November 2016 Charles Ransford, mmp Daniel Silverstone R. Brent Decker, msw, mph Cure Violence, London Metropolitan Gary Slutkin, md University of at University Cure Violence, University of Illinois at Chicago

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence

Abstract Prison violence is a signifi cant problem that results in serious health problems for incarcerated persons, including increased risk of behavioural problems, serious injury, and death. The disciplinary and management approaches that are typically employed for reducing violence in prisons have limitations; moreover, they do not change the norms or behaviors that drive violence. The Cure Violence model to stopping violence is an epidemic control model that reduces violence by changing norms and behaviors and has been proven eff ective in the community setting. In 2013, the Cookham Wood Youth Off ender Institute adapted the Cure Violence approach to the prison setting, implementing a program that included hiring incarcerated persons as workers and training them in methods of norm change and behavior change. The results from this pilot project showed sharp decreases in violence: CURE VIOLENCE 95% reduction in group attacks, more than 50% reduction in all other 1603 West Taylor Street | MC 923 Chicago, Illinois 60612 forms of violence, and large reductions in the use of force by prison staff . 312-996-8775 These results suggest that the Cure Violence approach can be a very cureviolence.org @CureViolence eff ective method for stopping violence in prisons, including violence facebook.com/CureViolence aff ecting incarcerated youth.

thesmartcube.com Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence

n many countries, violence in prison was adapted from the Cure Violence is commonplace, and rates of assaults Health Model for the prevention of Iand deaths in these settings are much violence, which works by interrupting higher than in the general population. violent events, changing violent behav- Statistics on the magnitude of the prob- iours, and changing community norms. lem are not widely available because, The Cure Violence Health Model treats unlike violence that takes place outside violence as an epidemic process that prison, assaults in prisons are not tracked spreads through exposure and therefore as crimes. One study estimated that the adapts the methods used to stop other actual rate of violence may be as much as epidemics to stop violence.v vi The epidemic 11 times greater than what is reported.i control method detects and interrupts In the United States, it is estimated that violent events, identifies and treats prison assault rates were 18 times higher the highest risk, and changes norms to for males and 27 times higher for females discourage the use of violence. A central than in the general population, with about characteristic of the Cure Violence model 21% of incarcerated persons experiencing is the use of “credible messengers” as an assault over a six-month period and workers—individuals from the same about 40% of these assaults resulting in communities who are trusted and have injury.ii While data on international rates access to the people who are most at risk of prison violence is not widely available, of perpetrating violence. reports indicate significant problems in many countries throughout the Americas, The Cure Violence Health Model has been Asia, Africa, and Europe.iii externally evaluated several times, with each evaluation showing large, statistically Prison violence is typically handled using significant reductions in gun violence. disciplinary and management approaches, In the United States, the model has been sometimes involving the use of force, implemented in more than 50 communi- solitary confinement, restraints, or other ties and has had reductions of greater harsh forms of punishment, which can than 70% in shootings and killing. Cure be administered inhumanely and cause The program implemented Violence has also been adapted to address serious health problems in the individuals in 2013 in Cookham Wood violence in communities in Latin America, subjected to them.iv Even when they are the Middle East, and Africa. was adapted from the Cure practiced with care, disciplinary and Violence Health Model for the management approaches require substan- The Cookham Wood adaptation repre- prevention of violence, which tial resources in order to deal with multiple sents the first time that the Cure Violence works by interrupting violent factions and individuals involved in a Health Model has been used to address large, complex prison system. violence in prisons. This paper will events, changing violent describe the implementation of the CV HMYOI Cookham Wood is a Young behaviours, and changing prison program in Cookham Wood, report Offender Institute (Cookham Wood) in community norms. on the effectiveness of the program, and the county of Kent in southeast England suggest ways in which this model could that houses male prisoners under the age be implemented more widely to reduce of 18. In order to address a significant vio- violence in prisons. Our report on the lence problem, Cookham Wood decided to effectiveness of the Cookham Wood pro- Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 go beyond disciplinary and management gram will draw heavily on the independent approaches by piloting a health-based analysis performed by Daniel Silverstone model that used epidemic control tech- and Matt Scandrett (“Silverstone Report”) niques for stopping violence. The program of the London Metropolitan University.vii implemented in 2013 in Cookham Wood

