k

891

Index

a ADPCM See Adaptive differential pulse code AAL See ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode), modulation adaptation layer ADSL See Asymmetric digital subscriber line Absorption Advanced mobile phone system See AMPS atmospheric 434–435 Advanced Research Project Agency Network 15 cloud 391–392 AFC 572 gaseous 390–391 A-law PCM 630, 653–658 hydroxyl 372 practical implementation of 658, 681 infrared 372 signal to quantisation noise ratio of 657–661 k ionospheric 386, 389 Alias frequency 608–611 k medium 373 Aliasing optical fibre 371, 374 distortion 607 filter design 613–615 AC 42, 137, 166, 207, 208, 569 steps to minimise 612–613 Acoustic signal 2, 61 Alignment channel 829 Acquisition 863 Alternate mark inversion See AMI Active power 159, 165, 352 Alternating current See AC Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) 668 AM See Amplitude modulation Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) American National Standards Institute 9, 844 664 American Standard Code for Information Interchange Adaptive equalisation 787 8, 64, 826 Adaptive prediction 664, 681 AMI 42, 199, 674–677 Adaptive predictive coding (APC)COPYRIGHTED 673 Ampere’s MATERIAL modified law 383 Adaptive quantisation 664 Amplifier See operational amplifier ADC See Analogue to digital conversion Amplitude modulation 473 See also ASK Additive white Gaussian noise 437–448 See also demodulators 492 AWGN features and applications 426 ADM See Adaptive delta modulation modulation factor 476–478 Administrative unit 842, 844 modulation sensitivity 474–475, 477 group 844 modulators 488 pointer 842 power 486 Admittance 335, 347, 357 receivers 498

Communication Engineering Principles, Second Edition. Ifiok Otung. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/otung

k k

892 Index

Amplitude modulation (contd.) ARPANET See Advanced Research Project Agency spectrum 498 Network transmitters 491 ARQ 33 variants 502 ASCII See American Standard Code for Information waveforms 475 Interchange Amplitude response 298, 581, 582 ASK Amplitude shift keying See ASK binary modulation 46, 712 Amplitude spectrum 204, 224 coherent binary detection 719 AMPS 808 M-ary ASK 732–737 Analogue communication system non-coherent binary detection 725–727 baseband 35 Asymmetric digital subscriber line 331 compared to digital 33 Asynchronous data transmission 10, 622 modulated 44, 473, 529 ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) 34, 805 noise effects 462, 588 adaptation layer 849, 852 Analogue signal 33 cell header 851 Analogue to digital conversion 30, 41, 627 features 852 Ancillary signal 65 versus IP 852–853 Angle 86–87, 529 layered architecture 847 Angle modulation 530–531 network components 850 basic concepts 530 Atmosphere k waveforms 475, 543 noise temperature 434 k Angular frequency 87 vertical structure 384–386 Anisotropic medium 432 Attenuation Anomalous propagation 395–396 distortion 312–314 ANSI See American National Standards Institute in metallic lines 332–334, 338 Antenna in optical fibre 371–376 gain 104–105, 418, 421, 430, 461 in radio 390, 416, 418, 421 height 415, 418–421 Attenuation coefficient 371, 373, 376 noise 434–437 Attenuation constant 338, 340, 376, 383–384 as transducer 58, 60 Attenuation pad 356–357 Anti-alias filter 613–615 AU See Administrative unit Antipodal 696, 710, 729, 747 Audio APC See Adaptive predictive coding input device 22 APD See Avalanche photodiode output device 24 Aperiodic signal See nonperiodic signal wideband signal 63 Aperture distortion loss (ADL) 237–242, 623 AUG See Administrative unit, group Aperture effect 622–623 Autocorrelation function 138, 172–173 APS See Automatic protection switching Automatic frequency control See AFC APSK 749 Automatic gain control 495, 822 Arbitrary binary transmission system 709 Automatic protection switching 842 Armstrong Automatic repeat request See ARQ Edwin Howard 19 Avalanche photodiode 60, 824 wideband frequency modulator 570 AWGN See also noise sources

k k

Index 893

characterisation 437–448 Beat frequency 97–98 effects on Bell AM 462–464 Alexander Graham 13 digital communication systems 465–470, FDM system 821 701–711 laboratories 16, 19 DSB 462–464 BER FM 588–594 of arbitrary binary transmission 708–710 SSB 462–464 of binary ASK, FSK and PSK 708 of M-ary APSK 752–754 b of M-ary ASK 734–737 Baird, John Logie 19 of M-ary FSK 746–749 Balanced discriminator 584 of M-ary PSK 743–746 Balanced modulator See product modulator trade-offs 465–470, 754–756 Balancing pulse 676–677 Bessel function Bandlimited white noise 442–445 graph and discussion 559–560 Bandpass filter 305–306 table 561–562 Bandpass signal sampling 603 Binary amplitude shift keying See ASK Bandstop filter 306 Binary block code 678 Bandwidth Binary coded decimal 8–9 Carson’s 563 Binary frequency shift keying See FSK k 3 dB 304 Binary modulation 712 k definitions 302–308, 564 Binary phase shift keying See PSK efficiency 730–732 Binary symmetric channel 704 fractional power containment 306 BIP See Bit interleaved parity noise equivalent 308 Biphase code 676 noise trade-off 586, 748 Bipolar baseband system 704–708 null 304 Bipolar junction transistor See Transistor 1% 563 Bipolar non-return-to-zero See NRZ code subjective 303 Bipolar with n Zeros Substituted See BnZS code Barcode reader 23 B-ISDN 834, 846, 850–852 Baseband communication system terminal equipment 850 analogue 33–35 Bit duration 176, 199 digital 41, 674 Bit energy See Energy discrete 36–39 Bit error rate, bit error ratio See BER Baseband signal 35, 303, 602 Bit interleaved frame 825 Baseline wander 42 Bit interleaved parity 842 Basis function 412–417 Bit-interleaving 825, 830–832 BASK See ASK Bit rate 465, 755 Baud 8 Bit robbing 826, 834 Baudot Bit stuffing 832, 839 code 7–8 BJT See Transistor Jean-Maurice-Émile 7 Blackman-Harris window 285–286 BBC See British Broadcasting Corporation Block code 677–681

