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Université De Reims Champagne-Ardenne École Doctorale – Sciences Humaines Et Sociales (555)

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Université De Reims Champagne-Ardenne École Doctorale – Sciences Humaines Et Sociales (555) UNIVERSITÉ DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE – SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES (555) THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE Discipline : SCIENCES JURIDIQUES Spécialité : Droit Public Comparé Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Charles Christian Kotomè CAKPO Le 20 juin 2019 LES INSTITUTIONS DEMOCRATIQUES AU BENIN ANALYSE COMPAREE FRANCE ETATS-UNIS Thèse dirigée par Arnaud COUTANT JURY M. Denis JOUVE, Professeur, Université Paris VIII Président M. Arnaud COUTANT, Maître de Conférences HDR, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Directeur de Thèse Mme Katia BLAIRON, Maître de Conférences HDR, Université de Lorraine Rapporteure M. Michel MATHIEN, Professeur, Université de Strasbourg Examinateur LES INSTITUTIONS DEMOCRATIQUES AU BENIN ANALYSE COMPAREE FRANCE ETATS-UNIS 1 DEDICACE En hommage : - A mes feux parents, Mme et M. Jeanne et Edouard CAKPO ; - Au peuple, l’unique souverain, détenteur du pouvoir constituant. 2 REMERCIEMENTS - Nos remerciements vont en tout premier lieu au Maître de la vie qui m’a redonné la vie afin que je puisse poursuivre cette thèse jusqu’à son achèvement. - L’expression de notre profonde reconnaissance va ensuite à notre Directeur de thèse, le professeur Arnaud COUTANT pour avoir accepté de diriger ma recherche, avec méthode et compétence de l’art. Vos orientations et soutiens constants m’ont encuragé à tenir jusqu’au bout. - Nous tenons à vous remercier, vous, éminents membres du jury, qui avez généreusement accepté d’examiner ce travail et, principalement vous M. le Président pour votre grande sollicitude. - Nous voudrions aussi traduire notre profonde gratitude à l’Université de Reims Champagne - Ardenne, aux autorités et au corps professoral, en particulier, au Doyen de la Faculté de Droit, au Directeur de notre unité de recherche CRDT, au Directeur de l’école doctorale et à tous leurs collaborateurs. - Nous voudrions également remercier nos autorités ecclésiastiques de l’Archidiocèse de Reims en l’occurrence Mgr Thierry JORDAN, Archevêque émérite, Mgr Éric de MOULINS-BEAUFORT, Archevêque de Reims et Mgr Bruno FEILLET, Evêque auxiliaire de Reims, qui m’ont accueilli et donné les moyens pour préparer cette thèse. - Nous traduisons aussi nos profondes reconnaissances filiales aux Evêques du Bénin, notamment à Mgr Eugène Cyrille HOUNDEKON, Evêque d’Abomey, à Mgr Aristide GONSALLO, Evêque de Porto-Novo, et au P. Jean-Benoît GNAMBODE, alors administrateur diocésain de Porto-Novo, qui ont cru en ma personne et m’ont envoyé en mission pastorale et d’études à Reims en France. - Nous remercions de tout cœur nos amis, qui ont contribué de près ou de loin, par leurs prières ou leurs soutiens de tous ordres à mes côtés, à la réalisation de ce travail. - Nous voudrions profondément remercier les membres de notre famille de sang, notamment mes frères et sœurs qui m’ont toujours accompagné dans ce travail de recherches par leurs prières et encouragements constants. - Nous remercions enfin du fond du cœur nos relecteurs pour le temps qu’ils m’ont accordé et qui a contribué à l’accomplissement de ce travail. 3 TABLE DES ABREVIATIONS AOF Afrique Occidentale Française BPA Bloc Populaire Africain CFVN Conférence des Forces Vives de la Nation CENA Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure FCBE Forces Cauris pour un Bénin Emergent FLN Front de Libération Nationale JORF Journal Officiel de la République Française J.O.R.B Journal Officiel de la République du Bénin LGDJ Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence MoDem Mouvement Démocratique MRP Mouvement Républicain Populaire ONEPI Office National D'imprimerie et de Presse PRD Parti du Renouveau Démocratique PRPB Parti de la Révolution Populaire du Bénin PA Politique Africaine, PUAM Presse Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille PUF Presse Universitaire de France PUG Presse Universitaire de Grenoble PUM Presse Universitaire de Montréal PUQ Presse Universitaire de Québec PUR Presse Universitaire de Rennes RPF Rassemblement du Peuple Français RPR Rassemblement pour la République RB Renaissance du Bénin SFIO Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière UPD Union Progressiste Dahoméenne UMP Union pour un Mouvement Populaire UDF Union pour la Démocratie Française 4 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE ............................................................................................ 6 PREMIERE PARTIE : LE PEUPLE ET LA CONSTRUCTION DES INSTITUTIONS, LA CONSTITUTION BENINOISE ET SES CONTRADICTIONS ................................ 23 Titre 1 : Le peuple et le fondement du régime, les singularités béninoises ................... 