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 2 Problem of Prison Violence Globally since admission due to a fight.xii In 2000, a total of 52,307 assaults by incarcerated In many places around the world, prisons persons were reported—a rate of 14.6 are extremely violent places. However, per 1,000. There were also 606 major data on violence in prisons is lacking incidents that involved more than five globally because, unlike violence that incarcerated persons and serious injury takes place outside prison, assaults in or damage (state facilities only).xiii prisons are considered disciplinary or management problems in correctional The rate of violence in prison is much facilities and therefore are not tracked as higher than violence outside prison and crimes.viii Yet the problem of violence in results in a very dangerous, inhumane prisons shows no sign of abating: “With environment. The seriousness becomes the decline of HIV and TB rates, injuries all the more important with the trend of are now the most common health problem mass incarceration around the world and in correctional facilities.” ix x particularly in the United States. Reports of people killed in prison are more An estimated 10.2 million people are held available. In the Americas in 2014, the in penal institutions globally, almost half homicide rate among prisoners (56.7 per of whom are held in the United States, 100,000 prisoners) is three times higher Russia or China.xiv The world prison popu- than the homicide rate for the general lation rate is about 144 per 100,000, with population in these countries.xi As a specific the United States having the highest pris- example, a total of 506 people were killed on population rate in the world at 716 per in Venezuelan prisons in 2013, and as many 100,000.xv In the United States at the end as 6,163 prisoners have been murdered and of 2014, there were an estimated 2,224,400 16,208 injured since 1999. persons incarcerated, with approximately 6,851,000 persons under supervision of Data on assaults is more difficult to obtain. the U.S. adult correctional system—about In the United States in 2004, a total of one in 36 adults.xvi http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/rise- 15.9% of state prisoners and 8.3% of federal brutal-attacks-cookham-wood-6490392 prisoners reported having been injured Problem of Violence at Cookham Wood Cookham Wood Youth Offender Institute was built in 1978 in Kent, England, and is situated between two other Youth Offend- er Institutes—Rochester and Medway Secure Training Centre.xvii Cookham Wood was originally an adult female prison with a female juvenile unit. To reduce capacity pressures in London and the South East region, Cookham Wood was converted to a juvenile center for young men ages 15 to 18 in May 2008.xix

Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 Cookham Wood had an operational capacity of 131 male juveniles through 2013. During the one-year implementation of the Cure Violence model in 2013, the number of incarcerated youth fluctuated

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 3 between a low of 84 and a maximum of 2012, led to the death of a 15-year-old 122. In January 2014, work was completed youth.xxiv Violent incidents at Cookham on new accommodation and education Wood were increasing and the nature of facilities that increased Cookham Wood’s the violence was escalating. xxv Violent capacity to 179.xx The establishment incidents doubled in the fi rst quarter of serves the courts from Kent, Sussex and 2012, and management staff became more London.xxi concerned about group assaults that could result in serious injuries or death.xxvi Cookham Wood has a signifi cant problem with violence. A year before the Cure Vio- While prison offi cials recognized the prob- lence model was implemented, violence lem and worked hard to address it, internal was described in a report on Cookham reports acknowledged the limitations of Wood as “our major concern.” xxii The the typical disciplinary and management reason for the concern was twofold: the approaches. Cookham Wood housed indi- harm done to incarcerated persons and viduals from an average of 30 recognized prison staff and the disruption of attempts gangs, with about one-third of the youth at rehabilitation.xxiii having gang affi liations.xxvii The number of incidents at Cookham The large numbers of gangs and high-risk Wood was signifi cantly higher than that in individuals creates extreme diffi culties. similar facilities; one incident, in January One report stated, “It must also be acknowledged that the task of keeping certain factions apart in Cookham Wood is problematic and time consuming, a diffi culty exacerbated by the layout of Cure Violence Adaptation in the United Kingdom the prison.”xxvii Faced with increasing and more serious violence and a limit in the eff ectiveness of typical approaches, the governor of Cookham Wood decided to Kent County employ the Cure Violence Model.xxix

Cure Violence Model: Components and Effectiveness The Cure Violence Model is an epidemic control approach to violence prevention. Cookham Wood Youth It recognizes and addresses the contagious Offender Institute nature of violence by adapting the World Health Organization’s model for address- ing other epidemics. xxxii The Cure Violence Model has three main components: 1. detect and interrupt the transmission of violence by anticipating where violence may occur and intervening before it erupts. Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 march 2016 2. Change the behavior of the highest potential transmitters by identify- ing those at highest risk for violence and working to change their behavior.

