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Jacob De Castro Sarmento E O Conhecimento Médico E Científico Do Século XVIII

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Jacob De Castro Sarmento E O Conhecimento Médico E Científico Do Século XVIII Hélio de Jesus Ferreira de Oliveira Pinto Licenciado em Química Jacob de Castro Sarmento e o Conhecimento Médico e Científico do século XVIII Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor no Programa Doutoral em História, Filosofia e Património da Ciência e da Tecnologia Orientadora: Doutora Palmira Fontes da Costa, Professora Auxiliar, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Júri Presidente: Prof. Doutor António Manuel de Sá Nunes Dias dos Santos Arguentes: Prof. Doutor Jon Arrizabalaga Valbuena Prof. Doutor Adelino Dias Cardoso Vogais: Prof. Doutora Palmira de Jesus Fontes da Costa Prof. Doutor João Rui Couto Rocha Pita Prof. Doutor Ana Isabel da Silva Araújo Simões Prof. Doutora Laurinda Faria Santos Abreu Abril de 2015 FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII Título: Jacob de Castro Sarmento e o Conhecimento Médico e Científico do século XVIII Autor: Hélio de Jesus Ferreira de Oliveira Pinto © Hélio de Jesus Ferreira de Oliveira Pinto, 2015 © FCT/UNL, 2015 © UNL, 2015 A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa têm o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objectivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. i FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII Dedico este trabalho à Madalena, à Inês, à Luísa e à Marta ii FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII AGRADECIMENTOS A presente dissertação é o fruto do trabalho desenvolvido ao longo de vários anos, tendo diversas instituições e pessoas contribuído de um modo ou de outro, para que a sua conclusão fosse possível. Ficam aqui os agradecimentos às instituições e pessoas que de alguma forma contribuíram para que este projecto fosse concluído. Em primeiro lugar queria agradecer à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) que, durante três anos, me atribuiu uma Bolsa de Doutoramento, sem a qual teria sido difícil levar o presente trabalho a bom termo. Queria também agradecer à Direcção da Academia de Música de Santa Cecília por me ter apoiado de forma incondicional no âmbito da realização da presente dissertação. O meu agradecimento especial à minha orientadora Prof. Dra. Palmira Fontes da Costa pelo seu apoio e interesse manifestados ao longo de todo o projecto. À mesma, gostaria de aqui expressar com amizade e carinho o meu profundo reconhecimento por todo o seu auxílio e incentivo. Queria agradecer aos elementos da Comissão de Acompanhamento, Prof. Doutora Laurinda Abreu e Prof. Doutor João Rui Pita, pelos seus conselhos e sugestões pertinentes. O meu imenso agradecimento ao Professor António Manuel Nunes dos Santos, Coordenador do programa doutoral, pela amizade demonstrada ao longo de todo o programa doutoral. O seu interesse e empenho foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento deste projecto. Ao Prof. Dr. Christopher Auretta o meu reconhecimento pela amizade dispensada e pelas conversas sempre ricas e interessantes. Ao Doutor Bruno Barreiros, o meu apreço pelas conversas estimulantes e pela partilha de informação. Uma parte da pesquisa foi feita em diversas bibliotecas, merecendo especial destaque a Biblioteca Nacional, a Biblioteca da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa e o Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. Apesar de o conjunto das pessoas que assegura o funcionamento destas instituições mereça o meu agradecimento, pelo modo prestável e atencioso com que desenvolvem o seu trabalho, queria referir em particular algumas pessoas. Da Biblioteca Nacional queria agradecer em especial ao Dr. Carlos Vences, amigo de longa data, pelas sugestões bibliográficas e pela disponibilidade manifestada. Da Biblioteca da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa queria agradecer à Dra. Leonor Pinto e à Dra. Luísa Macedo pela sua presteza, solicitude e amizade com que acompanharam o meu trabalho de pesquisa naquela instituição. iii FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII Aos meus amigos Afonso Cavaco, Hélio Cruz e Paulo Pinheiro, sempre presentes. Ao Carlos Assunção, à Fernanda Varandas, à Ana e ao Frederico queria agradecer a amizade e a disponibilidade. Finalmente queria agradecer aos meus pais, ao meu irmão e à restante família toda a confiança depositada e o modo como me ajudaram a superar os momentos de menor entusiasmo. Uma nota final para a minha mulher, Marta, e