, John Foster, 80, 42. 69. 76, 77. 80, 81, Houston Post, 76 Baker East and Baker West. 88. 84, 86 84. 85 Hunt, Haroldson Lafayette, 78, 74 Baltimore Sun, 18. 19, 21. 66 Durand, Lionel. 86 Bank Deposit Exhibits, 16 Dworshak, Sen., 77 Banking and Currency Committee, 12, 14, 16 I Led 8 Lives, 48 Bauer, Robert, 87 "If McCarthy were a Witness," 88 Bayley. Edwin P., 72 Independent Weekly, The. 88 Bentley, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin M^. 17, 18 Eau Claire (Wis.) Leader, 44 Iowa Law Review, 28 Benton, Sen. William, 12. 67 Eberlein, Mike, 6 Beverage. Dr. H. H., 86. 86 Ecton, Sen., 67 Biggers. E. M.. 71, 74 Editor and Publisher, 62 Jaclmon, Sen. Henry, 36, 89, 48, 67 Bingham, Hiram, 81, 68 Edson, Peter, 60 Jenn«r Committee. 66 \ Bliss, Robert Woods, 78 Eisendrath, Maurice H., 49 Jenner, Sen. William. 20, 44. 61 Bohlen. Charles E.. 77. 78, 80 Eisenhower. Arthur, 53, 68, 76 - Jessup, Philip G., 68 Bonnell. Rev. Dr. John Sutherland, 49 Eisenhower, Dwiglit, 80, 82i 42. 52, 68, 68, 67, Johnson, Dr. Robert L., 88, 41, 42 "Book-burnings", The, 40 68, 69. 70. 78, 74. 77,^0. 8S, 84, 86, M. 81 Johnson, Sen., 78 Boston Herald, 69 Eklund, Lawrence C.,^^ Johnston, yictor, 74 ^Boston Post, 72 Election Notice, 1986,' Rowing IKbtPirtliy m a .Joint Congressional Committee on Printing, ^4 Boston Traveler, 64 Democrat, 7 Jones, Jesse, 30, 72 Bourne, Eric. 86 Ellender, Sen. 'Allen 3., 4S ^ Jonkman, Bartel, 26, 26 Bricker. Sen., 77 Episcopal Churtji News, 66 Justice, Dept. of, 27, 29 Bridges. Sen.. 77 Eugene. Ore., Register-Guard, 62 Britton, Frank L., 76 Brogan, Prof. Dennis W., 82 Kaltenborn, H. V., 68 Brown, Constantine, 86, 86, 87 • Kappel, Walter, 66 FBI, 26, 28. 29, 81, 82, 89, 41, 43, 46, 60. 61, 67, Keck, H. B.. 72 , Brown, Robert tT., 62 77, 80 Kelley. Frank, 86 Brownell, Atty. Gen., 21. 82. 64 Facts Forum, 73, 74 Kem, Sen., 67 Brownson, Rep., 26 Fairchild. Thomas E., 67, 69 Kerr, Jean F., 16, 18, 67 Bungei Shinju (Japan), 86 Father Baker's Homes for Charity, 90 Kiermas, Ray, 18, 19, 20, 21 Buraas, Anders, 89 Federal Communications Commission, 86. 86 Kimball. Dan. 10, 11 Burns, Leonard, 10 - Federal Power Commissioi^ 71 Kimball, Lt. P. T., 10 ' Butler. Sen., 66 .. Federation of American Scientists, The, 46 Ferguson, J. D., 65 Kitzman, Haa^eey, 66 Byrd, Sen. Harry F., SO Kontakt, (Norway), 89 Byrnes, James F., 28 Ferguson,^ Sen. Homer, 29, 77 Fish, Rep. Hamilton, 70 Korb, Tbm. 70 Fleeson, Doris, 10 Kornely.. Roman, 63 Fleming, Robert H.. 29 Kobler, Gov,,. 69 Cadillac ($6,000) wedding present, 71, 74 Floberg. John F., 9, 67 B|iDWland, 3en., 77 Gain, Sen., 67 Foley, Raymond, 18 Kl-aus. Prof. Charles, 66 Ganham, Erwin D., 40 Foraker, Clyde M.. 18 E^retzman, Edwin M. J., 88, 89 CSarlin, George Patrick Michael. 