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 4 http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/rise- 3. change community norms by influenc- health workers that specialize in detect- brutal-attacks-cookham-wood-6490392 ing social norms to discourage the use of ing and interrupting conflicts. Some VIs violence. specialize in responding to conflicts in the community while others focus on A central characteristic of the Cure Violence responding to shootings at hospitals to model is the use of credible messengers prevent retaliation. Second, violence as workers—individuals from affected prevention Outreach Workers are similar communities who are trusted and have to other types of outreach workers, but access to the people who are most at risk are specially trained to work with persons of perpetrating violence. This access and who are involved in and traumatized by trust enables workers to talk about violent violence. behavior credibly and persuade high-risk A central characteristic individuals to change. Intensive and very The Cure Violence approach is being of the Cure Violence model is specific training is required, but hiring the implemented in more than 50 communi- the use of credible messengers right workers is essential to get the access, ties across nine countries and has been independently evaluated multiple times, as workers—individuals from trust and credibility required for the job, as for all health workers attempting to access with each evaluation showing large, Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 affected communities who are hard-to-reach populations of any type.xxxiii statistically significant reductions in gun trusted and have access to the violence. Studies by Northwestern Univer- This model also introduces two new types sity and Johns Hopkins University showed people who are most at risk of health worker. First, Violence Interrupt- 41% to 73% reductions in shootings in of perpetrating violence. ers (VIs) are highly trained community

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 5 neighborhoods in Chicagoxxxiv and as the Cure Violence replication at Cookham much as a 56% decrease in killings in Bal- Wood. SOS staff regularly visited timore.xxxv An evaluation by the Center for Cookham Wood to provide support and Court Innovations showed that the area in training for the VIs and were consulted New York City in which the program oper- about situations in the prison. Since the ated went one year without a killing and turnover of prisoners is rapid, SOS staff had 20% fewer shootings compared to the also needed to be continually looking for trend in the neighboring communities. An new candidates as workers.xlii evaluation of the program from 2012-2013 In adapting the Cure Violence model in Chicago found a 31% reduction in kill- to address prison violence, SOS needed ings in the two target districts.xxxvii to address the obvious difference of The international adaptations of the Cure environment—namely, this program Violence model have also demonstrated would need to be implemented inside large reductions in shooting and killings, a prison. xliii Adaptation of the model although formal evaluations are needed required the new tactic of hiring incarcer- to determine causality. Implementation ated persons as workers for the program, in three communities in San Pedro Sula, since fellow prisoners would be the Honduras, coincided with 73% to 88% most credible messengers available. The reductions in shootings and killings.xxxviii individuals identified to take on the role In the target community in Cape Town, of Violence Interrupters in prison were Adaptation of the model South Africa, there has been a reduction of carefully trained in the model, including required the new tactic of 52% in gang-related killings.xxxix In Loiza, the use of mediation and conflict resolu- hiring incarcerated persons Puerto Rico, there was a 50% reduction tion techniques.xliv The workers were not as workers for the program, in killings associated with the first year of compensated monetarily, however their xl participation was noted in their records since fellow prisoners implementation of the program. And in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, the rate of killing and potentially could be used in deter- would be the most credible dropped by 24.3% where the Cure Violence mination of parole and other potential messengers available. model was implemented.xli benefits. Over the course of the program, about 28 people were trained as VIs.xlv Cure Violence Adaptation The Silverstone Report found that the at Cookham Wood program was successful in hiring credible Whenever the Cure Violence model is messengers to do the work. One incarcer- implemented in a new setting, a compre- ated person commented, “They have been hensive assessment is conducted to deter- through this [so] it shouldn’t be hard for mine the nature of the violence problem, me.” Another offered, “Someone who the characteristics of those involved, and, hasn’t been through this can’t talk to me, crucially, the characteristics of credible ’cause I won’t listen.”xlvi Programs without messengers. While the broad components credible messengers are often not effec- of the model do not change, how the tive because the workers are not trusted, program looks on the ground may change which deters high-risk individuals from substantially depending on the specifics wanting to be involved. As one person of the situation. The goal always remains succinctly put it, “[D]on’t trust other xlvii Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 the same—to reduce violence. ones… [could be] snitches.” Surviving Our Streets (SOS), a violence Participants’ comments about their prevention organization based out of interactions with programs demonstrate London, oversaw the implementation of how essential credible messengers are to

