Endodermal Nodal-Related Signals and Mesoderm Induction in Xenopus
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Pluripotency Factors Regulate Definitive Endoderm Specification Through Eomesodermin
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 23, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Pluripotency factors regulate definitive endoderm specification through eomesodermin Adrian Kee Keong Teo,1,2 Sebastian J. Arnold,3 Matthew W.B. Trotter,1 Stephanie Brown,1 Lay Teng Ang,1 Zhenzhi Chng,1,2 Elizabeth J. Robertson,4 N. Ray Dunn,2,5 and Ludovic Vallier1,5,6 1Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; 2Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138648; 3Renal Department, Centre for Clinical Research, University Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; 4Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling early cell fate decisions in mammals is a major objective toward the development of robust methods for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into clinically relevant cell types. Here, we used human embryonic stem cells and mouse epiblast stem cells to study specification of definitive endoderm in vitro. Using a combination of whole-genome expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses, we established an hierarchy of transcription factors regulating endoderm specification. Importantly, the pluripotency factors NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 have an essential function in this network by actively directing differentiation. Indeed, these transcription factors control the expression of EOMESODERMIN (EOMES), which marks the onset of endoderm specification. In turn, EOMES interacts with SMAD2/3 to initiate the transcriptional network governing endoderm formation. Together, these results provide for the first time a comprehensive molecular model connecting the transition from pluripotency to endoderm specification during mammalian development. -
The Physical Mechanisms of Drosophila Gastrulation: Mesoderm and Endoderm Invagination
| FLYBOOK DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH The Physical Mechanisms of Drosophila Gastrulation: Mesoderm and Endoderm Invagination Adam C. Martin1 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8060-2607 (A.C.M.) ABSTRACT A critical juncture in early development is the partitioning of cells that will adopt different fates into three germ layers: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm. This step is achieved through the internalization of specified cells from the outermost surface layer, through a process called gastrulation. In Drosophila, gastrulation is achieved through cell shape changes (i.e., apical constriction) that change tissue curvature and lead to the folding of a surface epithelium. Folding of embryonic tissue results in mesoderm and endoderm invagination, not as individual cells, but as collective tissue units. The tractability of Drosophila as a model system is best exemplified by how much we know about Drosophila gastrulation, from the signals that pattern the embryo to the molecular components that generate force, and how these components are organized to promote cell and tissue shape changes. For mesoderm invagination, graded signaling by the morphogen, Spätzle, sets up a gradient in transcriptional activity that leads to the expression of a secreted ligand (Folded gastrulation) and a transmembrane protein (T48). Together with the GPCR Mist, which is expressed in the mesoderm, and the GPCR Smog, which is expressed uniformly, these signals activate heterotrimeric G-protein and small Rho-family G-protein signaling to promote apical contractility and changes in cell and tissue shape. A notable feature of this signaling pathway is its intricate organization in both space and time. -
Animal Phylum Poster Porifera
Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia -
Disruption of the HNF-4 Eene, Expressed in Visceral Endoderm, Leads to Cell Death in Embryonic Ectoderm and Impaired Gastrulation of Mouse Embryos
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Disruption of the HNF-4 eene, expressed in visceral endoderm, leads to cell death in embryonic ectoderm and impaired gastrulation of mouse embryos William S. Chen,^'* Kada Manova,^'* Daniel C. Weinstein/''* Stephen A. Duncan,^ Andrew S. Plump,^ Vincent R. Prezioso/ Rosemary F. Bachvarova,^ and James E. Darnell Jr.^'^ ^Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, ^Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 USA; ^Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021 USA Expression of HNF-4, a transcription factor in the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, is detected only in the visceral endoderm of mouse embryos during gastrulation and is expressed in certain embryonic tissues from 8.5 days of gestation. To examine the role of HNF-4 during embryonic development, we disrupted the gene in embryonic stem cells and found that the homozygous loss of functional HNF-4 protein was an embryonic lethal. Cell death was evident in the embryonic ectoderm at 6.5 days when these cells normally initiate gastrulation. As assessed by expression of Bracbyury and HNF-3P, primitive streak formation and initial differentiation of mesoderm do occur, but with a delay of ~24 hr. Development of embryonic structures is severely impaired. These results demonstrate that the expression of HNF-4 in the visceral endoderm is essential for embryonic ectoderm survival and normal gastrulation. [Key Words: Transcription factor; gastrulation; HNF; embryonic development; mouse] Received June 28, 1994; revised version accepted August 18, 1994. -