40 Foreign Economic Administration. 68 Carlson, Sen.. 44 Fort Mcaimoutíi, 44, 46, 46, 47, 60 (Catholic Worker, Hie. 40 La Croix (France), 76, 88, 87 Fox, John, 72 liaFollette, Sen. Robert M., Jr., 4, 6, 8, 11, 68, Central Intelligence Agency, 40, 80, 68 France-Soir, 87 Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, Bureau 64, 88 of Standards, 34 Frankfurt Allgemeine (Germany),. 89, 90 LaFollette, Robert Marion. Sr., 4 Chambers. Whittaker, 29, 68 Fred. Dr. Edwin B., 40 Lament, Thomas W., 80 Chappie, John, 70 Freeman, The, 41 Lapp, Dr. John, 66 Chattanooga Hmes, 69 From the Record, 66 Lattimore, Owen, 26, 27 GhennauH, Maj. Gen. Claire, 67 Fukuda, Prof. Sadayoshi, 86 Laurel Race Track, 18 Chicago Sun-Times, 70, 83 Fulbright. Sen. J. William, SO Leacacos, John P., 89 (Chicago Tribune. 29, 84, 62, 68. 70, 76 LeCompte, Rep., 44 Christian Advocate, The. 50 ' ^ LeMonde (France), 78 Christian Century, The, 11, 76 Gannett, Frank, 70 Lerner, Max, 45 (Cristian Nationalist Crusade, 71, 74 General Electric. 46 Lewis, Fulton, Jr., 76 Germany, E. B., 68, 72 Lewis, John L., 70 (Christian Science Monitor, 27, 28, 40, 46, 48. 69, L'Humanite (France), 86 70. 78, 86, 86 Giacomo, John, 66 Lincohi, Abraham, fSi Clancy, Williai^ F., 78 Gillette, Sen. Guy M.. 66 Lincoln, Murray D., 86 , Clardy, Rep. Kit. 48 Giornale d'ltalia, 84 Linen, James A., 59 Cleveland Plain Dealer, 88, 86, 89 Glazer, Dr. Sidney. 37, 88 Lippmann, Walter, 68 Cocutz, nt. John, 88, 89 Gold, Harry, 29 London Daily Express^ 82 Cohn and Schine, 87, 81, 82; 86 Goldwater, Sen., 77 London Daily Telegraph, 84 Cohn. Roy M., 86. 87, 46, 81 Golstan, W. L., 68. 72 London Economist, 62 Colby, James, 63 Gossett, William T., 89 London Financial Times, 82 Coleman. Thomas E.. 66 Ctovernment Printing Office, 42, 48. 44 London News Chronjcle, 82 Collier's Magazine, 21 Greene, Graham, 31 London Times, 80, 82 Collins, Frederick W... 74 Greenglass. David, 29 / Long Branch. Dally Record. 46 O'Brien, Mier, John A.. 49 State Department's Division of Security. 24 . Look magazine, 54, 69, 70, 72, 74, 86 O'Brien, Joseph V., 90 State Department's IIA, 38, 85. 88, 40, 41. 48 Louisville, Ciourier-Jottrnal, 69 Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler, 48 State Department's Loyalty Security Board. 81. Loyalty Review Board in tlie Civil Service Com­ O'Hara. Neal. 64 32 mission, 81, 44, 68 O'Lesry, Raipli, 75 State of Wisconsin •. Joseph B. MeCarthy. 7. S Luce, Henry R., 69 Olney, Asst. Atty. Gen. Watre^i. 21 Steele. Jack, 10, 11 Lustron Corp., 12, 13, 14, 21, 60 Oxnam, Bishop O. Bromley. 65 Steffes. Herman, 65 Lutheran. The, 60 Stevens, Itobert T., 46, 47, 68 Lyons, Roger, 88, 89 Stevenson, Adlai, 67. 