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 6 Photo by Jason Featherstone changing behaviors. “Many young people completed about 90 mediations between said that they benefi ted from the pro- January and October 2012, xlix which would grammes, but also said that they found indicate a strong and active program. The those delivered by ‘credible messengers’ full Cure Violence program ceased activi- such as the violence reduction programme ties after December 2013, but SOS contin- delivered by the organisation Surviving ues to provide programming for prisons. Our Streets, to be the most relevant. In our An additional adaptation of the model was survey, a creditable 54% of young people in the focus on youth. The Cookham Wood said they thought that off ending behaviour is a youth facility with male prisoners programmes would help them when they between the ages of 15 and 18. This replica- were released from prison.” xlviii tion of the Cure Violence model is, there- Initial training for the program occurred fore, the fi rst time the program has been from October 8 to 12, 2012. The program specifi cally targeted to only youth. While started one day a week in November 2012, Cure Violence programs in communities and in February 2013 it increased to two regularly involve youth, these programs days a week. Program activities were not also include a signifi cant number of adults Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 march 2016 well documented and therefore little can since the targeted age is typically 16 to 24 be reported on the strength of imple- years old. l mentation of the program. Prison reports The model was also adapted to conform indicate that Violence Interrupters had to the restrictions inherent to prisons.

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 7 table 1 Reduction in Violence Among Youth The major limitation was that the SOS in Cookham Wood team was only able to operate in the prison for two days per week. The limited days of 250 implementation constrained SOS’s ability to interact with clients and change behav- iors associated with violence. One partici- 200 pant offered, “The program is great as it is but need more time slots.” li However, while the SOS team only operated two days per week, the trained workers 150 were in the prison and actively working the entire time.

100 51% Effects of the Cure Violence Prison Program on Violence The intended effect of the Cure Violence 50 program was to reduce violence among 51% 52% youth in Cookham Wood. The primary metrics included assaults, fights,1 overall 95% violence, and group attacks. As illustrated 0 Group Attacks Fights Assaults Overall Violence in Table 1, the implementation of the program coincided with large drops in all 2012 2013 January – August four measures of violence when compar- ing the number of each incident from table 2 January to August 2013 to the number during the same period the previous year. Reduction in Group Attacks Among Youth The number of fights, assaults, and overall in Cookham Wood violence decreased by more than 50%, and the number of group attacks dropped by 14 nearly 95%—almost eliminating this type of highly dangerous event.lii The reduc- 12 tion in the group attacks is particularly noteworthy, going from an average of 10 seven attacks per month to averaging less than one, with no group attacks occurring 8 Program Start in five of eight months (Table 2). These reductions are not only large, but the 6 evaluators described them as “a rapid and

4 Pre-program 5 of 8 Months 1Assaults are defined as one-sided intentional use of force 7 Group Attacks NO Group Attacks 2 and fights as multiple sided. Also, “during the period of the Per Month evaluation the definition of a ‘fight’ was changed to include (2012) play-fighting and incidents of play-fighting have subsequent- Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 0 ly been included with non play fighting into this category in O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A the YOI figures. The programme evaluated was specifically 2011 2012 2013 designed to reduce incidents of real, rather than simulated violence and therefore this category is less useful than it might have been.” (Silverstone and Scandrett 2015).