Sonic Hedgehog a Neural Tube Anti-Apoptotic Factor 4013 Other Side of the Neural Plate, Remaining in Contact with Midline Cells, RESULTS Was Used As a Control
Development 128, 4011-4020 (2001) 4011 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV2740 Anti-apoptotic role of Sonic hedgehog protein at the early stages of nervous system organogenesis Jean-Baptiste Charrier, Françoise Lapointe, Nicole M. Le Douarin and Marie-Aimée Teillet* Institut d’Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS FRE2160, 49bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 19 July 2001 SUMMARY In vertebrates the neural tube, like most of the embryonic notochord or a floor plate fragment in its vicinity. The organs, shows discreet areas of programmed cell death at neural tube can also be recovered by transplanting it into several stages during development. In the chick embryo, a stage-matched chick embryo having one of these cell death is dramatically increased in the developing structures. In addition, cells engineered to produce Sonic nervous system and other tissues when the midline cells, hedgehog protein (SHH) can mimic the effect of the notochord and floor plate, are prevented from forming by notochord and floor plate cells in in situ grafts and excision of the axial-paraxial hinge (APH), i.e. caudal transplantation experiments. SHH can thus counteract a Hensen’s node and rostral primitive streak, at the 6-somite built-in cell death program and thereby contribute to organ stage (Charrier, J. B., Teillet, M.-A., Lapointe, F. and Le morphogenesis, in particular in the central nervous system. Douarin, N. M. (1999). Development 126, 4771-4783). In this paper we demonstrate that one day after APH excision, Key words: Apoptosis, Avian embryo, Cell death, Cell survival, when dramatic apoptosis is already present in the neural Floor plate, Notochord, Quail/chick, Shh, Somite, Neural tube, tube, the latter can be rescued from death by grafting a Spinal cord INTRODUCTION generally induces an inflammatory response. -
The Derivatives of Three-Layered Embryo (Germ Layers)
HUMANHUMAN EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY Department of Histology and Embryology Jilin University ChapterChapter 22 GeneralGeneral EmbryologyEmbryology FourthFourth week:week: TheThe derivativesderivatives ofof trilaminartrilaminar germgerm discdisc Dorsal side of the germ disc. At the beginning of the third week of development, the ectodermal germ layer has the shape of a disc that is broader in the cephalic than the caudal region. Cross section shows formation of trilaminar germ disc Primitive pit Drawing of a sagittal section through a 17-day embryo. The most cranial portion of the definitive notochord has formed. ectoderm Schematic view showing the definitive notochord. horizon =ectoderm hillside fields =neural plate mountain peaks =neural folds Cave sinks into mountain =neural tube valley =neural groove 7.1 Derivatives of the Ectodermal Germ Layer 1) Formation of neural tube Notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate. Cross section Animation of formation of neural plate When notochord is forming, primitive streak is shorten. At meanwhile, neural plate is induced to form cephalic to caudal end, following formation of notochord. By the end of 3rd week, neural folds and neural groove are formed. Neural folds fuse in the midline, beginning in cervical region and Cross section proceeding cranially and caudally. Neural tube is formed & invade into the embryo body. A. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 22. B. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 23. The nervous system is in connection with the amniotic cavity through the cranial and caudal neuropores. Cranial/anterior neuropore Neural fold heart Neural groove endoderm caudal/posterior neuropore A. -
Investigation on the Origin of the Definitive Endoderm in the Rat Embryo
