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Aunque En Excavaciones Arqueológicas Se Han Encontrado Algunos

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Aunque En Excavaciones Arqueológicas Se Han Encontrado Algunos Aunque en excavaciones arqueológicas se han encontrado algunos objetos de bronce y de la Edad de Hierro, no hay evidencia de una importante presencia en Londres antes de la época romana. Los romanos invadieron la isla de Gran Bretaña en el año 43 DC y establecieron una pequeña ciudad alrededor de 7 años más tarde (Londimium), en el área de la actual Londres. La ciudad creció a lo largo de las décadas debido a su importancia como puerto comercial en el río Támesis, hasta que se convirtió en la capital de la “Britannia” romana. Tuvo que resistir distintas invasiones extranjeras que alentó a las autoridades a construir una muralla alrededor de la ciudad. Con la caída del Imperio Romano de Occidente, la ciudad comenzó su declive experimentando una disminución considerable de la población, quedando grandes zonas de la ciudad en ruinas. Fue después del abandono de los romanos que los anglosajones comenzaron a habitar la zona. En el siglo XI Londres fue incorporada al Reino Sajón Oriental, adoptando el cristianismo un siglo después. Fue en esos momentos cuando se construyó la primer catedral de “St. Paul’s”. Bajo el régimen anglosajón la ciudad cobró importancia comercial y su población experimentó un aumento considerable. Toda esta prosperidad, así como su valor estratégico, despertaron la atención de los Vikingos por el Támesis, y Londres tuvo que sufrir varias invasiones. Durante los siglos IX y X, los anglo-sajones y los daneses gobernaron Londres alternativamente entre invasiones y guerras hasta que el rey danés “Canute” llegó al poder en 1017. Sus políticas de estimular los asentamientos civiles daneses y unir ambas etnias fueron la base de una sociedad anglosajón - nórdica. Luego de la muerte del rey Canute, “Eduardo el Confesor” tomó el poder. Bajo su reinado la ciudad experimentó una gran expansión comercial, así como un destacado desarrollo arquitectónico. Cuando Eduardo murió sin dejar herederos directos, su primo “William”, duque de Normandía, reclamó el trono. Fue reconocido como rey después de derrotar el rey “Harold” (hermano de Eduardo que fue elegido rey por el Consejo Real) en la batalla de “Hastings” en 1066. Cuando “William el Conquistador” gobernó la ciudad, muchos de los actuales edificios emblemáticos en Londres fueron construidos, como la Torre de Londres. Durante los años siguientes, Londres aumentó su población, así como el número de edificios religiosos en sus calles. Dado que el comercio se volvió más próspero, los gremios de comerciantes fueron mejorando su organización y comenzaron a controlar los flujos comerciales. La influencia francesa en la corte inglesa (fortalecida por los reyes de Francia que alternativamente gobernaron la isla) fue permanente a lo largo del resto de la Edad Media. No obstante la ciudad experimentó dramas más importantes como la “Balck Death” a mediados del siglo XIV que mató a la mitad de la población de la ciudad, siendo el primero de los 16 brotes de plagas que se produjeron entre los siglos XIV y XVII. Durante el período de “Tudor”, Londres experimentó grandes cambios que acompañaron la evolución del país hacia un Estado fuerte, con gran influencia sobre el resto del mundo. Durante la disolución de los monasterios por parte de “Henry VIII”, muchas propiedades que pertenecían a la iglesia pasaron a manos del Estado o a miembros de la aristocracia. Beneficiados por la expansión comercial que trascendió las fronteras europeas y por el mercantilismo, Londres se convirtió en uno de los puertos más importantes de Europa del norte, donde importantes empresas como la “British East West India Company” y la “Russia Company” decidieron establecer sus oficinas. Este fenómeno provocó un crecimiento de la población, especialmente debido a los inmigrantes que llegaron a la ciudad atraídos por la prosperidad económica. En la época de “Elizabeth”, la industria del arte experimentó un gran desarrollo (especialmente el teatro), convirtiendo a Londres en un referente cultural en toda Europa. Sin embargo, el teatro fue prohibido por los puritanos en los próximos años del siglo. En aquellos tiempos, muchos aristócratas y otras personas adineradas (quiénes quieran vivir en lugares con menos gente) comenzaron a construir viviendas en la zona rural de Londres, lo que provocó la ampliación de la ciudad hacia las áreas suburbanas. Este desarrollo arquitectónico fue dañado seriamente por el Gran Incendio en 1666 que duró 4 días, dejando casi el 60% de la ciudad en cenizas. La revolución industrial y el establecimiento del Imperio Británico como un líder mundial, aumentaron la importancia de Londres como una ciudad comercial y fortalecieron su perfil de centro financiero. La Londres gobernada por “Victoria” fue una ciudad de fuertes contrastes. Los beneficios de los avances Los pubs de Londres se encuentran entre los más antiguos del mundo. Algunos de los pubs más viejos fueron construidos en el siglo XVI, comenzando una tradición que persiste hasta estos días. Existen pubs que guardan anécdotas únicas entre sus paredes, eventos y