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 8 table 3 Reduction in Use of Discipline and tion in the number of times that harsh Management Approaches methods were used. Since these methods can become violent themselves, they 400 have the potential to traumatize individu- als and create other associated negative 350 outcomes. Overall, the data and independent analy- 300 sis show that the implementation of the program coincided with “a sustained 250 reduction in the number of assaults on young people” and that overall the 200 Cookham Wood prison “was a less violent place.” The program also coincided with 150 an “almost total cessation of group attacks liv 61% for the duration of the SOS program.” 100 Reduced violence was evident not only in 44% the data, but also in the perception of both staff and incarcerated youth that violence 50 had been reduced and that Cookham 74% Wood was feeling “generally safe.” lv 0 Control & Restraint Adjudications Keep Apart List Since no other significant changes (e.g., staff changes, new initiatives, or other 2012 2013 January – August modifications) took place at the Cookham Wood prison during the time of the analy- sustained reduction.” Additionally, while sis, the evaluators believe that “it is very the program was in place, there were fewer likely that any reduction has been caused incidents of self-harm proportionally by the intervention of SOS.” lvi compared to the mean number of inci- The inspectors of Cookham Wood also be- dents of self-harm in the year of 2012.liii lieved in the effectiveness of the program, Violence decreased by another measure stating, “The attempts to reduce violence as well—the number of times that prison using some creative and thoughtful initia- staff utilized various disciplinary or man- tives, including the violence interrupters, agement approaches. Again, a comparison Surviving Our Streets and team around the of this measure from January to August child, were commendable. Although it was 2013 to the same period the previous too early to make a judgment about their year showed large reductions across the effectiveness, the early signs were board. The number of times that control positive.” lvii and restraint was used dropped by 61%, the number of adjudications dropped by Effects of the Cure Violence Prison 44%, and the number of times that a “keep Program Outside of Prison apart” list was utilized dropped by 74% (Table 3). While the program is focused within the Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 prison and only tries to prevent violence In addition to indicating less violence, within its walls, analysis showed that the these reductions in disciplinary or man- program affected violence outside the agement approaches also indicate a reduc- prison as well. The primary reason for this

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 9 result is that violence within the prison The Silverstone report found that the can often be linked to violence in the com- levels of program staffing coincided with munity, because violent events within the decreases and then increases in violence in prison can provoke retaliatory violence the prison. When there were higher levels outside the prison. “A common refrain of program staffing during the first three from prisoners who had been assaulted months of the program, there was a sus- was that they would revenge their attack tained and rapid reduction that occurred, on the outside once released or they would “where violence dropped by over 80% in immediately instruct associates to target January and 60% in February.” their assailants’ families or friends.” lviii However, in March and April of the Although no data is available to demon- program period, the majority of Violence strate the magnitude of the program’s Interrupters were either transferred or effects on violence outside the prison, released, leaving one wing of the prison the Silverstone Report offered qualitative completely uncovered. This 60% reduc- evidence of this impact. tion in program staffing coincided with a slight rise in violence, and two large group “One of the disputes resolved by SOS was conflicts subsequently occurred in the between two inmates, one of whom (A) had uncovered wing.lx already sent out associates to target another inmate’s family home (B). This had been Secondly, the program was discontinued reported back to B, as had the threat that he after one year, offering the opportunity would be seriously attacked on his release. to examine levels of violence after the Although inmate B had the upper hand in the program ended. While official data is not YOI and had been victimising Inmate A, he available for analysis, there are numer- considered this a credible threat but would ous reports of increases in violence in not have been able unaided to resolve the Cookham Wood in the following years. For situation. The intervention of SOS staff in example, in the year following the removal setting up a successful mediation meant that of the program, an inspector reported that, the violence in the prison estate was curtailed “The number of recorded violent inci- as was the threat of violence outside. This is a dents was high and rising, and some were significant benefit of the programme although serious with evidence of concerted attacks not one recorded in the quantitative data.” lix on individuals. The use of weapons was not uncommon: during a recent lockdown Increases After Program Shutdown search 30 weapons were discovered. Use- ful initiatives to challenge the perpetrators While the best evidence of an effective of violence, as well as to support victims had program can be found in what happens lapsed [emphasis added], and monitoring after implementation, additional evidence and linkages to safeguarding structures can be gleaned from what happens when a were weaker. Use of force was similarly program is implemented at a diminished high, and we were not confident that all level or discontinued. The Cure Violence instances we observed were justified, or prison program unfortunately experi- that arrangements to ensure accountabil- enced both situations. ity were sufficiently robust.” lxi Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 First, since the program employed people The report offered more detail, “Some who were incarcerated, its staffing levels incidents were very serious and involved fluctuated based on turnover within the gangs of boys attacking a single boy. CCTV prison. This fact allowed for a comparison recordings showed groups of children between full and partial implementation.

