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Gebze Ve Dġlovasi'nin(Kocaelġ) ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ GEBZE VE DĠLOVASI’NIN(KOCAELĠ) HĠDROJEOLOJĠK ĠNCELENMESĠ Jeo. Müh. Nuriye Seval KARAMAN Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı DanıĢman Prof. Dr. H. Murat ÖZLER Aralık, 2010 İSTANBUL 2 Bu çalıĢma 31/01/2011 tarihinde aĢağıdaki jüri tarafından Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Uygulamalı Jeoloji programında Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiĢtir. Tez Jürisi DanıĢman Adı (DanıĢman) Jüri Adı Prof. Dr. H. Murat Özler Prof. Dr. Ali Malik Gözübol Üniversite Üniversite Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Jüri Adı Jüri Adı Prof. Dr. Ataç BaĢçetin Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Öncel Üniversite Üniversite Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Jüri Adı Doç. Dr. Murat Bayrak Üniversite Ġstanbul Üniversitesi i ÖNSÖZ Ġstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bililim Dalı, Uygulamalı Jeoloji Programında yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu araĢtırmada, Gebze ve Dilovası‟nın (Kocaeli) Hidrojeolojisi incelenmiĢtir. Öncelikle beni yüksek lisans öğrencisi olarak kabul eden, araĢtırmalarımda beni destekleyen ve yol gösteren Sayın Hocam Prof. Dr. H.Murat Özler‟e sonsuz teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. ÇalıĢma alanı ile ilgili veri toplamamda yardımcı olan DSĠ 14. Bölge Müdürlüğü‟nden Jeoloji Mühendisi Nalan Azizoğlu‟ya, DSĠ I.Bölge Müdürlüğü 15. ġubesi‟den Jeoloji Mühendisi Aysun Hıdıroğlu‟ya, Kocaeli Belediyesi‟nden Jeoloji Mühendisi Musa Zengince‟ye, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü Çevre Mühendisliği bölümü öğretim üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Salim Öncel‟e, AraĢtırma Görevlisi Merve ĠĢlek‟e ve arkadaĢım Nehir Yılmaz‟a içtenlikle teĢekkür ederim. Benden manevi desteğini esirgemeyen arkadaĢlarım Mine Mısırlı, Elif Özkan, BüĢra Akyüz ve Elif Akyüz‟e minnettarlığımı sunarım. Ayrıca benden maddi ve manevi her türlü yardımını esirgemeyen sevgili aileme Ģükran borçluyum. Bu çalıĢma Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel AraĢtırma Projesi Birimi‟nin katkılarıyla hazırlanmıĢtır. Proje No: 7001 Aralık, 2010 Nuriye Seval Karaman ii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Sayfa No ÖNSÖZ……………………………..…………………….……...…………i ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER…………………………………………………………...ii ġEKĠLLER LĠSTESĠ…………………...……...………...…………...…vi TABLOLAR LĠSTESĠ…………………..……………………………..viii SEMBOLLER VE KISALTMALAR……………..…………………….iv ÖZET………………………………….…………………………………..xi SUMMARY………………………………………………………...……xii 1. GĠRĠġ……......…..………………………………………………………1 1.1. ĠNCELEME ALANININ AMACI VE KAPSAMI………….……...……….1 1.2. COĞRAFYA……………………………………………………...……..…..….3 1.2.1. Fiziki Yapı……………………………………………..…………...…….3 1.2.2. Ġklim ve Hava………………………………………………………….…3 1.2.3. Bitki Örtüsü………………………………………..…………..…………3 2. GENEL KISIMLAR…………………………………………………..4 2.1. ESKĠ ĠNCELEMELER………………………………………………………...4 2.1.1. Önceki ÇalıĢmalar……………………………………………………….4 2.1.2. Bölgesel Jeoloji ve Jeolojik Evrim………………………………..……..8 3. MALZEME VE YÖNTEM…………………………...…………..….10 3.1. ARAZĠ ÇALIġMALARI……………..…….……………………..................10 3.2. LABORATUVAR ÇALIġMALARI…………...…………………..………..11 3.3. ÖRNEKLERĠN HAZIRLANMASI……………………..