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ICSYNTH Route Design in the 21St Century This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. Article pubs.acs.org/OPRD Route Design in the 21st Century: The ICSYNTH Software Tool as an Idea Generator for Synthesis Prediction ‡ ∥ † ‡ ∥ § § Anders Bøgevig, , Hans-Jürgen Federsel,*, Fernando Huerta, , Michael G. Hutchings,*, Hans Kraut, † § § ‡ ∥ § Thomas Langer, Peter Löw, Christoph Oppawsky, Tobias Rein, , and Heinz Saller † Chemical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA Cheshire, U.K. ‡ Chemnotia AB, Forskargatan 20 J, 151 36 Södertalje,̈ Sweden § InfoChem GmbH, Landsberger Straße 408/V, D-81241 München, Germany *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: The new computer-aided synthesis design tool ICSYNTH has been evaluated by comparing its performance in predicting new ideas for route design to that of historical brainstorm results on a series of commercial pharmaceutical targets, as well as literature data. Examples of its output as an idea generator are described, and the conclusion is that it adds appreciable value to the performance of the professional drug research and development chemist team. ■ INTRODUCTION chemical and pharmaceutical industry adoption of CASD in the 8 9 Process R&D in the pharmaceutical industry has to pay heed to 1970s and 80s generally failed. Our own experience in ICI acts as a paradigm for those times: unreliable software, a range of criteria, for example, availability of commercial ffi quantities of starting material, chemical safety concerns and cumbersome hardware, insu cient underlying chemical reac- tion data, injudicious overoptimism within industry, and no potential hazards, toxicity, environmental considerations and ff sustainability, cost of goods, quality criteria, prior art and the common standards or user interfaces for the di erent systems intellectual property situation, to mention some of the available at the time, in combination eventually and critically 1 2 leading to insufficient useful results. All of these converted the foremost, but at the very core of the task lies route design. ff Success in this key activity relies heavily on the skill of process initial industrial optimism into indi erence and the resultant chemists in applying their knowledge of the near-boundless neglect and eventual disappearance of the tool in industrial laboratories.8 This outcome was expedited by the somewhat chemical literature, which, at this stage of the 21st century, fi continues to expand to levels beyond normal comprehension. later but overlapping development of the rst computer- Modern topics such as organocatalysis, C−H activation, and searchable reaction databases, which were more intuitive to use, new approaches to organofluorines are just three examples of and, in any case, successfully addressed many of the questions whole areas of chemistry that have evolved relatively recently. initially being directed at CASD. In the intervening 20 or so Nevertheless, the chemist expects to be able to access the years, the technical background has changed substantially: Downloaded via 80.81.20.145 on December 18, 2018 at 13:12:15 (UTC). versatility encompassed by this gigantic toolbox. Of course, cheaper, powerful, and far more convenient hardware and recourse to modern, electronically searchable databases of peripherals, fast search engines, centralized computing chemical structures and reactions such as SciFinder,3 Spresi,4 or distributed over the WWW, successful reaction mapping and fi 10 Reaxys5 expedites this task. But there remains room for more classi cation, and other chemical algorithm development, See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. advanced tools to complement chemist knowledge and derive leading to well-organized and more easily curated reaction added value from the mass of information deposited in databases that, in turn, encapsulate extensive historical and electronic databases. This article concerns the retrosynthesis modern chemistry, all contributing to new optimism. A further design tool ICSYNTH and especially its application in various factor was fresh encouragement provided by a new generation process R&D case studies. It goes beyond a pure database of process R&D chemists, in the current instance from search engine; rather, its role is that of a new idea generator. AstraZeneca (AZ), who were not only unbiased by earlier A Brief Background. Computer aided synthesis design CASD experiences but also who had the enthusiasm and (CASD) systems for retrosynthetic analysis have existed since optimism to believe CASD must be able to contribute to their ’ E.J. Corey’s ground-breaking LHASA6 in the 1960s began process R&D goals. In combination, these led to InfoChem s CASD development amongst the organic chemical community. development of its retrosynthesis tool ICSYNTH, which went ’ through various experimental and ultimately commercialized Philip Judson s excellent book from 2009 gives a comprehen- 11 sive history and description of CASD evolution since the early versions