25 Chapitre 1 : La composition du peuple ............................................................................. 26 Chapitre 2 : L’unité du peuple .......................................................................................... 72 Titre 2: Le peuple et la fondation du régime, la fonction constituante originaire et dérivée ................................................................................................................................ 106 Chapitre 1 : Le constituant originaire et le peuple, la rédaction de la norme fondamentale au Bénin .......................................................................................................................... 107 Chapitre 2 : Le constituant dérivé et le régime, une protection béninoise accrue .......... 144 SECONDE PARTIE : LE PEUPLE ET LE FONCTIONNEMENT DU REGIME ...... 185 Titre 1 : La séparation des pouvoirs et l’originalité béninoise ..................................... 187 Chapitre 1 : Le Bénin à l’épreuve de la classification des régimes ................................ 189 Chapitre 2 : Les conflits entre les pouvoirs, une séparation à l’épreuve ........................ 225 Titre 2 : L’intervention du peuple ................................................................................... 261 Chapitre 1 : La pratique du suffrage universel ................................................................ 262 Chapitre 2 : Le recours aux partis politiques .................................................................. 304 CONCLUSION GENERALE ............................................................................................. 351 5 INTRODUCTION GENERALE « Le gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple ».1 C’est par ces mots que le Président américain Abraham Lincoln définit la démocratie dans son célèbre discours de Gettysburg, en 1863. Alors que la jeune fédération américaine se trouve à cette époque profondément divisée par une guerre civile, le Président fédéral en appelle au peuple, en insistant sur l’unité de la nation et sur la nécessité de sauvegarder, d’approfondir, de protéger le système politique pour l’avenir. La formule est devenue familière pour désigner la démocratie dans un sens moderne. Elle a d’ailleurs été reprise par les constituants français, en 1946 et en 1958 (dans une forme un peu modifiée pour le premier exemple).2 Évoquer le régime démocratique comme l’un des acquis de la modernité semble relativement fréquent. Pourtant, le terme de démocratie lui-même n’est pas sans soulever un certain nombre de questions au niveau juridique comme dans une perspective plus politique.3 1 A. Lincoln, Président des Etats-Unis, Le discours de Gettysburg, le 19 novembre 1863, cité par A. Coutant, L’Amérique des Etats. Les contradictions d’une Démocratie fédérale, Paris, Mare &Martin, 2011, p. 16. 2 Constitution française de 1946: Article 2. - L'emblème national est le drapeau tricolore, bleu, blanc, rouge à trois bandes verticales d'égales dimensions. L'hymne national est la Marseillaise. La devise de la République est : " Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. " Son principe est : gouvernement du peuple, pour le peuple et par le peuple. Constitution française de 1958: Article 2. La langue de la République est le français. L'emblème national est le drapeau tricolore, bleu, blanc, rouge. L'hymne national est « La Marseillaise ». La devise de la République est « Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ». Son principe est : gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple. 3 Une analyse générale serait assurément beaucoup trop longue. Nous évoquons ici quelques exemples de bibliographie : A. Baudart, Qu’est-ce que la démocratie ? Paris, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2005, 133 p. ; C. Colliot-Thelene, La démocratie sans « Demos », Paris, PUF, 2015, 216 p. ; A. Goujon, Les démocraties. Institutions, fonctionnement et défis, Paris, Armand Colin, 2015,192 p. ; S. Goyard-Fabre, Qu'est-ce que la démocratie? La généalogie philosophique d'une grande aventure humaine, Paris, Armand Colin, 2014, 240 p. ; N. Lenoir, La démocratie et son histoire, Paris, PUF, 2e édition, 2007, 248 p. ; P. Manent, Tocqueville et la nature de la démocratie, Collection Tl (n° 341), Paris, Gallimard, 2006, 341 p. ; J.-C. Martin, Démocratie, le nom volé d’une idée violée, Paris, A Contre-Pied, 2007, 419 p. ; E. Dockes, Valeurs de la démocratie. Huit notions fondamentales : Liberté-Egalité-Pouvoir-Droit-Contrat-Propriété-Intérêt-Représentation, Paris, Dalloz, 2005, 188 p. ; A. Ogien, S. Laugier, Le principe démocratique. Enquête sur les nouvelles formes du politique, Paris, La Découverte, 2014, 288 p. ; B. Acherman, Au nom du peuple. Les fondements de la démocratie américaine, Calmann-Lévy, Harvard University Press, 1991, 436 p. ; K. Popper, « La leçon de ce siècle », 10/18, 1993, p. 95- 146 ; sur le concept américain : B. A. Ackerman, We the people, HUP, vol. 1 Foundations, vol. 2 Transformations, 2000,
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