68, 69, 78, 86 Paris Aurore, 89 Stevenson, Suzanne Silvercruys. 76 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas. SO, 65 .Paris-Match, 76 ^OULAft, ~ randlund. Carl, 12, 18, 14 Madison (Wis.) Capital TitoM, 5, 6f, 65, 76, 80 Paris-Presse, 76, 86 Fathei* Lecm. 90 Magazine Digest, 70 Partnen in Plunder, 48 «rfield. Arthur E.. 60 Magnuson, Sen. Warren. 28 Pearson, Drew, 19. 69 'rairie (Wis.) Star-Ckmntryman. 42 Pedrick, Prof. William K. Statesman, The. 86. Maguire, Russell. 48 Pegler, Westbrook, 76 Donald, 67 Malmedy "Massacres", 70 ngton. Sen., 48 Malone. Sen., 77 «Pepsi-Cola Kid", 14 Manchester Guardian Weekly, The, 84 Peress, Dr. Irving, 57 (N. Y.) Post-Standard. 60 Marder, Murrey, 45 Peurifoy, John E., 26, 26 Markward, Mrs., 44 Philbrick, Herbert A., 48, 60 Marquette University, 6 Phillips. James, 44 The. 83 Marshall, Douglas. 72 Phillips, William. 79 Sen. Robert A,. 77 Marshall, Gen. George C., 30, 51, 62, 58 Pike, Dean James A., 49 'ankersley, Mrs. Ruth McCormick, 66 Martin, Bishop William C., 48 Pollak, Dr. Oskar, 87 ~^ Tass, 58 Maryland election, 66 Pollard, Prof. Ernest C.. 16 Taylor, Telford. 46 Marzani, Carl Aldo, 28, 29 Portland Oregonian. The, 59 The Age tít Succion, 61 Matthews, Dr. J. B., 48, 60 Potter. Sen. Charles. 42, 48 The Gros» and Hie Flag. 74, 76. Matusow, Harvey, 60 Price, John, 14 Tibbetts, J. L., 19, 20 McCarran Committee.. Ífl Providence (R.I.) Joumal-Butletín, 78, 74 Time magazine, 6, 26, 27, 28, 29. 81. 59, 62 McCarran, Sen., 78 Punch, 88 Tobey, Sen. Charles W., 20 McCarthy, Howard, 68 Purple Heart, 10, 11 Truman Administration, 17, 81, 82, 60f 60. 77, 82 McCarthy Record, The, 4, B. 54 Pusey, Nathan, 64, 66 Truman Loyalty and Security Program. 82 McCarthy refused to cooperate with the Hennings Truman, President Harry S.,~ 27, 82, M, 60, 09. Subcommittee, 18 Quaker Dairy, 7 71, 74, 77, 83. .84 McCarthy runs far behind his own party, 68 "Quickie" divorces, 7 Tnutble. Rep., 44 McCarthy: The Man. the Senator, and the Xam Quirk, Jos^hine, 90 Trussiril, C. P., 48 by Anderson and May. 10, 64, 66 Tugman, William M., 62 ' MeCarthy, Tim, 68 Tydhigs. Sen. Milled E-r 2?, 66, 72 McCarthyisni; The Fight for America, fay Jof^h RFC, 12, 13. 14. 60 Tydings Subcommittee, 24, 26, 26. 28 R. McCarthy, 23, 29, 69 Radio Corporation of America. 84, 85. 86 McCarthy's stock market deals, 18 Rauh, Joseph, 46 MeClellan. Sen. John L., 48, 81. Reed, Philip D.. 40 Un-American Activities Committe. 61 McCormick, Col. Robert R.. 66, 70 Reid, Mrs. Ogden, SO U. S. Civil Service Commission, 46 McGinley, Conde, 73, 74, 76 Reidl, John, 64 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 14 McGuire, Dr. Martin R. P., 40 Remington, William, 29 U. S. News and World Report. 