para as minhas filhas, Madalena, Inês e Luísa – a sua paciência, o seu apoio e o seu amor foram essenciais para que o presente trabalho pudesse ser concluído. iv FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII RESUMO Henrique, ou Jacob, de Castro Sarmento (1691-1762), médico judeu, nascido em Bragança e exilado em Inglaterra a partir de 1721, devido às perseguições da Inquisição aos cristãos-novos, é considerado como o introdutor das ideias de Isaac Newton (1662-1727) em Portugal e um dos principais responsáveis pela disseminação da iatroquímica entre os médicos portugueses, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da medicina e ciência portuguesas do século XVIII. Eleito para sócio da Royal Society em 1730, o médico português tornou-se o principal interlocutor científico entre Portugal e Inglaterra, sendo a sua actividade exemplar do modo como ocorreram as trocas de conhecimento entre o centro da Europa e a sua periferia. Autor de diversas obras médicas, Sarmento abordou algumas das temáticas médicas mais relevantes do século das luzes, como a inoculação das bexigas ou a utilização terapêutica das águas minerais, veiculando uma nova forma de encarar a prática médica. A sua obra Theorica Verdadeira das Mares , editada em 1737, foi a primeira publicada em Portugal onde as ideias de Newton são consideradas com o devido detalhe. Paradoxalmente, Sarmento foi também produtor de medicamentos de segredo, tendo a sua Água de Inglaterra alcançado um sucesso significativo em Portugal. Figura polémica e multifacetada, Sarmento dedicou uma parte considerável da sua vida à divulgação e disseminação das ideias dos autores modernos, dos quais se destacam Boyle, Newton e Boerhaave. O presente trabalho tem como principal objectivo elucidar os principais aspectos da sua vida e obra, procurando enquadrar as suas actividades no contexto da medicina e ciência europeias de setecentos. Palavras-chave: Sarmento, newtonianismo, relações centro-periferia, medicina portuguesa do século XVIII v FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII vi FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII ABSTRACT Henrique, alas Jacob, de Castro Sarmento (1691-1762), was a Portuguese doctor and a Jew, who was forced to abandon Portugal in 1721 to escape persecutions by the Inquisition. Sarmento is known for his contributions to the introduction of Newton’s ideas in Portugal and held to be the principal responsible for the dissemination of iatrochemistry among Portuguese doctors, contributing for the development of Portuguese science and medicine at this period. Being elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1730, Sarmento became the main scientific interlocutor between England and Portugal. The contacts established by him with several personalities are exemplar of the cultural interchange occurring between central Europe and its periphery at this period. The medical books published by Sarmento address several subjects, including some of the most significant and polemical in eighteenth century medicine, such as smallpox inoculation or the utilization of spring and mineral waters as a therapy. In 1737, he published his Theorica Verdadeira das Mares , which is the first Portuguese book which alludes specifically to Newton’s ideas. Paradoxically he was also the manufacturer of Água de Inglaterra, a secret medicine. The main aim of this work is to clarify aspects related with Sarmento’s life and work framing them on the context of European medicine and science. Key-words: Sarmento, newtonianism, center-periphery, 18th century Portuguese medicine vii FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII viii FCT/UNL Jacob de Castro Sarmento e a Medicina e a Ciência do Século XVIII ÍNDICE Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................ iii Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... vii Índice de Figuras ........................................................................................................................ xiii Lista de Abreviaturas .................................................................................................................. xv Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Um primeiro olhar ............................................................................................................. 1 2. Jacob de Castro Sarmento na historiografia da ciência e medicina em Portugal .............. 5 3. Abordagens historiográficas .............................................................................................
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