k k

894 Index

BNRZ See NRZ code Cascade connection BnZS code 676 definition of 183, 454 Bonfires 3 noise temperature of 455 Bound 746 Cascade connection, noise figure of 454–457 BPSK See PSK Cathode ray tube 26 B-pulse See Balancing pulse CATV 59, 333 2B1Q line code 43 Causal, Causality 112, 183 Brewster angle 398–400, 402–403 CBR 846, 849 Brickwall filter 606, 731, 812 CCD 14 Brightness temperature 433–434 CCDF See Complementary cumulative distribution British Broadcasting Corporation 16 function Broad-area coverage 19, 387 CCITT 8, 14 See also ITU Broadband ISDN See B-ISDN CCTV 35 BSF See Bandstop filter CD See Compact disk B-TE See B-ISDN, terminal equipment CDM See Code division multiplexing Burst bit rate 845, 870 CDMA (Code division multiple access) 871 Butterworth filter 614–615, 624 Cell 50, 807, 851 Byte-interleaving 830, 839, 842, 844 Cell delay variation 847, 852, 876 B3ZS 676 Cell delineation 848 B4ZS 676 Cell header 851 k B6ZS 676 Cell loss priority 851 k B8ZS 676 Cell rate decoupling 848 Cell relay switching 846 c Cellular telephony 813, 864, 873–874 Canonical representation of noise 444 CELP 673 Capacitance sensitivity 574 Central limit theorem 139, 143, 149, 438 Capacitor 22, 42, 110 Central office 331 charging/discharging 496 CEPT PCM-30 (E1) system 827 Capture CEPT PDH hierarchy 827–832 effect 594 CEQ 850–851 range 580 Channel bandwidth See Bandwidth ratio 594 Channel coding 30 Carrier Channel frequency response 297–301 amplitude 46, 473 Channel impulse response See Impulse response demodulation 32 Channel model 449, 451, 590 frequency 20, 46, 529 Channel noise See Noise sources frequency extraction 497–498, 725, 797–799 Channel transfer function 297, 311, 787 modulation 30–31, 35, 45, 382 Channel translating equipment See CTE to noise ratio 425, 437, 462, 465, 754 Character codes 7–13, 30, 877–881 phase 46, 529 Characteristic impedance 340, 347, 353 phase synchronisation 508–509 Charge coupled device See CCD suppression 504, 514 Chip duration 855–856 Carson’s bandwidth 306, 463, 563 Chromatic dispersion 377

k k

Index 895

Chrominance signals 63, 303 Coding gain 755, 758 Circuit Coherent binary amplitude shift keying See ASK balanced discriminator 584 Coherent binary frequency shift keying See FSK balanced modulator 446, 504 Coherent binary phase shift keying See PSK CCTV 35 Coherent demodulation 498, 516, 518, 521 de-emphasis 587 Coherent detection 719, 723 diode demodulator 493 Coherent M-ary amplitude and phase shift keying See integrator 568 APSK operational amplifier 488, 569 Coherent M-ary amplitude shift keying See ASK pre-emphasis 587 Coherent M-ary frequency shift keying See FSK switching 15, 48–50 Coherent M-ary phase shift keying See PSK telegraph 16 Coherent minimum shift keying See MSK telephone 17 Coherent quadriphase shift keying (QPSK) See QPSK Circular APSK constellation 750 Colour display 26 CL See Connectionless (CL), packet switching Coloured noise 442, 592 Clarke, Arthur C. 19 Colour printing 27 Clipping distortion 314 Common signalling 826, 833 Clock Communication channel See Channel content 42, 675 Communication system extraction 797 block diagram 21 k recovery 44 design issues 754 k Closed circuit television See CCTV types 32 Closed loop power control 865 Commutator 39 CLP See Cell loss priority Compact disk 29, 613 CMI 676 Companding See also A-law PCM; 𝜇-law PCM Coaxial cable 329, 332–333 definition 641 Co-channel interference 390, 808 gain 647–650 Codebook 30, 673 penalty 647–650 Codec 44, 656, 667, 669, 814 Complementary cumulative distribution function Code division multiplexing 136, 140 basic introduction 853 Complementary error function See also Q-function benefits 853 definition 141 PN codes 864 table 886 power control 864–865 Compressor characteristic 642 processing gain 866 Computable code 10 receiver 583 Cone of acceptance 369–370 synchronisation 863 Conjugate structure algebraic code excited linear transmitter 856 prediction (CSA-CELP) 673–674 Coded mark inversion See CMI Connectionless (CL), packet switching 52, 849 Code efficiency 43, 678 Connection oriented (CO), packet switching 50–51, Code excited linear prediction See CELP 849 Code radix 43 Consonant sound 61 Codeword 8–13, 30 Constant bit rate See CBR