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 10 kicking and punching each other. The use adaptation to address prison violence, as of weapons was not uncommon and we well as the first to focus solely on youth. saw many incidents where they had been By all measures, the adaptation of the used against unarmed boys.” lxii Cure Violence model to reduce violence This increase in violence among those in- in prison was extremely effective. The carcerated also led to increases in the use implementation of the program was found of force by staff at the prison. “Use of force to coincide with a drop in fights, assaults, was high and had increased since our last and overall violence by more than half. inspection. We were not confident that Importantly, group attacks, which have the all spontaneous incidents of use of force greatest risk of injury, were nearly elimi- were justified, particularly when force, nated, dropping by 95%. sometimes including the use of pain Furthermore, the program also was found infliction, was used to gain compliance to coincide with reductions in the use of from children.” lxiii force by prison staff. Control and re- In the subsequent year, the violence at straints dropped by 61% and adjudications the prison seemed to get worse. One dropped by 44% during the implementa- inspection report stated, “The number tion period. Minimizing use of force is of adjudications had doubled since the important in order to mitigate the trauma previous inspection and the system was suffered by incarcerated persons. in disarray, with more than 200 remanded A most notable finding is that the program cases, some for serious violence. A number was able to achieve such large drops in were already out of time and many more violence while operating only two days were not likely to be resolved so that boys per week and with very low staffing levels. who had committed serious offences were The limited days of implementation con- not being punished.” The report contin- strained workers’ ability to interact with ued, “In our survey, many more young clients and change behaviors associated people said they felt unsafe than at our with violence. One participant offered, previous inspection.” lxiv “The program is great as it is but need more time slots.” lxv The limited number Conclusion of staff had a significant effect on the pro- By all measures, the adaptation The adaptation of the Cure Violence gram’s reach, and meant that the program Health Model to a prison setting was a was unable to cover the entire prison when of the Cure Violence model to significant step in advancing the utiliza- some staff were lost due to releases or reduce violence in prison was tion of the epidemic control approach to transfers. reducing violence. To date, the program extremely effective. Although the Cookham Wood Cure Vio- has been primarily used to address com- lence adaptation was very effective and munity violence in many areas of the achieved a large reduction in violence, world. Frequently, these community the program was not renewed follow- applications have included instances ing its first year. In the years following of domestic violence as well. The pro- the cessation of the program, violence gram has also been adapted to address by all measures went up: assaults, fights, other types of violence, including election Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 group attacks, and use of force. While this violence, sectarian violence, and school- outcome is unfortunate, it does provide based violence. However, the Cookham further evidence of the effectiveness of the Wood program was the first Cure Violence

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 11 http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/rise- Cure Violence model in reducing violence more than disciplinary and management brutal-attacks-cookham-wood-6490392 in the prison. approaches. These types of approaches may be able to quell violence in the short Prison violence is a very serious problem term, but they have not been effective at throughout the world. Violence inside changing the behaviors and norms that prisons spreads to create violence outside perpetuate violence. Furthermore, as of prisons, both because conflicts spread groups and factions evolve, it becomes past the prison walls and because incar- tremendously difficult for prison staff cerated individuals exposed to violence to respond efficiently and effectively to in prison are at an elevated risk of being conflicts. violent after they are released. Stopping prison violence should be a priority, not The Cure Violence approach offers a only for the well-being and rehabilitation method for preventing violence, both in of those incarcerated, but also for the the short term and in the long term by Stopping prison violence should health and well-being of our communities. changing violent behaviors and norms. be a priority, not only for the Prisons should be evaluated in part by the The model has been proven effective in level of violence that takes place within its stopping violence in communities around Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 well-being and rehabilitation of walls and the overall health and well-being the world, and now it has been shown those incarcerated, but also for of those who live there effective in stopping prison violence. the health and well-being of our Stopping violence in prison and prevent- communities. ing its spread to our communities requires