28, 28, 29. OS McGranery, Atty. Gen. James P.. 66 Reporter, The, 37, 82 U. S. official mCOG digesti 82 McKesson, Lewis, 34, 36, 86 Research Laboratory of Electronics. MIT. 84, 86 Urey, Dr. Harold C, 47 McLeod, Scott, 26, 28 Revell, Aldric, 64 Utley, Clifton. 78 McMurray, Howard, 66 Richardson, Seth, 81 McNair, Lt. Gen. Leslie C, 80 Riggs National Bank of Washington, 15. 17. 18 Miami Daily News, 86 Ring. Andrew, 86 Van Stråten, Henry J.. 18 Michigan Catholic, The, 61 Roberts, Col. William A., 66 Valentine. Dan, 26 Middleton, Drew, 82 Roosevelt uid Hopkins, 30 Victorian. 90 f- Miller, Justin, 40 Rosenberg, Assistant Sec. of Defense Asna, 48 Voice of America, 33. 84, 36. 86, 87. 88. 89. 41. 77 Milwaukee Journal, The, 7, 9. 10, 11, 18, SO. 69, Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 29 60, 66, 67, 72, 74, 90 Rosenberry, Chief Justice Marvin B.. 6 Minute Women of the U.S.A., 76 Rothschild Case, The, 42 Wadleigh. Henry Julian, 28, 29 Moody. Sen. Blair, 67 Rovere, Richard, 82 Wage Earner, Hie, 56 Monroney, Sen. A. S. Mike. 66 Wagner, Sen. Robert F.. 74 Montreal Star. 86 Wall Street Journal, 60 Morgan, Edward P., 67 Saltatii. Rep., 23 Walsh. Dr. Chad, 65 Morgan, J. P., 80 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 21, 44. 48, 59. 80. 81 Walsh, Father Edmund. 65 Morrill. Dr. J. L., 40 Saltohstiül, Sen. Leverett, 57 Washington Evening Star, 10, 44, 47, 48. 8t, «f, Muggeridge, Malcolm, 88 Saturday Evening Post, The, 9, 22, 40, 69. 60. 78 86 Mundt, Sen. Karl, 37, 48, 77 Sauk City Star, 62 Washington Post, 45, 4?, 69, 60. 62. 72. M Munich Merkur, 82 Schenck, Rep.. i£ Washington 'Rmes-Herald. 88, 87, 66 Munn, Maj*. E. E., 11 Schine, G. DavidTsi Wayne Hummer &' Co.. IS, 18. 19, 20 Murchison, C. W., 68, 72 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 68 Wechsler, James A.. 60. 61, 62 Murphy, Robert, 68 Schmidt, Leonard F., 67 Weiss, Seymour, 67 Murrow, Edward R., 92 Schoenbrun, David, 98 Welker, Sen.. 7S My Three Tears in Moscow, 68 SchoepiDel, Sen., 77 Werner, Jtidge Edgav V., 6 Meyers. Paul A., 22, 23 Schuh,^ Matt, iS, 16, 17, 70 Wesser^Curier (Ganmmy), 90 ScienUsts Committee on Loyalty and Security, Wheeler. Sen. Burton K., 70 46 Wheeler, George Shaw. 28, 29 National Ass'n for the Advancement of Gotorad Seaboard Airlines Railroad, 13, 14 Wheelli^. W. Va.. 22, 28..28, £0. 60. «7 . People, 7+- Senate Appropriations Otmimittee, 24, 41 Whitaker, James E.. 22 National Assoc, of Radio and Television Broad­ Senate Armed Services Committee, 67. 66 White, WUliam S,, 70 casters. 40 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 68, 77 Who's Who in America, 9 Senate Report No. 647. 