k k

896 Index

Constellation diagram 690, 694 d Continuously variable slope delta modulation DAC See Digital to analogue conversion (CVSDM) 668 Data communication See Data transmission Continuous phase frequency shift keying 716 Data communication channel 842 Continuous refraction 369, 386 Data compaction 30 Continuous spectrum 274, 484, 789 Data compression 30, 34, 42, 64 Continuous-time signal 65–67 Data encryption 33 Continuous-time system 109, 181 Data input devices 23 Convergence sub-layer 849 Data-in-voice 814 Conversion time 618, 623 Data-over-voice 814 Convolution 186, 190, 196, 260, 790–797 Data terminal equipment 23, 64, 333 Cooke, William Fothergill 5 Data transmission 13, 33 Correlated pulses 724, 727 3 dB bandwidth 304–305 Correlation coefficient 176–180 6 dB bandwidth 326 of specific systems 60 dB bandwidth 304, 326 binary transmission symbols 710 DC 62, 100, 108 FSK symbols 717 DCC See Data communication channel M-ary ASK symbols 734 Decibel 100 Decision threshold 42, 720–724 M-ary PSK symbols 744 Decommutator 39, 41 Correlation receiver 719, 723, 790 De-emphasis 30, 586 k Correlator 701–702, 790, 864 k de Forest, Lee 13 Cosine filter 774–777 Delay Cosine rule 96 differential 312 Costas loop 508, 524 distortion (See Phase distortion) Coupling 369–371, 576 excess 130 loss 371 group 129, 312, 377, 389 Covariance 176 line differentiator 582 CPFSK See Continuous phase frequency shift keying line predictor 663 CRC 529, 829–830, 849 mean 130 Cross-correlation 864–865 packetisation 50, 678, 847 Cross-polarisation 394, 432 processing 670–671, 673 Crosstalk 41, 43, 103, 332–333, 367, 432 propagation 3, 5, 311, 314 CRT See Cathode ray tube rms 130 Crystal-controlled oscillator 492, 517 switching 847 CSA-CELP See Conjugate structure algebraic code Delta modulation (DM) 664 excited linear prediction design parameters 666 CTE 508, 514 merits and demerits 666 Customer equipment See CEQ prediction filter 666 CVSDM See Continuously variable slope delta quantisation error 664 modulation waveform 667 Cycle 84 Delta sigma modulation (DSM) 668 Cyclic redundancy check See CRC Demodulator See also Receiver

k k

Index 897

AM 497 Digital subscriber line See DSL DSB 507 Digital to analogue conversion 32–33, 64 FM 463, 577, 581 Digital translator 642 ISB 518 Digital transmission model 699 PM 537, 581 Digital versatile disc See DVD QAM 527 Diode demodulator SSB 561 circuit and operation 493–495 VSB 522 conditions 495–496 De-multiplexer Diode detector See Diode demodulator analogue TDM 40, 825 Diode ring modulator 504–507 FDM 813 Dirac delta function 78, 618 optical (WDM) 824 Direct current See DC Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) Direct sequence spread spectrum 20, 824 processing gain 855 Depolarisation 394 receiver 858–863 Design considerations 639, 666, 754 transmitter 856 Detector, ASK 719 Discrete baseband communication system 36, 38 DPSK 729 Discrete-time signal 65–67 FSK 721 Discrete-time system 109, 181 PSK 721 Dispersion 130, 314, 334, 368, 376–379, 386, 389, k QAM 47, 474, 527, 691 824 k Deterministic signal 68 Display devices Deviation ratio 534 See also Modulation index CRT 26 Dibit 43 flat panel 26 Differential group delay 377 printers 26–27 Differential NRZ code 675 Distortion Differential phase shift 394 aliasing 283 Differential phase shift keying See DPSK aperture effect 622 Differential pulse code modulation See DPCM attenuation 311, 314 Differentiator 581 delay 312, 822 Diffraction 408 harmonic 315 Diffuse reflection 406–407 intermodulation 315, 374 Digital baseband receiver 55 nonlinear 314–316 Digital communication system See also Design overload 664, 668 considerations phase 47, 111, 204 baseband 41 quantisation 34 compared to analogue 33 Distortionless transmission 311 modulated 44 DIV See Data-in-voice noise effects 701 DM See Delta modulation Digital modulation techniques, comparison Doolittle, Thomas 17 755–756 Doppler Digital signal 65–67 Christian Andreas 97 Digital signal processing See DSP frequency shift 97, 386

k k

898 Index

Double sideband suppressed carrier amplitude Earth-space slant paths 416 modulation (DSB) 474, 502, 524 EBCDIC 8, 9, 879 applications 509 Efficiency demodulator 507 antenna 430 effect of phase error 508, 725 bandwidth 730 modulation 515 code 43 phase synchronisation 508–509 data transmission 827 spectrum 503 EHF See Extrahighfrequency waveform 503 Electromagnetic waves 32, 59–60, 84, 334, 380 Double sided spectrum 227–230 Encryption 30, 33 DOV See Data-over-voice Energy DPCM 661–662 of bit 692 DPSK of pulse 691 BER 460 Rayleigh’s theorem 261 detection 458 of signal 69, 167 generation 458 of sinusoidal symbol 686 introduction 457 Energy spectral density (ESD) 288–291, 301–302 M-ary 746 Engineer’s orderwire 842 Droop 42–43, 675 Envelope detector 684, 726–727 See also Diode DS See Direct sequence demodulator DSB See Double sideband suppressed carrier Envelope distortion 477 k k amplitude modulation Envelope representation of noise 444 DSL 17, 33, 43, 331–332 EOW See Engineer’s orderwire DSM See Delta sigma modulation Equalisation See Equaliser DSP 204, 294, 642, 670 Equaliser 44, 120, 305, 312–314, 623, 773, 787 DTE See Data terminal equipment Equivalent noise temperature 450 Duality 259 Ergodicity 138 Ducting propagation 396 Error burst 851 Duobinary signalling 774 Error correction 33–34 Duplex Error function See Complementary error function full duplex 31–32, 758 ESF See Extended superframe half duplex 31, 758 Euclidean space 690 Duty cycle 71 Even function 69 DVD 29 Excess delay See Delay Dynamic range 25, 34, 61 Exclusive-OR See XNOR gate Exponential distribution 157 Extended binary coded decimal interchange code See e EBCDIC Earth Extended superframe 834 radiated noise 434 Extra high frequency 45, 380 radius 387 Extrinsic loss 20, 375 station receiver 459, 472 Eye diagram 799–800