……………..........11 3.4. KĠMYASAL ANALĠZLER……………………..……….……………..........12 3.5. BÜRO ÇALIġMALARI…………………..…………….……………............13 4. BULGULAR………………………………………………………….14 4.1. STRATĠGRAFĠ……………………………..………...…………….….……..14 4.1.1. GiriĢ………………………………………………………………………14 4.1.2. Bakacak Formasyonu(Ob)…….…..…………………........……..…….18 4.1.3 Kurtköy Formasyonu(Oku)…..……………………….….………….....18 4.1.4. Aydos Formasyonu(Oa)…………………………………………..……18 4.1.5. Gözdağ Formasyonu(OSg)…..………………………………………....19 4.1.5.1 Aydınlı Üyesi(OSga)…………………………………….……………19 4.1.5.2. Umurdere Üyesi(OSgu)…………………...……………….………..20 4.1.6. Yumrukaya Grubu(SDy)………..……………………………………...20 4.1.7. Dolayoba Formasyonu(SDyd)…………………………….…………...20 4.1.8 Ġstinye Formasyonu(SDyi)…………………………………….…….…21 4.1.8.1. Sedefadası Üyesi(SDyis)………………………………..……...…….21 4.1.8.2. Gebze Üyesi(SDyig)…...……………………………….…….…….…22 4.1.8.3. Kaynarca Üyesi(SDyik)…………………………………...………….22 4.1.9. Kartal Formasyonu(Dk)…………..……………………..………….….22 4.1.9.1. Kozyatağı Üyesi(Dkk)………..……..………..……………..…….….23 4.1.10. Denizliköy Grubu(DCd)…………..……………………….…….……23 4.1.11. Büyükada Formasyonu(DCdb)……………………………….……...23 4.1.11.1. Bostancı Üyesi(DCdbb)………..……..……………………….……24 4.1.11.2. Yörükali Üyesi(DCdby)…………………………..…………………24 iii 4.1.11.3. Ayineburnu Üyesi(DCdba)….……………………….………....…..24 4.1.12. Baltalimanı Formasyonu(DCdbl)………...………………………….25 4.1.13. Trakya Formasyonu(Ct)……….……………..…………..……..…....25 4.1.14. Kapaklı Formasyonu (PTRk)……………………….………………..26 4.1.14.1. Karacatepe Volkanit Üyesi (PTRkk)….…………………...…....…..27 4.1.14.2. Ayvalıdere Üyesi (PTRkay)………………………………………..….27 4.1.14.3. Alfaklar Üyesi (PTRkal)……..…..…………………………….……..28 4.1.15. Erikli Formasyonu (TRe)………….……….…………………..….….28 4.1.16. Demirciler Formasyonu (TRd)…………...………………….……….28 4.1.16.1. Değirmen Kireçtaşı Üyesi (TRdd)….……………..…...……………29 4.1.17. Ballıkaya Formasyonu (TRb)………..……………...………………..29 4.1.18. Kazmalı Formasyonu (TRk)………..………………………...………29 4.1.18.1. Kuşça Üyesi(TRkk)…………………………………………………….30 4.1.19. Tepeköy Formasyonu(TRt)……...…………….………………….…30 4.1.20. Bakırlıkıran Formasyonu(TRba)……….…………………….……...31 4.1.21. ÇerkeĢli Formasyonu (TRç)….….……………………….………..…31 4.1.22. Teksen Formasyonu (Kt)……….…..……………………..………….31 4.1.22.1. Eren Çakıltaşı Üyesi (Kte)………………………………………..…..32 4.1.23 Hereke Formasyonu (Kh)…………………………………….………32 4.1.24. Kutluca Formasyonu (Kk)…….……..………………..…...…………33 4.1.25 Akveren Formasyonu (KTa)……………………………………….….33 4.1.26. AtbaĢı Formasyonu (Ta)…………..…..………………….…………..34 4.1.27. Kayalıtepe Formasyonu (Tk)….……………….……….………….....35 4.1.28. MeĢetepe Formasyonu (Tm)………………………………………….35 4.1.29. Darıca Formasyonu (Td)….…...………………...………...………….35 4.1.30. Karapürçek Formasyonu (TQk).…………………………………….36 4.1.31. Traverten (Qt)…………………………………………………………36 4.1.32 Alüvyon (Qal)….……………………………………..………………...36 4.1.33. Sancaktepe Graniti (Psg)...…………………………….……………..36 4.1.34. Eskihisar Andeziti(Kea)…...….………………………………………37 4.1.35. Çayırova Kontak Metamorfik Zonu (Çmz)…..…………….……….37 4.2. YAPISAL JEOLOJĠ VE TEKTONĠK…...……………...…………………..38 4.2.1. Faylar…...…………………………………………………...….……….39 4.2.1.1. Darıca-Tuzla Örtülü Fayı (DTÖF)……....………………..….…...….39 4.2.1.2. Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ)………..…….………………….…..39 4.2.2. Kıvrımlar………………………………….……………………………39 4.2.3. Diskordanslar……………………………..………………………...