Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Page numbers in bold refer to tables.

Abel, Clarke 289 antecedent drainage 246, 263, basalt dates 267 Abich, Otto Hermann Wilhelm 81, 268, 270 David’s work 247–248 102, 104 Antevs, Ernst Valdemar 64 diatremes 268 accelerator mass spectrometry Anthill, H. J. 198 map 261 (AMS) dating 69 anticyclonic swirl 231 reversal of drainage ‘Adam trilobite’ 171 Antisell, Thomas 56 252–253, 262, Adhe´mar, Joseph 7 ice sheet 98 263, 271 Adkin, George Leslie 318 Arctica islandica 7 sundry contributions early life 317–318 Arduino, Giovanni 7 252–253 Horowhenua coast studies artesian water 60 Taylor’s work 251–253 324–326 artifacts (human) 52 geological setting 242–246 Tararua Range studies 318–323 Asiatic elephant 182 influence of W. M. Davis’s aerial photography 303 a˚s/a˚sar see eskers ideas Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Association of American maps 244, 245, 254 early career 21, 56, 249 Geographers 2 structural setting 246–247 land-ice theory 7, 22, 79, 81, 82, astronomical theory 7 Sydneyside scenery 87, 118, 119, 131, 163 Aurignac, Grotto de 20 recent interpretations palaeontology work 80 263–273 Akkem Glaciation 94 Cenozoic history Taylor’s work 260–263 Alden, W. C. 37, 39 1837 geological review Tamala Limestone vii, 283, 284, Alkali Lake (USA) 60, 65 200–202 286 Allison, Ira S. 40, 44 Ami Boue´ map 206 cementation studies 284–285 alluvium 6 studies 202–203 concretion studies 285–286 Alps 87, 163–164 erosion rates 190 early research 279 Alvord Lake (USA) 60, 65 European visiting scientists living fossils 291 Amargosa (USA) 60, 191–192 modern research 280–282 63,66 Great Barrier Reef 195–198 rhizoliths 286–290 amber 135 evidence 203 sea-level change data Amboy, Lake (USA) 60, 64 inland observations 198–200 290–291 America Jules Grange map 207 stratigraphic setting 282–284 pluvial lakes of Lapstone shoreline 198 American West 52, 53 pioneer landscape studies Bailey, Edwards 40 history of research 190–191 Bailly, Charles 279, 285, 289, 290 pioneer mapping 52–57 sea-level change 190, Baker, Victor R. 46 1850–1920 57–63 192–194 Baltic Ice Sheet 91 1920–1955 63–66 south coast mapping Baltic States 1955–1980 66–68 194–195 geomorphology 136 post-1980 68–72 vertebrate palaeontology map 130 summary 72–73 205–208 studies 129, 137, 138 Spokane Flood volcanism 203–205 pre 1914 129–133 AAAS meeting on 44 desert dunes 1914–1939 133–134 alternative hypotheses climatic setting 215–218 1940–1990 134 40–42, 43 dune chronology 234–236 post-1990 134–138 Bretz’s hypothesis 34–37 dune patterns 231–232 Bashkatau Glaciation 94 efforts to resolve theories early exploration 218–219 Basin and Range Province (USA) 52 44–47 Madigan’s work 219–223 Basin Surface (China) 176 great debate 37–40 palaeodunefields 232–234 Baudin, Nicolas 279, 282 implications of various post-war research 223–226 Baulig, Henri 4, 34, 306 attitudes 47–48 regional surveys 10Be dating 84 map of area 38 Blackstone Range 231 Beaumont, Le´once E´ lie de 22, 200 Spokane Glaciation 37 Central 226–230 Beckwith, Edward 56, 57 Andrews, Ernest C. 248 231 Beitai Surface (China) 171, 172–173 early career 190, 248–251 Salinaland 231 Beloussov, V. V. 96 Great Barrier Reef work 197 area river Belovezha 94 influence of Davis’ ideas 249, development Benson, Noel 295 250, 251, 252, 266, Blue Mountains Berezina (Oka) Glaciation 91, 92, 94 269, 273 geomorphology berg till 83 Animas Lake (USA) 65 Andrews’ work 248–251 Bernhardi, Reinhard 79, 119, 163 330 INDEX