k k

Index 899

f Fleming, John 13 Facsimile See Fax Flicker noise 436 Faraday FM See Frequency modulation constant 885 FM stereo transmission 510 law of electromagnetic induction 22, 382–383 FM transmitter 584 Michael 389 Forward error correction 33, 758 rotation 386, 389 Fourier Far end block error 843 series 205 Farnsworth, Philo 19 synthesis 205–206, 214 Fast fading 149, 314, 421 theorem 205–206 Fast Fourier transform 204, 277 transform 253 FAW See Frame alignment word transform table 264 Fax 14–15, 64 Four-wave mixing (FWM) 374 FCC See Federal Communications Commission Frame alignment word FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) 868 bunched or grouped 520, 523–524, 526, 535 FDM signals 875 See also Frequency division distributed 520, 528, 529 multiplexing Frame organisation 825 group 815 Free space propagation 416, 418, 421 hypergroup 816, 818 Frequency comparison pilot 822 jumbogroup 821 Frequency deviation 530 mastergroup 820, 822 Frequency discriminator 581 k k pilot tones 822 balanced discriminator 584 supergroup 814–818 delay line differentiator 582 supermastergroup 820 RC differentiator 583 FDX See Duplex Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) 809 FEBE See Far end block error See also FDM signals FEC See Forward error correction flat-level FDM 812–813 Federal Communications Commission 306, 424 hierarchical FDM 814 Fessenden, Reginald 18 standards FET See Transistor Bell 821 FFT See Fast Fourier transform European 820 Fibre See Optical fibre UK 816 Field effect transistor See Transistor Frequency modulation 529 See also FSK Filter applications 595 anti-alias 613 bandwidth 558, 560, 563 ideal (brickwall) 606 comparisons 540, 543, 551 matched 787–797 demodulators 581 raised cosine 769 merits and demerits 530, 594 root raised cosine 771 modulators 567 Flags 3 narrowband 549 Flat-level FDM 812–813, 816, 820 noise performance 567, 584–585 Flat-top sampling 235, 240, 618 power 563

k k

900 Index

Frequency modulation (contd.) Gibbs’ phenomenon 206 waveforms 546 Global System for Mobile communication 670 wideband 557, 567 Glottis 60–61 Frequency multiplication 567, 569 Gold sequence 864 Frequency resolution 284 Granular noise 668 Frequency response Gray code converter 732 of human ear 25 Gray coding 699, 708, 732, 781 of system 297 Ground wave 386–387 of tuned circuit 583 Group delay 129, 312, 389 Frequency reuse 808, 872 Group signal See FDM signals Frequency sensitivity 530 Group translating equipment See GTE Frequency shift keying See FSK GSM See Global System for Mobile communication Frequency swing 533 GTE 816 Frequency translation 500 Guard band 432, 605 Frequency variations in PM 537 Fresnel coefficients 397–398 h Fresnel zones 410 Half duplex See Duplex FSK See also Bandwidth Hamming window 285, 287 BER 708, 746 Hanning window 285 coherent detection 719, 723 Harmonic k frequency spacing 716 distortion 315 k generation 715 frequency 68 M-ary generation and detection 738 Hartley modulator 516 noise-bandwidth trade-off 748 Haykin, Simon, xxiii noncoherent detection 727 HDB3 674, 676 spectrum 716 HDSL See High-speed digital subscriber line FTTC (Fibre-to-the-cabinet) 331, 365 HDTV See High-definition television FTTP (Fibre-to-the-premises) 365 HDX See Duplex Full cosine roll-off characteristic 770 Header error correction 848 Full duplex See Duplex Heaviside Functions 71, 886 condition 341 Fundamental frequency 67–68 Oliver 330 Future of FDM 813–814 HEC See Header error correction Heliogram 4 g Heliography 4 Gain response See Amplitude response Hertz Gaseous absorption 390 cycles per second 84 Gaussian distribution 139, 438 Heinrich Rudolf 18 Gaussian noise 437 See also AWGN Heterosphere 385 Generic flow control 849 HF See High frequency Geometric representation 689 High-definition television 26 Geostationary orbit (GEO) 19, 387, 756 High density bipolar with 3 zero maximum See GFC See Generic flow control HDB3

k k

Index 901

High frequency 380 Inter-arrival time 159, 161 High-level AM transmitter 492 Interference Highpass filter 306, 572, 593, 773 acoustic 2 Hilbert transform 515 co-channel 390, 808 Hockham, George 365 image 500–501 Hollerith code 8–9 intentional 853 Hollerith, Herman 8 ISI (See ISI) Homosphere 385 types 431–432 HPF See High pass filter Intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier 500 Huygens’ principle 408, 411 Intermodal dispersion 376 Hybrid coders 673 Intermodulation product 315, 811, 868 Hybrid modulation 698 International Business Machines Corporation 9 Hybrid multiplexing 824 International Organization for Standardization 10 Hypergroup signal See FDM signals International Telecommunication Union See ITU Internet 12, 15, 33 i Inter-network interface 850 IBM See International Business Machines Corporation Inter-symbol interference See ISI Ideal filter See Brickwall filter Intramodal dispersion 377 Ideal Nyquist channel 768 Intrinsic loss 20, 371 Idle cell 846 Inverse Fourier transform 254 k ILD See Injection laser diode Ionosphere 46, 385 k Image interference 500–501 Ionospheric absorption 389 IMBE See Improved multiband excited vocoder Ionospheric effects 389 IMP See Intermodulation product Ionospheric scatter 385, 388 Impedance 165, 300, 335, 347, 569 IP (Internet protocol) 15, 50, 52, 331, 852 matching 183, 353, 363, 454 ISB See Independent sideband amplitude modulation Improved multiband excited vocoder (IMBE) 672 ISDN See Integrated services digital network Impulse function 78 ISI 63, 64, 381–393, 401, 572 Impulse response 79, 181–186, 299 ISO See International Organization for Standardization Incident wave 337, 397 8859 code 10–11 Independent sideband amplitude modulation 518 ITU Inductor-capacitor oscillator (LCO) 574 organisation 424 Information capacity 780 referenced standards Information sink 24 G.653 425 Information source 21 G.655 425 INI See Inter-network interface G.721 664 Injection laser diode 59, 368 G.722 663 Instantaneous frequency 221 G.726 663 Instantaneous phase 535 G.727 671 Instantaneous sampling 79, 235, 600–606 G.729 674 Integrate-and-dump filter 790 P.530 393 Integrated services digital network 331, 833–834 P.531 389 Integrator 568 P.618 393, 394