between 2005 and 2013 centered on Java applet times.7 Yet, while predictive tools are now routinely deployed technology. The current 2014 version has been further in other aspects of molecular design and chemistry-based R&D, developed and substantially re-engineered as an HTML5 organic synthesis in general and route design in particular in industrial process R&D do not have this type of support. Received: November 28, 2014 Judson also reviews some of the reasons why the wide-ranging Published: January 22, 2015 © 2015 American Chemical Society 357 DOI: 10.1021/op500373e Org. Process Res. Dev. 2015, 19, 357−368 Organic Process Research & Development Article a Scheme 1. ICSYNTH Suggestions for Novel Syntheses of Twistane aNote that in this scheme and all of those that follow, the convention is that solid arrows represent reactions known to work in practice, whereas dotted arrows represent speculative suggestions, either direct from the computer or extrapolated from its output by the chemist-user. application. It is not the goal of this article to delve into its searches on defined AZ target molecules were run in the underpinning technology, although overviews of user features absence of knowledge of the earlier brainstorm suggestions. and technical design are to be found in Supporting Information. Several case studies are discussed below, after a more academic Rather, the main aim is to provide evidence for its successful teaching molecule is first described and compared with the performance as an idea generator including its use in real open literature as an introduction to the sort of results that can process R&D problems, and this is what we now turn to. be expected. As will become clear, ICSYNTH does indeed suggest realistic and potentially valuable and novel synthetic ■ EVALUATION OF ICSYNTH AS AN IDEA schemes in all of these case studies. GENERATOR Case Study 1: Twistane. The cage hydrocarbon twistane (1; Scheme 1) was recognized 50 years ago as an interesting The best way to demonstrate the system’s utility as an idea 12 problem in synthesis and has been a topic in many organic generator is through examples where it has produced chemistry courses since to teach aspects of synthesis. It has also unexpected retrosynthesis suggestions beyond commonly been used routinely as a target molecule during our anticipated experience. We know that it has directly answered development and evaluations of ICSYNTH.13 While twistane synthetic problems of industrial chemists that have been implemented in ongoing route design work. Similarly, is of no interest as a process development target, some of the demonstrations to senior academics have resulted in novel results generated now serve as a vehicle to introduce aspects of suggestions for access to their synthetic targets beyond the notion of idea generation as we intend it and to illustrate some of the user features of the system. In this case study, the professorial expertise, which are now being incorporated into fi fi their active research programs. A complication is that what is a basis of the test is the open literature. Three of the rst ve new idea to one chemist may be claimed as common suggestions at level 1, that is, one reaction step from the target, knowledge or a routine suggestion by another: novelty and correspond to key intermediates in published syntheses originality are clearly subjective. In order to demonstrate the (twistene and both possible twistanones). Some other known tool’s capabilities, we have set up what we regard as a fair test. twistane precursors appear at lower priority in the synthesis Besides the open literature, we have access to detailed tree. Recovering known chemistry is largely irrelevant in the brainstorm proposals and in-house experience for routes to search for new ideas; this is the main purpose of pure database various medicinal targets that have been derived by teams of AZ search tools. However, seeing known routes is nevertheless chemists in the course of commercial drug projects. These are gratifying; indeed, it would be surprising and disappointing if relatively recent but no longer active. The overarching goal has such suggestions were not found. We would have to conclude been to explore to what extent ICSYNTH complements that there is something deficient with the databases of reactions professional synthesis route proposals. If the software was not underpinning the system or with the search and output to add to the results of the brainstorms, then it would not fulfill evaluation (ranking) algorithms. Furthermore, this rediscovery its role as an idea generator. If, on the other hand, it augments of known chemistry also serves as reassurance for new users. the chemist team’s suggestions, then it clearly has a role to play Much more interesting are some of the suggestions for new in designing the optimal synthetic route alongside conventional twistane syntheses, which, as far as we are aware, have not been chemist expertise. We have not sought to determine if it is able reported.
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