….40 4.2.4. Depremsellik………………………..………...…………….………..…40 4.3. HĠDROLOJĠ…...……………………………………………………………..41 4.3.1. Hidrometeorolojik Veriler…………………..………………….……...42 4.3.1.1. Yağış…………..………………………………….…..……...…………....42 4.3.1.2. Buharlaşma…………………………………………...……………….….44 4.3.1.3. Sıcaklık……………………….……………………………….............…44 4.3.1.4. Kar, Dolu, Sis ve Kırağı……………………………..………………....46 4.3.2. Havzalar Ve Özellikleri……………………………………………….47 4.3.3. Su Noktaları………...……………………………………………..…..47 4.3.3.1. Akarsular…………………………………………………………...….…47 4.3.3.2. Kaynaklar……………………….……………………………...……......50 4.3.3.3. Kuyular……………………….………………………….………….…....51 iv 4.4. HĠDROJEOLOJĠ……...……………………………………………...………62 4.4.1. Hidrojeoloji Birimleri………..………………………...………...……...62 4.4.1.1. Geçirimsiz Birimler (Gçz)………………….……………………..……..62 4.4.1.2. Yarı Geçirimli Birimler (Gçy)…….....………………………...……..62 4.4.1.3. Geçirimli Birimler (Gç)..…….………...…………………………….....63 4.4.1.4. Karstik Birimler (Ak)…………………………………………………...63 4.4.2. Kaynaklar……………………………………………………………..…67 4.4.2.1. Ulupınar Kaynağı (K1)……………….………..……….……...…....…67 4.4.2.2. Tulumbasuyu Kaynağı (K2)…………….....…..……..……………..…67 4.4.2.3. Kayapınarı Kaynağı (K3)………………….………………………...…67 4.4.2.4. Küplü Kaynağı (K4)……..……………………...……….…………...…68 4.4.2.5. Ballıkaya ve Ovabaşı Kaynağı (K5).…………..…….………..……...68 4.4.2.6. Kovabaşı Kaynağı (K6)…………….....………………………………..68 4.4.2.7. Duraca Kaynağı (K7)…………….………...………………….…….....68 4.4.2.8. Hasanpaşa Kaynağı (K8)…………………..……………………..…...69 4.4.2.9. Elmalı Dere Kaynakları (K9)……………….…………………………69 4.4.2.10. Karacasu Kuyusu Kaynağı (K10)…………………………...…....…69 4.4.2.11. Akpınar Kaynağı (K11)………..…………...…………………………69 4.4.2.12. Akçay Çeşmesi (K12)………...………….…...…………………..…...70 4.4.2.13. İkizce Çeşmesi (K13)………………….………...…………..…….…..70 4.4.2.14. Kavak Çeşmesi (K14)……….…………….………………...……......70 4.4.3. Yeraltı Suları………………………………………….………….….…..70 4.5. HĠDROJEOKĠMYA…...………………………………………......................78 4.5.1. GiriĢ………………………………………………………………………78 4.5.2. Suların Sertliği………………….………………………….…..….…….87 4.5.3. Hidrojen Ġyon Konsantrasyonu (pH)…………………………….…….90 4.5.4. Özgül Elektriksel Ġletkenlik (EC)…………………………….…...…....92 4.5.5. TDS……..………………………………………………………………..94 4.5.6. Sodyum Adsorbsiyon Oranı (SAR)……..……..……………...……..…96 4.5.7. Sodyum Yüzdesi (% Na)…….……………..…………………...……...97 + 4.5.8. Sodyum (Na ) Ġyonu….…………….……..…………………...……..…99 + 4.5.9. Potasyum (K ) Ġyonu…………………….…………………..…...……101 + 4.5.10 Kalsiyum (Ca ²) Ġyonu…..………..……………………………....…..102 + 4.5.11. Magnezyum (Mg ²) Ġyonu…..………………….…………....………104 4.5.12. Karbonat (CO3‾²) Ve Bikarbonat (HCO3‾²) Ġyonları……...…..….105 4.5.13. Sülfat (SO4‾²) Ġyonu…………………………...…….………….........106 - 4.5.14. Klorür Ġyonu (Cl )……………………………………………….…...108 4.5.15. Suda ÇözünmüĢ Oksijen ve Oksijen Redoks Potansiyeli.…............110 + 4.5.16. Silikat (SĠO2 ²) Ġyonu…………………………………………...……111 4.5.17. Nitrit (NO2)………..………………………………………….………111 4.5.18. Nitrat (NO3)……...…………………..……….………………………112 4.5.19. Amonyak (NH3) ve Amonyum-Nitrojen (NH4-N2)……….….….....112 4.5.20. Ağır Metaller……………….…….…………………………….…….113 7.1.20.1. Arsenik (As)…..……………………….………………...………...…113 7.1.20.2. Çinko (Zn)……………………………………………….……...…...113 7.1.20.3. Bakır (Cu)………………………………….…………………..….…114 7.1.20.4. Demir (Fe)………………………………………..…..……………..114
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