k k

902 Index

ITU (contd.) Line of sight 103, 387 P.676 390 Line spectrum 227, 229 P.838 392 Line termination 353 P.840 392 Liquid crystal display 27 P.1057 198 Local access network 426 Local area network 33, 330, 676, 758 j Local loop 16, 17, 20, 43, 328, 331, 425 Jitter 49, 51, 797 Local mean power See power Johnson noise 432 Lock range 580 Jumbogroup signal See FDM signals Lodge, Oliver 12 Justification 831–832, 835, 841 Logarithmic units 99 Lognormal distribution 148–149 k Log PCM 658, 661 Kaiser–Bessel window 285 LOS See Line of sight Kao, Charles K. 19, 365 Loudspeaker 24 Kerr effect 374 Low bit rate speech coding 30, 34, 42, 668–674 Knife-edge diffraction 408, 411 Low earth orbit (LEO) 19, 387 Lower sideband 474, 484 l Low frequency 35, 45, 380 LAN See Local area network Low-level AM transmitter 491 k Laplace transform (LT) 204, 291–292 Lowpass filter 190, 260, 299–301, 306, 326, 443–444 k Laser diode 31, 36 Lowpass signal See baseband signal Lattice modulator 504 LPC See Linear predictive coding LBR See Low bit rate LPF See Lowpass filter LCD See Liquid crystal display LSB See Lower sideband LCO See Inductor-capacitor oscillator LSF See Side frequency LC oscillator modulator 573 LTI See Linear time-invariant system LED 27, 59–60, 368 Luminance signal 63, 520–521 LEO See Low earth orbit (LEO) LF See Low frequency m Light emitting diode See LED Magnetic Limiter 577 disk 28 Linear ADC See Linear PCM reader 23 Linearity 113, 258 tape 28 Linearly-varied-gain modulator 488 MAN See Metropolitan area network Linear PCM 634–641 Manchester code 676, 678, 704 Linear predictive coding (LPC) 672 Marconi, Guglielmo 18 Linear time-invariant system 79, 113, 116, 180 Mark (binary 1) 8, 14, 18, 42, 675 Line code Markov process 159 classes 674 M-ary modulation See also Multilevel modulation desirable characteristics 42–44 kB1M block code 780 Line decoding 44 M-ary APSK 749 Line impedance 343, 347, 364 M-ary ASK 732

k k

Index 903

M-ary DPSK 746 Mixed excitation linear prediction vocoder (MELP) M-ary FSK 746 673 M-ary PSK 737 Mobile communication 388, 421–423, 808 Masking effect 3, 25 Modem 33, 331, 472, 758 Mastergroup signal See FDM signals Modified duobinary filter 779 Mastergroup translating equipment See MTE Modulation Matched filter 787 definition 44 derivation 788 roles 44–46 worked examples 791 types 46–47 Material dispersion 368, 377 Modulation depth 496 MATLAB code 219, 221, 283 Modulation factor 476 Maurer, Robert 20 Modulation index 463, 477, 534 Maximum-length sequence 857–858, 863–866 Modulation sensitivity 474, 581 Maxwell Modulator See also Transmitter equations 18, 382–384 AM 488 James 18 APSK 749 MCPC (multiple channel per carrier) 868 ASK 712 Mean opinion score 462, 669 DPSK 727 Mean square quantisation error 631 DSB 504 Mean square value 163, 168 FM 530 k Medium earth orbit (MEO) 19, 387 FSK 715 k Medium frequency 380 ISB 518 MELP See Mixed excitation linear prediction vocoder Narrowband FM and PM 567 MEO See Medium earth orbit PSK 714 Mesosphere 385 QAM 47, 527 Message identifier 849 SSB 510 Metallic line systems 328 VSB 521 Metropolitan area network 20, 365 Morse Microphone code 7 carbon 22 Samuel 6 condenser 22 MOS See Mean opinion score dynamic 22 MPE-LPC See Multipulse excited linear predictive electret 22 coding electromagnetic 22 MSB (Most significant bit) 10, 54, 628, 632, 650, 737, piezoelectric 22 840 variable-resistance 22 m-sequence See Maximum-length sequence Microwave radio relay 19, 460 MSK 717 MID See Message identifier MSOH See Multiplex section overhead MIDI See Musical instruments’ digital interface MSQE See Mean square quantisation error Midrise quantisation 628, 630, 634 MTE 822 Midstep quantisation 628–634 𝜇-law PCM 661 Mie scatter See Scattering practical implementation 653–654 Minimum shift keying 717 See also MSK SQNR 657–661

k k

904 Index

Muldex canonical representation 444 Add/drop 843, 846 envelope representation 444 E1 hierarchy 830 noise equivalent bandwidth 308–311 J1 hierarchy 836 Narrowband phase modulation (NBPM) 551 See also NA PDH hierarchy 832 Narrowband frequency modulation primary 827 National Television System Committee 509 SDH 839 Natural sampling 616–620 Multiframe 520, 523 Neper 101–102 Multiframe alignment word 523–524 Network node interface 850 Multilevel modulation Network service provider (NSP) 331 bandwidth efficiency 730 NNI See Network node interface design considerations 465, 754 Noble, Daniel 19 Multimode graded index fibre 369, 377 Noise-bandwidth trade-off 628, 748 Multimode step index fibre 368, 376 Noise calculations in systems 594–607 Multipath propagation Noise figure (noise factor) 451, 454 in optical fibre 368, 376 Noise immunity 34, 732 in radio 130, 143, 149, 153–156, 313–314 Noise sources 432–437 See also AWGN Multiple access 31, 867 Noise weighting 127 Multiplexer Nondeterministic signals 290 See also Random analogue TDM 39 signals k ATM 850 Nonlinear PCM See Log PCM k DSLAM 331 Nonperiodic signal 67, 204, 253 FDM 810 Non-return-to-zero 377, 674, 712 See also NRZ code optical (WDM) 824 Nonuniform PCM See Log PCM Multiplexing Nonuniform quantisation 641 See also Quantisation role 805 Normal distribution See Gaussian distribution statistical 846 Normalised average power See Power types 806–809 Normalised bandwidth 565 Multiplex section overhead 842 NRZ code 674–675 Multipulse excited linear predictive coding (MPE-LPC) NSP See Network service provider 673 NTSC See National Television System Committee Music 62 Null bandwidth 304 Musical instruments’ digital interface 22 Numerical aperture (NA) 369–371 loss 376 n Nyquist Narrowband frequency modulation (NBFM) channel 310 amplitude spectrum 552 filtering 767 amplitude variations 556 interval 599 derivation 549–551 rate 600 phase spectrum 554 phasor approach 555 o waveforms 553 OC See Optical carrier Narrowband noise 442 Octet 825

