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k 891 Index a ADPCM See Adaptive differential pulse code AAL See ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode), modulation adaptation layer ADSL See Asymmetric digital subscriber line Absorption Advanced mobile phone system See AMPS atmospheric 434–435 Advanced Research Project Agency Network 15 cloud 391–392 AFC 572 gaseous 390–391 A-law PCM 630, 653–658 hydroxyl 372 practical implementation of 658, 681 infrared 372 signal to quantisation noise ratio of 657–661 k ionospheric 386, 389 Alias frequency 608–611 k medium 373 Aliasing optical fibre 371, 374 distortion 607 filter design 613–615 AC 42, 137, 166, 207, 208, 569 steps to minimise 612–613 Acoustic signal 2, 61 Alignment channel 829 Acquisition 863 Alternate mark inversion See AMI Active power 159, 165, 352 Alternating current See AC Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) 668 AM See Amplitude modulation Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) American National Standards Institute 9, 844 664 American Standard Code for Information Interchange Adaptive equalisation 787 8, 64, 826 Adaptive prediction 664, 681 AMI 42, 199, 674–677 Adaptive predictive coding (APC)COPYRIGHTED 673 Ampere’s MATERIAL modified law 383 Adaptive quantisation 664 Amplifier See operational amplifier ADC See Analogue to digital conversion Amplitude modulation 473 See also ASK Additive white Gaussian noise 437–448 See also demodulators 492 AWGN features and applications 426 ADM See Adaptive delta modulation modulation factor 476–478 Administrative unit 842, 844 modulation sensitivity 474–475, 477 group 844 modulators 488 pointer 842 power 486 Admittance 335, 347, 357 receivers 498 Communication Engineering Principles, Second Edition. Ifiok Otung. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/otung k k 892 Index Amplitude modulation (contd.) ARPANET See Advanced Research Project Agency spectrum 498 Network transmitters 491 ARQ 33 variants 502 ASCII See American Standard Code for Information waveforms 475 Interchange Amplitude response 298, 581, 582 ASK Amplitude shift keying See ASK binary modulation 46, 712 Amplitude spectrum 204, 224 coherent binary detection 719 AMPS 808 M-ary ASK 732–737 Analogue communication system non-coherent binary detection 725–727 baseband 35 Asymmetric digital subscriber line 331 compared to digital 33 Asynchronous data transmission 10, 622 modulated 44, 473, 529 ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) 34, 805 noise effects 462, 588 adaptation layer 849, 852 Analogue signal 33 cell header 851 Analogue to digital conversion 30, 41, 627 features 852 Ancillary signal 65 versus IP 852–853 Angle 86–87, 529 layered architecture 847 Angle modulation 530–531 network components 850 basic concepts 530 Atmosphere k waveforms 475, 543 noise temperature 434 k Angular frequency 87 vertical structure 384–386 Anisotropic medium 432 Attenuation Anomalous propagation 395–396 distortion 312–314 ANSI See American National Standards Institute in metallic lines 332–334, 338 Antenna in optical fibre 371–376 gain 104–105, 418, 421, 430, 461 in radio 390, 416, 418, 421 height 415, 418–421 Attenuation coefficient 371, 373, 376 noise 434–437 Attenuation constant 338, 340, 376, 383–384 as transducer 58, 60 Attenuation pad 356–357 Anti-alias filter 613–615 AU See Administrative unit Antipodal 696, 710, 729, 747 Audio APC See Adaptive predictive coding input device 22 APD See Avalanche photodiode output device 24 Aperiodic signal See nonperiodic signal wideband signal 63 Aperture distortion loss (ADL) 237–242, 623 AUG See Administrative unit, group Aperture effect 622–623 Autocorrelation function 138, 172–173 APS See Automatic protection switching Automatic frequency control See AFC APSK 749 Automatic gain control 495, 822 Arbitrary binary transmission system 709 Automatic protection switching 842 Armstrong Automatic repeat request See ARQ Edwin Howard 19 Avalanche photodiode 60, 824 wideband frequency modulator 570 AWGN See also noise sources k k Index 893 characterisation 437–448 Beat frequency 97–98 effects on Bell AM 462–464 Alexander Graham 13 digital communication systems 465–470, FDM system 821 701–711 laboratories 16, 19 DSB 462–464 BER FM 588–594 of arbitrary binary transmission 708–710 SSB 462–464 of binary ASK, FSK and PSK 708 of M-ary APSK 752–754 b of M-ary ASK 734–737 Baird, John Logie 19 of M-ary FSK 746–749 Balanced discriminator 584 of M-ary PSK 743–746 Balanced modulator See product modulator trade-offs 465–470, 754–756 Balancing pulse 676–677 Bessel function Bandlimited white noise 442–445 graph and discussion 559–560 Bandpass filter 305–306 table 561–562 Bandpass signal sampling 603 Binary amplitude shift keying See ASK Bandstop filter 306 Binary block code 678 Bandwidth Binary coded decimal 