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 12 November 2016

Feltham Young Offenders Institute One-Day Session

n addition to the program at the to demonstrate that knives cannot be Woodham Cook youth detention used for protection. facility, the Surviving Our Streets or- I Surveys were taken before and after ganization also implemented a one-day the session to determine changes in session at the Feltham Young Off enders attitudes related to use of violence. Institute. The pilot program targeted The survey results found that 100% the most serious repeat off enders, all of the participants had changed their of whom had been convicted of using a attitudes about weapon carrying. Before knife, with the goal of challenging their the session, 80% had stated that they attitudes towards carrying a weapon thought knives could be carried for and becoming involved in violence. lxvi protection. After the session, none of The session was led by staff who, due the participants promoted the idea of to their background and experience, had carrying a knife. the credibility and trust with the par- Overall, the participants found the ticipants to conduct this session. One session very eff ective. One participant Behaviour Management Offi cer from reported, “No one has ever put it like that the prison reported that he was “[o] before.” Another stated that it “[m]ade verwhelmed by how Jason got all the young me think about things diff erently”lxviii people to engage within the programme and the fact that he brought so much heart and The Feltham program does not refl ect a passion into his stories and work.” Another Cure Violence program. However, it stated that it was “brilliant how the young does utilize some of the methods used people related to Jason within his struggle to challenge norms around the use of and previous lifestyle.” lxvii violence. Furthermore, this program is an example of another health approach The Feltham session involved a discus- that should be considered in society’s sion about the consequences of using eff orts to curb violence. violence as well as a graphic, street-based Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 march 2016 scenario played out with rubber knives

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 13 Notes

i Bowker, L. (1980). Prison victimization. New York: xx HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2014). Report on an Elsevier North Holland. unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. ii Wolff, Nancy and Jing Shi. (2009). Contextualiza- http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- tion of Physical and Sexual Assault in Male Prisons: content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2014. Incidents and Their Aftermath. Journal of Correctional pdf Health Care. xxi Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI iii Allen, R. (2015). Global prison trends 2015. Penal Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent Reform International. Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. iv Bowker, L. (1980). Prison victimization. New York: xxii Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI Elsevier North Holland. Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent v Slutkin, G. “Violence Is a Contagious Disease.” The Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. Contagion of Violence. Institute of Medicine. Available xxiii Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 at: www.cureviolence.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our iom.pdf. (2013): 94-111 Streets. vi Ransford, C. L., Kane, C., Slutkin, G. ”Cure Violence: xxiv Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI A Disease Control Approach to Reduce Violence and Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent Change Behavior.” In Eds. Akers, T. & Waltermauer, E. Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. Epidemiological Criminology. Routledge. (2013): 232-242 xxv Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 vii Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Streets. Streets. xxvi Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI viii Sung, H.E. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors of Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent violence-related and accident-related injuries among Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. state prisoners. Journal of Correctional Health Care, xxvii Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI 16(3), 178-187. Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent ix Sung, H.E. (2012). Nonfatal violence-related and Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. accident-related injuries among jail inmates in the xxviii Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI United States. The Prison Journal, 90(3), 353-468. Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent x Institute of Medicine. (2014). The Growth of Incar- Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. ceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and xxix Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Consequences. Jeremy Travis and Bruce Western, Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Editors Streets. xi Allen, R. (2015). Global prison trends 2015. Penal xxx Slutkin, G. (2013a) Violence Is a contagious disease. Reform International. In Institute of Medicine (ed.), Contagion of Violence: xii Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2004). Medical Problems Forum on Global Violence Prevention. Fairford, UK: of Prisoners. Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/ National Academies Press. Available online at www. pub/html/mpp/tables/mppt06.cfm cureviolence.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/iom.pdf xiii Stephan, J. J., & Karberg, J. C. (2003). Census of state (accessed September 26, 2016). and federal correctional facilities, 2000. US Department xxxi Ransford, C. L., Kane, C., Slutkin, G. ”Cure Violence: of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice A Disease Control Approach to Reduce Violence and Statistics. Change Behavior.” In Eds. Akers, T. & Waltermauer, E. xiv Walmsley, Roy. (2003). World Prison Population List. Epidemiological Criminology. Routledge. (2013): 232-242 International Centre for Prison Studies. University of xxxii Heymann, D. L. 2008. Control of communicable Essex. diseases manual, 19th ed. Edited by D. L. Heymann. xv Walmsley, Roy. (2003). World Prison Population List. Washington, DC: American Association. International Centre for Prison Studies. University of xxxiii McDonnell, Jerome. (Host) (2011, August 24). Essex. Cease¬Fire employs public health methodology to xvi Glaze, L. E., Kaeble, D., Minton, T., Tsoutis. A. fight urban violence [Audio Podcast]. Retrieved from (2015). Correctional populations in the United http://www.wbez.org/episode-segments/2011-08-24/ States, 2014 Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/index. ceasefire-employs-public-health-methodolo¬gy-fight- cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5519 . urban-violence-90962 xvii Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI xxxiv Skogan, W., Harnett, S. M., Bump, N., & DuBois, J. Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent (2009). Evaluation of CeaseFire-Chicago. Chi¬cago: Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. Institute for Policy Research. xviii HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2013). Report on an xxxv Webster, D. W., Whitehill, J. M., Vernick, J. S., & unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. Parker, E. M. (2012). Evaluation of Baltimore’s Safe Cubisms thesmartcube.com volume 5 issue 1 MARCH 2016 http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- Streets Pro¬gram: Effects on Attitudes, Participants’ content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2013. Experiences, and Gun Violence. Baltimore, MD: Johns pdf Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence. xix Independent Monitoring Boards. (2013) HM YOI xxxvi Picard-Fritsche, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2013) Testing Cookham Wood Annual Report of the Independent a Public Health Approach to Gun Violence. New York: Monitoring Board 1st August 2011 – 31st July 2012. Center for Court Innovation.