recuerdos de clientes muy famosos a lo largo de toda su historia. La mayoría de los pubs conservan un estilo arquitectónico inglés y un ambiente cultural clásico. Es muy común ir por una pinta (vaso de medio litro de cerveza) al pub luego del trabajo, y algunos eventos como los partidos de fútbol o rugby son también una buena excusa. Deliciosas cervezas nacionales o internacionales (servidas bien frías desde dispensadores o barriles en las barras), vino, whisky y gin son las bebidas más comunes en los pubs londinenses. Sin embargo, se pueden pedir tragos sin alcohol si es lo que se busca. En algunas ocasiones los pubs londinenses pueden ser muy ruidosos, pero no se preocupe por el entorno, todas las personas deben pasar un buen momento y sentirse como “en casa”. Los tragos se deben pedir en la barra, no espere ser atendido en la mesa. No es común dejar propina en los pubs de Londres, pero si el servicio es bueno, algunas veces los clientes dicen “keep the change”. Está prohibido fumar dentro de los pubs. Durante la semana se pueden encontrar grandes ofertas y promociones en los pubs. Entre las ofertas más comunes se destacan los “happy hours” (2x1 entre las 17:00 – 19:00 horas), noches de estudiantes, y algunas promociones especiales que se muestran afuera de los pubs y bares. Estas promociones pueden contribuir a reducir tu presupuesto diario, especialmente cuando el pago con tarjeta de crédito puede desembocar en una jornada de grandes pérdidas económicas en el pub. En general los pubs en Londres ofrecen servicios gastronómicos, desde snacks hasta comidas más elaboradas con postre incluido. Los pubs son menos formales que los restaurantes pero más baratos. Comúnmente los pubs abren hasta las 23:00 horas, pero algunos pubs pueden ofrecer servicios de tragos luego de este horario. Se debe prestar atención al encargado de la barra, el cual anunciará las “last orders” para recordarles a las personas que podrán consumir su último trago. Pubs en Londres: Albert - Albion - Alma Tavern - Anchor - Anchor Tap - Angel - Anglesea Arms - Antelope - Argyll Arms - Assembly House - Audley - Bell - Bell and Crown - Black Friar - Black Lion - Blue Posts - Bull and Gate - Bull's Head - Bull's Head - Camden Head - Captain Kidd - Cardinal - Cask and Glass - Champion - Churchill Arms - Cittie of Yorke - City Barge - Clachan - Coach & Horses - Coal Hole - Cockpit - Colton Arms - Cricketers - Crocker's (The Crown) - Cross Keys - Crown - Crown & Greyhound - Crown and Sugar - Cutty Sark - Dartmouth Arms - Dirty Dicks - Dog & Bull - Dog and Duck - Dove - Dover Castle - Drapers Arms - Duke of Hamilton - Duke of Kent - Duke of Wellington - Duke's Head - Ealing Park Tavern - Earl of Lonsdale - Elgin - Express Tavern - Fallow Buck - Fitzroy Tavern - Flask - Fox & Anchor - Fox & Goose - Fox & Hounds - Fox & Pheasant - Freemasons - George - Golden Lion - Grapes - Green Man - Grenadier - Greyhound - Guinea - Hand and Shears - Harp - Holly Bush - Hoop and Grapes - Horse and Groom - Horse and Groom - Horseshoe Inn - Jerusalem Tavern - Junction Tavern - King and Tinker - King's Arms - King's Head - Knights Templar - Ladbroke Arms - Lamb - Leather Bottle - London Apprentice - Lord Moon Of The Mall - Market Porter - Mayflower - Mitre - Morpeth Arms - Museum Tavern - Nag's Head - Nell Gwynne Tavern - Old Bank of England - Old Bell - Old Pack Horse - Old Shades - Olde Cheshire Cheese - Olde Cock Tavern - Olde Mitre Tavern - Olde White Bear - Opera Tavern - Oxford - Pied Bull - Pineapple - Plumbers Arms - Pontefract Castle - Prince Alfred - Princess Louise - Prospect of Whitby - Punch Bowl - Punch Tavern - Queen's Larder - Red Lion - Richard I - Rising Sun - Rose & Crown - Royal Oak - Salisbury - Seven Stars - Sherlock Holmes - Ship - Ship and Shovell - Spaniards Inn - Spread Eagle - St. Stephen's Tavern - Star Tavern - Swan Ship Tavern - Three Kings - Tipperary - Tom Cribb - Tottenham - Town of Ramsgate - Trafalgar Tavern - Viaduct Tavern - Victoria - Warrington Hotel - Waterman's Arms - Westminster Arms - Wheatsheaf - White Cross - White Hart - White Swan - Windmill on the Common - Windsor Castle Para más información sobre los pubs, bares y la vida nocturna de Londres, contáctenos y con gusto le enviaremos material detallado sobre cualquier tema de su interés. Responderemos por E-mail dentro de 72 horas y seremos específicos a sus requisitos.tecnológicos convirtieron a la ciudad en una moderna metrópoli, promoviendo el crecimiento de la ciudad y su expansión geográfica. El primer ferrocarril se inauguró en 1836 y la primera línea de metro se construyó en 1863, una clara demostración de la vanguardia tecnológica. Pero tal vez la mayor obra de ingeniería fue la construcción de un sistema masivo de alcantarillas para enviar las aguas residuales fuera de la ciudad, provocando que la cifra de muertos disminuyera considerablemente. De todos modos, ésta era la misma ciudad donde miles de personas vivían en extrema pobreza, situación que incentivó varios movimientos sociales. Todas las campañas sociales comenzaron a ver los resultados al final del siglo, cuando leyes más rigurosas (como aquella que transformó en obligatoria la educación para niños de 5 a 12 años) fueron aprobadas.
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