k k

Index 905

Odd function 69 Uniform 637–638 OLED (organic light-emitting diode) 27 PDH See Plesiochronous digital hierarchy On-off keying See OOK PDM See Pulse duration modulation On-off signalling 674. Percent modulation 530, 533–534 OOK 14, 46 See also ASK Periodic signal 67–69, 205 Opamp See Operational amplifier Periodogram 290, 303 Open loop power control 865 Phase constant 338, 340, 382 Open systems interconnection 852 Phase demodulator 580 Operational amplifier 488, 569, 618 Phase deviation 536–537 Optical carrier 20, 46, 366 Phase difference 89 Optical character reader 23 Phase discrimination 514–516 Optical disk 29 Phase discriminator 498 Optical fibre Phase distortion 311–312 advantages 366–367 Phase error 508–509, 517, 585–589, 724–727, 762 attenuation 371 Phase locked loop (PLL) 497–498, 546, 576, 579, 724, disadvantages 367 798, 863 types 367 Phase modulation (PM) 529 See also PSK Orthogonal 178, 377, 687 basic concepts 535 Orthonormal 687 See also Basis function comparison with AM 551 Oscilloscope 89, 127, 543 comparison with FM 537, 551, 567 k OSI See Open systems interconnection demodulators 576 k Out-of-word signalling 826, 828 frequency variations 537 Overhead bits 49–51, 827–828 modulators 567 Overload distortion 663–664, 666–668 narrowband 549 Overmodulation 477 power 549 waveforms 543 wideband 557 p Phase response 189, 203, 298 Packet switching 50–52 Phase sensitivity 530, 535 PAM See Pulse amplitude modulation Phase shift demodulator 582 Partial fraction expansion 292, 294 Phase shift keying See PSK Partition noise 435 Phase spectrum 204, 224 Path loss 416, 418, 421 Phase synchronisation 508–509, 725 Path overhead 840, 842 Phase variations in FM 540 Payload type identifier 849 Phasors 86, 93, 98 PCM See Pulse code modulation Photodetector 60 PDF 135 Piecewise companding 650, 654 Exponential 157–162 Piecewise linear functions 214 Gaussian 139–142, 438 Pilot carrier 510, 517–519, 524 Lognormal 148–153 PIN diode 60 Poisson 157–162 Plain old telephone service See POTS Rayleigh 143–148, 447 Plane earth propagation 418 Rician 153–157 Plasma-panel display 54

k k

906 Index

Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) 827 Pseudorandom sequence (code) 808, 853–857 problems 838 PSK See also Bandwidth; BER; DPSK standards binary generation 715 CEPT (E1) system 827 coherent binary detection 719 Japanese (J1) system 836 introduction and waveforms 46–47 North American (T1) system 832 M-ary signal 737 PLL See Phase locked loop Psophometer 103 PM See Phase modulation PSTN See Public switched telephone network PN See Pseudonoise PTI See Payload type identifier POH See Path overhead Public switched telephone network 328, 595, 758 Poisson departure process 161 Pulse amplitude modulation 36, 623 Poisson distribution 157 features 38 Polarisation 377, 380, 394, 399, 420–1, 432 system block diagram 37–38 Polarisation mode dispersion 377 waveform 37 Polybinary signalling 779 Pulse code modulation Post-modulation filter 809, 812–813 basic discussion 16, 41, 613 POTS 331–332, 755 detailed discussion 627 Power 69, 163–167 differential 661–668 local mean 148–149 linear 628–641 logarithmic measures 102 log 641–661 k Power efficiency 467–468, 736, 782 Pulse duration modulation 36, 623 k Power factor 165, 404 features 38–39 Power spectral density 288–291, 301–302, 440–442, system block diagram 38 591–592, 866–867 waveform 37 Poynting vector 404 Pulse position modulation 36, 623 PPM See Pulse position modulation features 38–39 Preamble See Training sequence system block diagram 38 Predictor, tapped-delay-line filter 663 waveform 37 Pre-emphasis 30, 584–586 Pulse width modulation See Pulse duration Primary line constants 334 modulation Primary medium parameters 383, 388, 397 PWM See Pulse duration modulation Primary muldex See Muldex Pythagoras’ rule 94, 690, 705, 709 Primary rate ISDN (PRI) 833 Printers 27 q Probability density function See PDF QAM 47, 527, 717, 749 See also APSK Probability distribution function See PDF analogue 527 Probability of symbol error 703, 743 See also Symbol Q-function See also Complementary error function error rate definition 140 Product modulator 497, 504–507 table 886 Propagation constant 338, 340, 348 QOS See Quality of Service PSD See power spectral density QPSK Pseudo-Brewster angle 400 BER 705–708 Pseudonoise 853 modulator and detector 738

