The Reception of the Music of Cécile Chaminade in Colonial New Zealand (1894 -1934): Contexts and Institutions
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The Reception of the Music of Cécile Chaminade in Colonial New Zealand (1894 -1934): Contexts and Institutions Sandra Crawshaw A thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand March 2015 Figure 1: Cécile Chaminade (1857-1944) – H.S. Mendelssohn, photographer, 1890. Bibliothèque nationale de France. ii Abstract This thesis is a study of the music of Cécile Chaminade (1857-1944) and how present it was within the music traditions of colonial New Zealand. Chaminade was a French composer who enjoyed considerable success in North America and Europe during her lifetime, and the original premise of this study was to establish whether she had a similar presence as a composer in New Zealand. Drawing mainly from newspapers and archived programmes, a list of over four hundred concerts featuring her piano music and her songs has been compiled. It has revealed that a great percentage of her piano music performed in New Zealand actually occurred in student concerts, an aspect of music teaching neglected in most studies of music history. This list also indicates how well placed Chaminade’s songs were, in the repertoire of the singers of the day, both international and local, professional and amateur. Divided into two distinct chapters, the first chapter traces, for the first time, the origins of concerts specifically staged for music pupils, as well as discussing the practices of prominent music teachers throughout New Zealand, and how the present the music of Chaminade was in the repertoire, particularly that of piano ensembles (many hands, many pianos). There is also a discussion of the British examination systems and the Performing Arts Competitions, their choices of repertoire, and their relevance to the development of New Zealand’s young musicians of the time. The second chapter looks at songs of Chaminade and where they were sung. Considered art songs rather than ballads, her songs were very popular with many celebrated international ballad singers of the time. The chapter begins with addressing the international singers along with the actual concerts, the programmes and repertoire performed, followed by a comparison of Chaminade’s songs to popular ballads of the day. The final section of the chapter introduces some of the New Zealand singers who, though well known throughout New Zealand in colonial times, have been little documented in any historical studies today, coming to light in this thesis essentially because songs of Chaminade were highly placed in their repertoire. iii Acknowledgements Several years ago I was asked to participate in a concert solely devoted to woman composers. I accepted then realized I had literally nothing in my repertoire suitable to play. Setting off to source music from women composers, such as Clara Schumann and Amy Beach, it was the music of Cécile Chaminade that was a surprising and delightful discovery, as I was no different from most of my colleagues in being unaware of the extent of her opus for piano. Since then, over the past few years I have been performing and speaking about women composers and their music, at which a colleague suggested that perhaps I should turn my research into a thesis. I therefore would like to thank Alison Bowcott for setting me off on this fascinating and unexpected journey of research, uncovering so much about music-making in colonial New Zealand via the music of Chaminade, who, though little known today, was as much a musical celebrity then, as perhaps some of our female pop stars are today. My thanks goes to my university supervisor, Andrew Deruchie, for his meticulous advice about academic writing. I am also very grateful to Thelma Fisher, in the University Library, for her patience, answering many very basic questions, helping me track down obscure sources and reassuring me that I was pursuing something worthwhile and interesting. Thank you to David Murray, whose suggestions for areas of research, places to dig up information and records, and sharing sources from his own research, were immensely valuable. I must also acknowledge my mother, Margaret Crawshaw, who has a vast collection of books, magazines and LP records all pertaining to music and teaching, of which I could consult whenever I was able. Thank you to Helen Edwards who somehow found out I was writing about Chaminade’s music in New Zealand, and told me of her connection, in that her mother was instrumental in forming New Zealand’s only Chaminade Club. I am also grateful to Jane Malthus who took the time to look up how ‘satin chaminade’ may have come about. iv Overseas sources to acknowledge include David C. H. Wright for his interest in my project and assistance in sourcing information about the Associated Board, and Veronique Lavedan from Editions Enoch, for answering various questions regarding Chaminade and sending me the copy of her publishing contract. Many individuals have taken an interest in my project and freely presented me with scores of old music by Chaminade and other composers of the time – Velma Martin and Hannah Murray, in particular. Thank you also to Eli Gray Smith, for sharing his experiences as a cinema pianist and his knowledge of Chaminade repertoire within his teaching. I am also thankful of the support of the Society of the Women Musicians of Otago, the Friends of the Southern Sinfonia, and the Otago and Hamilton branches of the New Zealand Institute of Registered Music Teachers, all who have invited me to speak and perform, giving me valuable experience and feedback which contributed to my research. Enthusiastic and interested audiences make it all worthwhile! v Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Figures and Examples ............................................................................................................ viii Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Who was Cécile Chaminade? .............................................................................................................. 4 Chaminade’s Presence in New Zealand. ........................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: The pianoforte works of Chaminade, piano teaching, and the student recital. ........... 16 The Beginnings of the Student Recital. ............................................................................................ 20 Many Hands, Many Pianos. ................................................................................................................ 27 The Solo Piano Repertoire of Chaminade and her Contemporaries. .......................................... 37 The Nelson School of Music – Established German traditions in a British Colonial Outpost. .. 41 The Southern-most Performances of Chaminade. ......................................................................... 44 The British Examinations. ................................................................................................................... 45 The Performing Arts Competitions .................................................................................................... 50 The Beginning ................................................................................................................................... 52 The Repertoire .................................................................................................................................. 54 Public Reaction to the Competitions. ............................................................................................ 59 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter 2: Miscellaneous Concerts and the Songs of Chaminade.................................................. 65 The International Performers .............................................................................................................. 68 Emma Albani ..................................................................................................................................... 68 Belle Cole .......................................................................................................................................... 70 Ada Crossley ..................................................................................................................................... 72 Dame Clara Butt ............................................................................................................................... 75 Paul Dufault ....................................................................................................................................... 77 Maurice d’Oisley ............................................................................................................................... 79 The Miscellaneous Concert ................................................................................................................ 80 The