8–9 Carson’s 563 Binary frequency shift keying See FSK k 3 dB 304 Binary modulation 712 k definitions 302–308, 564 Binary phase shift keying See PSK efficiency 730–732 Binary symmetric channel 704 fractional power containment 306 BIP See Bit interleaved parity noise equivalent 308 Biphase code 676 noise trade-off 586, 748 Bipolar baseband system 704–708 null 304 Bipolar junction transistor See Transistor 1% 563 Bipolar non-return-to-zero See NRZ code subjective 303 Bipolar with n Zeros Substituted See BnZS code Barcode reader 23 B-ISDN 834, 846, 850–852 Baseband communication system terminal equipment 850 analogue 33–35 Bit duration 176, 199 digital 41, 674 Bit energy See Energy discrete 36–39 Bit error rate, bit error ratio See BER Baseband signal 35, 303, 602 Bit interleaved frame 825 Baseline wander 42 Bit interleaved parity 842 Basis function 412–417 Bit-interleaving 825, 830–832 BASK See ASK Bit rate 465, 755 Baud 8 Bit robbing 826, 834 Baudot Bit stuffing 832, 839 code 7–8 BJT See Transistor Jean-Maurice-Émile 7 Blackman-Harris window 285–286 BBC See British Broadcasting Corporation Block code 677–681 k k 894 Index BNRZ See NRZ code Cascade connection BnZS code 676 definition of 183, 454 Bonfires 3 noise temperature of 455 Bound 746 Cascade connection, noise figure of 454–457 BPSK See PSK Cathode ray tube 26 B-pulse See Balancing pulse CATV 59, 333 2B1Q line code 43 Causal, Causality 112, 183 Brewster angle 398–400, 402–403 CBR 846, 849 Brickwall filter 606, 731, 812 CCD 14 Brightness temperature 433–434 CCDF See Complementary cumulative distribution British Broadcasting Corporation 16 function Broad-area coverage 19, 387 CCITT 8, 14 See also ITU Broadband ISDN See B-ISDN CCTV 35 BSF See Bandstop filter CD See Compact disk B-TE See B-ISDN, terminal equipment CDM See Code division multiplexing Burst bit rate 845, 870 CDMA (Code division multiple access) 871 Butterworth filter 614–615, 624 Cell 50, 807, 851 Byte-interleaving 830, 839, 842, 844 Cell delay variation 847, 852, 876 B3ZS 676 Cell delineation 848 B4ZS 676 Cell header 851 k B6ZS 676 Cell loss priority 851 k B8ZS 676 Cell rate decoupling 848 Cell relay switching 846 c Cellular telephony 813, 864, 873–874 Canonical representation of noise 444 CELP 673 Capacitance sensitivity 574 Central limit theorem 139, 143, 149, 438 Capacitor 22, 42, 110 Central office 331 charging/discharging 496 CEPT PCM-30 (E1) system 827 Capture CEPT PDH hierarchy 827–832 effect 594 CEQ 850–851 range 580 Channel bandwidth See Bandwidth ratio 594 Channel coding 30 Carrier Channel frequency response 297–301 amplitude 46, 473 Channel impulse response See Impulse response demodulation 32 Channel model 449, 451, 590 frequency 20, 46, 529 Channel noise See Noise sources frequency extraction 497–498, 725, 797–799 Channel transfer function 297, 311, 787 modulation 30–31, 35, 45, 382 Channel translating equipment See CTE to noise ratio 425, 437, 462, 465, 754 Character codes 7–13, 30, 877–881 phase 46, 529 Characteristic impedance 340, 347, 353 phase synchronisation 508–509 Charge coupled device See CCD suppression 504, 514 Chip duration 855–856 Carson’s bandwidth 306, 463, 563 Chromatic dispersion 377 k k Index 895 Chrominance signals 63, 303 Coding gain 755, 758 Circuit Coherent binary amplitude shift keying See ASK balanced discriminator 584 Coherent binary frequency shift keying See FSK balanced modulator 446, 504 Coherent binary phase shift keying See PSK CCTV 35 Coherent demodulation 498, 516, 518, 521 de-emphasis 587 Coherent detection 719, 723 diode demodulator 493 Coherent M-ary amplitude and phase shift keying See integrator 568 APSK operational amplifier 488, 569 Coherent M-ary amplitude shift keying See ASK pre-emphasis 587 Coherent M-ary frequency shift keying See FSK switching 15, 48–50 Coherent M-ary phase shift keying See PSK telegraph 16 Coherent minimum shift keying See MSK telephone 17 Coherent quadriphase shift keying (QPSK) See QPSK Circular APSK constellation 750 Colour display 26 CL See Connectionless (CL), packet switching Coloured noise 442, 592 Clarke, Arthur C. 19 Colour printing 27 Clipping distortion 314 Common signalling 826, 833 Clock Communication channel See Channel content 42, 675 Communication system extraction 797 block diagram 21 k recovery 44 design issues 754 k Closed circuit television See CCTV types 32 Closed loop power control 865 Commutator 39 CLP See Cell loss priority Compact disk 29, 613 CMI 676 Companding See also A-law PCM; -law PCM Coaxial cable 329, 332–333 definition 641 Co-channel interference 390, 808 gain 647–650 Codebook 30, 673 penalty 647–650 Codec 44, 656, 667, 669, 814 Complementary cumulative distribution function Code division multiplexing 136, 140 basic introduction 853 Complementary error function See also Q-function benefits 853 definition 141 PN codes 864