J. Embryol. exp. Morph. Vol. 32, 2, pp. 445-459, 1974 445 Printed in Great Britain Investigation on the origin of the definitive endoderm in the rat embryo By B. LEVAK-SVAJGER1 AND A. SVAJGER2 From the Institute of Biology, University of Zagreb SUMMARY Single germ layers (or combinations of two of them) were isolated from the primitive streak and the head-fold stage rat embryos and grown for 15 days under the kidney capsule of syngeneic adult animals. The resulting teratomas were examined histologically for the presence of mature tissues, with special emphasis on derivatives of the primitive gut. Ectoderm isolated together with the initial mesodermal wings at the primitive streak stage gave rise to tissue derivatives of all three definitive germ layers. Derivatives of the primitive gut were regularly present in these grafts. At the head-fold stage, isolated ectoderm (including the region of the primitive streak) differentiated into ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives only. Endoderm isolated at the primitive streak stage did not develop when grafted and was always completely resorbed. At the head-fold stage, however, definitive endoderm dif ferentiated into derivatives of the primitive gut if grafted together with adjacent mesoderm. These findings indirectly suggest the migration of prospective endodermal cells from the primitive ectoderm, and therefore a general analogy with the course of events during gastrulation in the chick blastoderm. INTRODUCTION The origin of endoderm is one of the most intricate problems in the embryology of vertebrates (see Peter (1941) for review of older literature). According to the classical view the endoderm of avian and mammalian embryos arises by delamination from the epiblast ('Deuterendoderm') and therefore differs in its origin from the 'Protendoderm' of the amphibian embryo, which arises as a consequence of gastrulation (Peter, 1941). -
A Glimpse Into the Molecular Entrails of Endoderm Formation
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 26, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW A glimpse into the molecular entrails of endoderm formation Didier Y.R. Stainier Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0448, USA During organogenesis, the endoderm forms the epithelial some temporal distinction, I refer to cells as progenitors lining of the primitive gut tube from which the alimen- prior to the onset of gastrulation, and precursors during tary canal and associated organs, such as the liver and gastrulation stages. Finally, because the endoderm and pancreas, develop. Despite the physiological importance mesoderm often originate from the same, or adjacent, of these organs, our knowledge of the genes regulating regions of the embryo, a recurring theme of this review endoderm development has been limited. In the past few will be the analysis of how the embryo segregates these years, we have witnessed a rapid pace of discoveries re- two germ layers. garding the initial formation of this germ layer. Because the insights have come from studies in several model Endoderm formation in C. elegans systems, I have chosen to discuss endoderm formation not only in vertebrate model systems but also in Cae- The entire endoderm in C. elegans, that is, the 20 cells norhabditis elegans, Drosophila, sea urchins, and ascid- that constitute the intestine, originates from the E blas- ians. These studies reveal a high degree of conservation tomere at the 8-cell stage (Fig. 1A) (Sulston et al. 1983). -
Cell Fate, Morphogenetic Movement and Population Kinetics of Embryonic Endoderm at the Time of Germ Layer Formation in the Mouse
Development 101, 627-652 (1987) 627 Printed in Great Britain (G) The Company of Biologists Lunited 1987 Cell fate, morphogenetic movement and population kinetics of embryonic endoderm at the time of germ layer formation in the mouse KIRSTIE A. LAWSON1 and ROGER A. PEDERSEN23 with an appendix by SARA VAN DE GEER4 lHubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2Laboratory of Radiobtology and Environmental Health and ^Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ^Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Knuslaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Summary The fate of the embryonic endoderm (generally called and early-streak-stage embryos is heterogeneous in its visceral embryonic endoderm) of prestreak and early germ layer fate. Whereas the germ layer location of primitive streak stages of the mouse embryo was descendants from anterior sites did not differ after 1 studied in vitro by microinjecting horseradish peroxi- day from that expected from the initial controls dase into single axial endoderm cells of 6 7-day-old (approx. 90 % exclusively in endoderm), only 62 % of embryos and tracing the labelled descendants either the successfully injected posterior sites resulted in through gastrulation (1 day of culture) or to early labelled cells exclusively in endoderm; the remainder somite stages (2 days of culture). contributed partially or entirely to ectoderm and Descendants of endoderm cells from the anterior mesoderm. This loss from the endoderm layer was half of the axis were found at the extreme cranial end compensated by posterior-derived cells that remained of the embryo after 1 day and in the visceral yolk sac in endoderm having more surviving descendants (8-4 h endoderm after 2 days, i.e. -
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Dev Dyn