k k

Index 907

Quadrature amplitude modulation See QAM Real-time transport protocol (RTP) 52 Quadrature channels 751–752 Receiver 31 See also Demodulator Quadrature component 143 AM 498 Quadrature null effect 508–510 analogue TDM 825 Quadriphase shift keying See QPSK CDM 858 Quality factor 326, 812, 816 delta sigma modulation 668 Quality of Service 52, 462 digital baseband 44 Quantisation 41, 66, 433, 436, 613, 615, 627–666 digital transmission model 699–700 Quantiser step size 635, 668 DM 665, 667–668 Quantum noise 435 DPCM 662 Quarter-wave transformer matching 355 FM 588 Quasiperiodic signal 67–68 FM stereo 510 Quaternary code 43 matched filter 787 Quaternary phase shift keying See QPSK PAM 38 spread spectrum 854, 855 r superheterodyne AM 499 Radar 32, 58 superheterodyne FM 588 Radian 84 tuned radio frequency (TRF) 498 Radiation resistance 45 WDM 813, 823 Radio 18–19, 380–424 Reconstruction filter 38, 600, 603, 623 k attenuation 390 Rectangular pulse 75 k frequency allocation 424 Rectangular window 266, 268, 284–288 noise 433 Reeves, Alec 16 path loss 416, 418, 421 Reflectance 370 propagation effects 384 Reflected wave 337, 397 propagation modes 384 Reflection 342, 397, 406 spectrum 380 coefficients 342–345 Rain attenuation 136, 392–393 Refraction 395, 397 Raised cosine filter 309–310 Refractivity 395 Raised cosine window 266–268, 285–288, 291 Regenerator section overhead 842 Ramp pulse 76 Regular pulse excitation (RPE) 673 Random access memory (RAM) 29 Return-to-zero See RZ code Random processes 134, 138 Rician distribution 153, 155, 423 Random signal parameters 135 RLL See Run length limited code Random signals 68, 134 Roll-off factor 309, 310, 465, 731 Rated system deviation 533 Root-mean-square value 168 Rayleigh Root raised cosine filter 771 distribution 143, 423 Rough surface scattering See Scattering energy theorem 167 Rounding quantisation 66, 628–634, 665 scattering 20, 371–373 RSOH See Regenerator section overhead RC differentiator 583 Run length limited code 676 RDS See Running digital sum Running digital sum 678 Reactive power 143, 157, 165–166 RZ code 675–676

k k

908 Index

s Shape factor 304, 326 Sample and hold circuit 38, 41 Shot noise 435 Sampling methods Sideband 483–484 flat-top 235, 618 Sideband power 486–487, 502 instantaneous 601, 603 Side frequency natural 616 lower side frequency (LSF) 480–482, 552 Sampling theorem 36, 599–600 upper side frequency (USF) 480–482, 552 applied to band pass signal 603 Sigma delta modulation See Delta sigma modulation applied to low pass signal 602 Signal characterisation 162 SAR See Segmentation and re-assembly sublayer Signalling 65, 822 Satellite communication 2, 7, 19, 387–388 Signalling channel 826, 833 Sawtooth pulse 77 Signal space 689 See also Constellation diagram Scanner 23, 60 Signal to noise ratio 432, 459–460 See also Additive Scattering white Gaussian noise coupling 388, 432 Signal to quantisation noise ratio 636 ionospheric 385, 388 of delta modulation 664–666 Mie 373 of A-law PCM 661 nonselective 373 of log PCM 643 parameters 359 of 𝜇-law PCM 661 plane 397–399 of uniform PCM 637 k Rayleigh 20, 371–373 Signum function 74 k rough surface 406 Simplex 32–33 stimulated Brillouin (SBS) 374 Sinc function 79 stimulated Raman (SRS) 374 Sine filter 778 tropospheric 388 Sine rule 96 Scintillation 389, 393 Single mode step index fibre 368 SCPC (single channel per carrier) 868, 873 Single sideband suppressed carrier amplitude Screened twisted pair 328 modulation 510 SDH See Synchronous digital hierarchy Single-sided spectrum 228–230 SDM See Space division multiplexing Single-stub matching 357 SDSL See DSL Sinusoidal message signal See sinusoidal modulating Secondary line constants 338 signal Section overhead 840, 842 Sinusoidal modulating signal 480, 486, 549, 551, 558 Segmentation and re-assembly sublayer 849 Sinusoidal signal 81 Selective fading Sinusoidal symbol 179, 684, 686, 689 fast fading 149, 314, 421 SI prefixes 380 frequency-selective 31, 130, 512–513, 594, 853 Skin depth 403–405 time-selective 421 Sky noise 433 Semaphore 4 Sky wave 386 Sensors 23 Slope factor 812–813 Shannon-Hartley law 780 Slope overload distortion See overload distortion Shannon limit 783–784 Smartphone 15, 16, 27, 53, 65, 421 Shannon’s channel coding theorem 781 SMF See Submultiframe

k k

Index 909

Smith chart 363 Square APSK constellation 750, 751 Smoke 3 Square law demodulator 501 SNR See Signal to noise ratio Square law modulator 490, 501 SOH See Section overhead Square law noise-bandwidth trade-off 586 SONET See Synchronous optical network SSB See Single sideband suppressed carrier amplitude Sound pressure level 3, 24 modulation Space (binary 0) 8, 14, 18, 42, 675 SSB transmitter 512, 515 Space division multiplexing 808 Standard atmosphere 395–397 S-parameters 359–363 Standard distribution functions 128, 139 Specific attenuation 373–374, 390–394 Standing waves 345–347 Spectral leakage 285–288 Star APSK constellation 750 Spectral smearing 285–288 Stationarity 138 Spectrum STE 816 AM 484 Step size See Quantiser step size ASK 713 Stereo 510 bandlimited white noise 445 STM See Synchronous transport module DSB 503 Stokes wave 374 electromagnetic 380 Storage devices 28 FDM signals 810, 816, 819–821 STP See Screened twisted pair FM & PM (narrowband) 552 Stratopause 385 k FM & PM (wideband) 558–560 Stratosphere 385 k FM stereo signal 511 Strict-sense stationary 138 FSK 715 Strowger, Almond 13 ISB 518 STS See Synchronous transport system PSK 714 Sub-band 381, 671 raised cosine filter 310 Submultiframe 829 sampled bandpass signal 604 Sub-refraction 396 sampled lowpass signal 602 Superframe 826, 832 speech signal 62 Supergroup signal See FDM signals SSB 512 Supergroup translating equipment See STE types 224–230, 297 Superheterodyne (superhet) receiver 499, 527 VSB 521 Super high frequency 45, 136, 595 Specular reflection 373, 406–407 Supermastergroup signal See FDM signals Speech signal Superposition principle 317 characteristics 61 Super-refraction 396 coding 668–674 Switching impulse train 602 production 60 Switching modulator 489–490 Speech synthesis model 672 Symbol error rate 747 SPL See Sound pressure level Symbol rate 47, 754–757 Splicing 20, 368 Symbol slip 798 Spread spectrum modulation 31, 853 Synchronisation Sputnik I 19 bit 825 SQNR See Signal to quantisation noise ratio carrier phase 508