82nd Congress, 1st Seas.. Wiesner. Dr. J. B., 85. 86 National Broadcasting Co., SO Wigfidns, J. R., 62 National Bureau of Standards, 34, 86, 86 66 Wiley, Sen. Alexander, 63, 77. 88 Nationai Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Senate Rules and Administration Committee, 20 Wilson. Lyle. 70 The, 80 Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations, 68. 54 Wilèon. Richard, 64. 69. 74 National Council of the Churclies of Ghrirt, 48 Senate Sul>eommittee on InvestigatioAs, 28, 88, Windielt, Walter, 76 National Economic Cionneil in New York, 74 46, 47. 80, 81 National Republic. The, 41 Senate Siúicommittee on Privileges and Elections. Wisconeln Board of Bar Commisiúosen^ 6, 8. 76 National Savings and Trust C!o. of "Wuk- 12, 18, 14, 15. 16, 17, 18, 1«, 20, 21, 60. 68 Wisconsin CIO News, 64 ington. 16, 17 Shaftel, Stuart, 11 Wisconsin Citizens' Ccmimittee on MeCKiliy'e National Security Coundl, The, 86 Shaw. 6. Howland. 78 Record. 4. 6 Neue Wiener Tageszeitung (Austria), 87 Slieaffer. Craig R., 67 Wisconsin Constitution, 7, 8 Neue Zuricher Zeitung (Switzerlaua), 87 Shedian, Rep. Timothy. 76 Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. 8. 7 Nevins, Allan, 92 Shelton. Samuel, Jr., 48 WiscoQsin Department of Taxation. SO New York Herald Tribune. 10, 80. 48. 47. 48^. Shivers, Gov. Allan, 78 Wisconsin Retail Grocers Assoc, 60 69, 77. 88. 86, 87 Signal Corps 34, 36, 44, 45 Wisconsin State Journal, 10, 53, 56 New York Joumal-Amerlean, 58 Sillers, Fred, 44 Wisconsin Supreme Court, 6, 7, 8 New York Post, 44, 66, 69. 61 Smith, Sen. H. Alexander, 88 Wisconsin Supreme Court accuses MtfCarthy «( New York Times, 22, 26. 82. 8*. 42, 48. 44, 45. 46, Smith, Gerald L. K., 6, 74, 76 violaUng State's (Tonstitutiim and Lawt, 9 47, 48, 60, 63, 64, 58. 60, 70, 77. 78. 80, 81. Smith, Sen. Margaret Chaae, 34, 66 Wood. Gen. Robert E., 67* 68. 74. 82, 84 Smith. Dr. Newbern. 34 World, The, 85 New York World Telegram and San. 51 Smith. Gen. Walter Bedell, 28. 40. 68 Wyngaard. John. 69 New Yoriier. The, 85 Snow. Gen. Conrad E., 81. 82 NeWQ>aper Enterprise Amoo., 50 Snyder. Julian M.. 70 Newsweek, 49 Sobell, Morton, 29 Young. Owen D...80 Nimitz, Admiral, ID, 11 Sokolsky, George, 76 Young, Philip, 46 Nixon. Richard, 80, 49 Soviet State and Law, 53 Youngdalil, Judge Lutlier W., 87 Norehouse, Cdr. Albert E., 11 Sparkman, Sen. John. 68 North American NewsiMpar Alliance. 55 Spectator, The, 82 /Northwestam University Law Review. 68 Starr, Mark, 40 Nuremberg war crimes trials. 4f Stassen, Harold, 66, 80. 81, 88, 84 Zimmerman, Fred K.. 69 - Zwiekter. Gen. Bidph W.. 58 Help Others Know the Truth

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