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Dev Dyn. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2006 November 13. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Dev Dyn. 2004 January ; 229(1): 201±218. T-box Genes in Early Embryogenesis Chris Showell, Olav Binder, and Frank L. Conlon* Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Abstract The T-box gene family, encoding related DNA-binding transcriptional regulators, plays an essential role in controlling many aspects of embryogenesis in a wide variety of organisms. The T-box genes exhibit diverse patterns of spatial and temporal expression in the developing embryo, and both genetic and molecular embryological studies have demonstrated their importance in regulating cell fate decisions that establish the early body plan, and in later processes underlying organogenesis. Despite these studies, little is known of either the regulation of the T-box genes or the identities of their transcriptional targets. The aim of this review is to examine the diverse yet conserved roles of several T-box genes in regulating early patterning in chordates and to discuss possible mechanisms through which this functional diversity might arise. Keywords T-box; T-domain; Brachyury; Eomesodermin; VegT; spadetail; no tail; tbx6; mesoderm; transcription INTRODUCTION Adult multicellular organisms typically contain a variety of different specialized cell types, their cooperative activity underpinning the function of the organism as a whole. The cellular diversity in the adult arises during embryogenesis, and one of the aims of modern developmental biology is to gain an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which this process occurs. -
The Xenopus Brachyury Promoter Is Activated by FGF and Low Concentrations of Activin and Suppressed by High Concentrations of Ac
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 29, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The Xenopus Brachyury promoter is activated by FGF and low concentrations of activin and suppressed by high concentrations of activin and by paired-type homeodomain proteins Brancko V. Latinkic´, Muriel Umbhauer,1 Kathy A. Neal, Walter Lerchner, James C. Smith,3 and Vincent Cunliffe2 Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK The mesoderm of Xenopus laevis arises through an inductive interaction in which signals from the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo act on overlying equatorial cells. One candidate for an endogenous mesoderm-inducing factor is activin, a member of the TGFb superfamily. Activin is of particular interest because it induces different mesodermal cell types in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that it acts as a morphogen. These concentration-dependent effects are exemplified by the response of Xbra, expression of which is induced in ectodermal tissue by low concentrations of activin but not by high concentrations. Xbra therefore offers an excellent paradigm for studying the way in which a morphogen gradient is interpreted in vertebrate embryos. In this paper we examine the trancriptional regulation of Xbra2, a pseudoallele of Xbra that shows an identical response to activin. Our results indicate that 381 bp 5* of the Xbra2 transcription start site are sufficient to confer responsiveness both to FGF and, in a concentration-dependent manner, to activin. We present evidence that the suppression of Xbra expression at high concentrations of activin is mediated by paired-type homeobox genes such as goosecoid, Mix.1, and Xotx2. -
Early Evolution of the T-Box Transcription Factor Family
Early evolution of the T-box transcription factor family Arnau Sebé-Pedrósa,b,1, Ana Ariza-Cosanoc,1, Matthew T. Weirauchd, Sven Leiningere, Ally Yangf, Guifré Torruellaa, Marcin Adamskie, Maja Adamskae, Timothy R. Hughesf, José Luis Gómez-Skarmetac,2, and Iñaki Ruiz-Trilloa,b,g,2 aInstitut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; bDepartament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; cCentro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; dCenter for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Rheumatology and Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; eSars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, 5008 Bergen, Norway; fTerrence Donnelly Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1; and gInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, and approved August 13, 2013 (received for review May 24, 2013) Developmental transcription factors are key players in animal and metazoan Brachyury genes and whether T-box genes are multicellularity, being members of the T-box family that are present in other unicellular lineages remained unclear. among the most important. Until recently, T-box transcription Here, we report a taxon-wide survey of T-box genes in several factors were thought to be exclusively present in metazoans. eukaryotic genomes and transcriptomes, including previously Here, we report the presence of T-box genes in several nonmeta- undescribed genomic data from several close relatives of meta- zoan lineages, including ichthyosporeans, filastereans, and fungi.