k k

910 Index

Synchronisation (contd.) maximum power transfer 448 frame 825 Rayleigh’s energy 167, 261 Synchronous demodulation See Coherent sampling 36, 599 demodulation Thermal noise 139, 143, 432, 437 Synchronous digital hierarchy 838 Thermionic emission 26 Synchronous optical network 844 Thermosphere 385 Synchronous transport module 840 3D printer 27 Synchronous transport system 844 Timbre 62–63 System response 181 Time bandwidth product 296 Time constant 495 t Time division multiplexing Tapped-delay-line filter 663 analogue 39 TAT See Transatlantic analogy 806 TC See Transmission convergence digital 825 TCP (Transmission control protocol) 52, 852 Time reversal 127, 130–132 TDM See Time division multiplexing Time scaling 132–134, 258 TDMA (Time division multiple access) 869 Time shifting 127, 211, 258 Telecommunication Timing content 43, 675–676 developments TMUX See Transmultiplexer character codes 7 Townes, Charles H. 365 k services 13 Trade-off k transmission media 16 bandwidth and power 782–784 international union (See ITU) in low bit rate speech coding 669 modern 5 in various modulation schemes 466–467 nonelectrical 2 Training sequence 725, 787 signals 58 Transatlantic system design 141, 482 coaxial cable 17 verbal 2 optical fibre 20 visual 3 Transducers 58 Telegram 13–14 Transfer characteristic 127, 314, 628–630, 648 Telegraphy 5–7, 17–18, 53 Transfer function See channel transfer function Television Transistor 489, 575, 577 CCTV 35 Transistor reactance modulator 575 modulation 509, 520–522 Transition band 306, 605, 607, 770, 812 signal components 303 Transition modem 814 transmission in FDM system 823 Transmission coefficients 342–345 Telex 14 Transmission convergence 848 Telstar I 19 Transmission line theory 334 Ternary code 43, 675 Transmission medium 16, 327 Theorem Pythagoras’ 94 Transmitter See also Modulator central limit 139 AM 491–492 Fourier 205–206 analogue TDM 39 information capacity 736 digital transmission model 699

k k

Index 911

FM 584 User network interface 850 FM stereo 510–511 USF See Upper side frequency spread spectrum 855 UTP See Unscreened twisted pair SSB 515 Transmultiplexer 814 v Trapezoidal pulse 77 Vail, Alfred 6 Trapezoidal pulse train 248 Varactor 574–575 TRF See Tuned radio frequency Varactor diode modulator 575 Triangular pulse 77 Variable bit rate 671 Tributary unit 843–844 Variable capacitance diode 575 Tributary unit group 844 Variable reactance transistor 575 Tropopause 385 VBR See Variable bit rate Troposphere 384–386 VC See also Virtual channel; Virtual container Tropospheric refraction 395 VCI Tropospheric scatter 388 See Virtual channel identifier 849 Tropospheric scintillation 393 VCO See Voltage controlled oscillator Truncation 30, 628–634, 665 566 VCO 575–576 TU See Tributary unit VCR See Video cassette recorder TUG See Tributary unit group Velum 60 Tuned radio frequency receiver 498 Verbal non-electrical telecommunication 2–3 Very high frequency 20, 45, 366, 510 k TVoIP 52, 852 k Tweeter 24 Very high-speed DSL 331 Twisted wire pair See Wire pair Very-large-scale integration circuit 17, 33, 34 Very low frequency 380 u Vestigial sideband amplitude modulation 474, 525 UBB See Unipolar baseband coherent demodulation 523 UHF See Ultra high frequency envelope demodulator 523–524 modulator 521 Ultrahighfrequency 380 spectrum 521 U600 mastergroup 821 VF See Voice frequency UMG See U600 mastergroup VHF See Very high frequency Uncoded data 675 Video UNI See User network interface camera 15, 23 Unicode 11–13 input device 23 Uniform quantisation 628, 634 signal 23, 35 Union bound 746 Video cassette recorder 23 Unipolar baseband system 706 Violation pulse 676 Unipolar non-return-to-zero See NRZ code Virtual channel 850 Unit step function 74 Virtual channel identifier 849 UNRZ See NRZ code Virtual circuit switching 52 Unscreened twisted pair 328 Virtual container 840–845 Upper side frequency 474 Virtual path identifier 849 USB See Sideband Visual non-electrical telecommunication 3–5 User datagram protocol (UDP) 52

k k

912 Index

VLF See Very low frequency White noise 439–441 VLSI See Very-large-scale integration circuit Wideband audio 42, 63, 823 Vocal cords 60–61 Wideband FM 557, 567 Vocal tract coder (vocoder) 671 Wideband frequency modulator Vocoders 671–673 direct 572–576 Voice frequency 822 indirect 570–572 VoIP 52, 852 Wideband PM 557 Voltage controlled oscillator 498, 567, 572 Wide-sense stationary (WSS) 138 Voltage standing wave ratio 346 Wireless communication 15, 18, 31, 65 See also Radio Vowel sound 60 Wire pair 16–17, 328 VPI See Virtual path identifier applications 330 V-pulse See Violation pulse attenuation 330 VSB See Vestigial sideband amplitude modulation limiting factors 329 VSB filter 521–522 Woofer 24 VSWR See Voltage standing wave ratio Word-interleaving 825

w x Walkie-talkie 33 X dB bandwidth 303–304 Waveform coders 671, 673 xDSL 331–332 Wavelength 18, 45, 88, 149 XNOR gate 728–729 Wavelength division multiplexing 20, 366, 813, 823 k k Wavenumber 338, 382–384. z WDM See Wavelength division multiplexing Zero-level reference point (ZRP) 107–108 Wheatstone, Charles 5 Z-transform 204, 292

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