Cure Violence Model Adaptation for Reducing Prison Violence 14 Notes

xxxvii Henry, D., Knoblauch, S., & Sigurvinsdottir, R. liv Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 (2014). The Effect of Intensive CeaseFire Intervention Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our on Crime in Four Chicago Police Beats: Quantita¬tive Streets. Assessment. Chicago, IL: Robert R. McCormick Foun- lv Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Unpub- dation. lished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Streets. xxxviii Ransford, CL, Decker, RB, Slutkin, G. (2016). lvi Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Report on the Cure Violence Model Adaptation in San Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Pedro Sula, Honduras. Available at: http://cureviolence. Streets. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Report-on-the-Cure- lvii HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2013). Report on an Violence-Adaptation-in-San-Pedro-Sul.pdf unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. xxxix Data source: Argus, Thursday October 8th 2015 http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- (Cape Town newspaper article based on official Cape content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2013. Town Police data) pdf xl Data source: University of Puerto Rico, Official Police lviii Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 data Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our xli Data source: Mesa De Seguridad Y Justicia De Ciudad Streets. Juarez lix Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 xlii Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Streets. Streets. lx Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Unpub- xliii Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 lished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Streets. Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our lxi HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2014). Report on an Streets. unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. xliv Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2014. Streets. pdf xlv HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2013). Report on an lxii HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2014). Report on an unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2013. content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2014. pdf pdf xlvi Surviving Our Streets (2013). Cure Violence. (Un- lxiii HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2014). Report on an published slides) unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. xlvii Surviving Our Streets (2013). Cure Violence. (Un- http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- published slides) content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2014. xlviii HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2013). Report on an pdf unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. lxiv HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2015). Report on an http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood. content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2013. http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp- pdf content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2015. xlix HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2013). Report on an pdf unannounced inspection of lxv Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 HMYOI Cookham Wood. http://www.justicein- Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our spectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp-content/uploads/ Streets. sites/4/2014/03/cookham-wood-2013.pdf lxvi Surviving our Streets (2012b). Evaluation for Feltham l Skogan, W., Harnett, S. M., Bump, N., & DuBois, J. Young Offenders Institute June 2012 BMG Knife Aware- (2009). Evaluation of CeaseFire-Chicago. Chi¬cago: ness Week Pilot. Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research. lxvii Surviving our Streets (2012b). Evaluation for li Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 Unpub- Feltham Young Offenders Institute June 2012 BMG lished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Streets. Knife Awareness Week Pilot. lii Surviving Our Streets (2013). Cure Violence. (Unpub- lxviii Surviving our Streets (2012b). Evaluation for lished slides) Feltham Young Offenders Institute liii Silverstone, Daniel And Scandrett, Matt. (2015 June 2012 BMG Knife Awareness Week Pilot. Unpublished Draft Report). Evaluation: Surviving Our Streets.

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