Bezengi Glaciation 94, 108, 109, 110 14C dating 67 Columbia River (USA) 33–34, 36 Glaciation 94 Cˇ epulye˙, Valerija 150 AAAS meeting 44 Bilderdijk, Willem 161 early life 149 alternative hypotheses 40 Blackstone Range 231, 232 work on Lithuanian stratigraphy Bretz’s early studies 34–37 Blackwelder, Elliot 64 150–157 Bretz’s later studies 44–47 Blake, Thomas Phipps 56 Cadiz Lake (USA) 60 Great Debate 39 Bloch, Marc 28 calcrete dating 235 concretions, early researches block mountains 299 campsites 52 285–287 Blue Mountains (Australia) 244, Camus Prairie Basin (USA) 44, 45 Condon, Thomas 34 245, 246 Canning Basin (Australia) 231 Conrad, Timothy 82 geomorphology can˜on cycle 249 continental glaciation theories in Andrews’ work 248–251 Carne, Joseph Edward 249 Europe David’s work 247–248 Carson, Kit 56 advances debated 82–84 other contributions 250–251 Carstensz, Jan 191 early workers 79 Taylor’s work 251–253 Catlow Lake (USA) 60, 65 Estonian work 79–80 reversal of drainage 252–253, Caucasus Finnish work 81 262, 263, 271 glaciation 101–102 German work 81 structure 246–247 Abich’s researches 102–105 Netherlands work topography 261 20th century researches Russian work 81–82 Blue Mountains Plain (Australia) 249 105–108 Swiss work 83, 85, 163–164 bog ore 138 chronology 109–113 corals, early work on 287–288 Bonneville, Benjamin 56 cementation, early researches 53 Bonneville, Lake (USA) 42, 52, 54, 284–285 Costin, A. 203 59, 65,72 Chamberlin, Thomas C. 7, 34, 83 Cotta, Carl Bernhard von 21 dating 67, 68, 72 Chambers’ Pillar (Australia) 202, 203 Cotton, Sir Charles Andrew 296 pioneer mapping 58, 61, 64 Chambers, Robert 27 early 295–296 Boon Mesch, Hendrik Karel (USA) landform sketches 298, 300, 301, van der 162 AAAS meeting on 44 302, 303, 308, 309 borax 63 alternative hypotheses 40–42, 43 New Zealand work 318, 320, 322, Boso Peninsula (Japan) 180, 182, Bretz’s study 34–37 325, 326 184, 185, 186 efforts to resolve theories 44–47 publications 309–313 Bothriembryon onslowi 291 Great Debate 37–40 researches on cycles of erosion Boue´, Ami 22, 206 Charpentier, Jean de 7, 21, 22, 303–306 Brandenburgian 144 87, 118 retirement and honours 306–309 Brauns, David 181 Charpentier, Johann Georg von 79 university years Breda, Jacob van 165 Chegem Glaciation 94, 106, 107, 109 early 3, 296–301 Bretz, J Harlen 33, 46 Chekalin interglacial 135 late 301–303 on flooding hypothesis 34–37 Cherepet interglacial 135 coulees see Grand Coulee role in Great Debate 37–40 Chewaucan Lake (USA) 60, 65,69 Cox’s River (Australia) 245, 246, effect of AAAS meeting 44 Chibit Glaciation 94 255, 258 effect on new fieldwork (USA) 66 Craft, F. A. 260 44–47 China Crakow (Elster) Glaciation 91, 94 implications of alternative planation surface research Crocker Dunefield 233, 235 hypotheses 172, 175 Croll, James 7, 57, 121, 166 40–42, 43 early work 171 Cui, Z. J. 172 long-term implications of 1910–1945 171–174 cuirasses 96 work 47–48 post-1945 174 (Australia) 245, on Washington State post cultural revolution 246, 251 landforms 33 174–176 Cunningham, Allan 198 Bridger, James 56 chlorine, concentration and dating 66 Cuvier, Georges 6, 208, 279, 285 Bristol Lake (USA) 60 Chmelewski, Czesław 132 cycles of climate change 166 Bronn, Heinrich Georg 20 Chuilla, Lake (USA) 65 cycles, geomorphological see under Brown, Robert 287–288 Chuja Glaciation 94 Davis, William Morris Browne, John 219 cirques 320 Cyprina islandica 7 Browne, V. C. 303 Clarence Valley (New Zealand) 299 Browne, William R. 190, 203, Clarke, Rev. W. B. 203, 247 Daintree, Richard 202 260, 265 climate change cycles 166 Dalinkevicˇius, Juozas 133, 134 Bru¨ckner, Eduard 28, 83 Clover Lake (USA) 65 Dampier, William 191–192, Brunnschweiler, Rudi 226 Cloverdale, Lake (USA) 60, 65 203, 279 Buch, Leopold von vii 22, 291 Cochise Lake (USA) 60, 65 Dana, James D. 41, 121, 197, 205 Buckland, William 20, 119, 161, Cohen, Ali 163 Danby, Lake (USA) 64 205, 208 Colorado, River (USA) 58, 60 Daniglacial 83–84, 144 Bute¯nai interglacial 135 Colson, E A. 219 (Donau) Glaciation 87, 94 Buwalda, John Peter 63 Colster, Willem van 191 Darke, John Charles 218 INDEX 331

Darwin, Charles 192, 195, 198, 248, Dubois de Montpereaux, workers in Lithuania 289, 290 Frederik 130 142–143, 150–157 dating methods 5–6, 84, 234–235 Dubois, Euge`ne 164 workers in Finland 81 pluvial lakes 66–68 Dumitrashko, N. V. 105 workers in Germany 81 David, T. W. E. 197, 203 dunes see desert dunes workers in Netherlands Blue Mountains area research Duperrey, Louis 280, 282, 283, 159–164 247–248, 251, 260 289, 291 workers in Russia 81–82, teaching 190, 241 duricrust 265 87–96, 101–109, Davis, William Morris 47, 296, Dutton, Clarence Edward 2, 58 117–120 299, 318 Dzuki (Dnieper or Don) Glaciation workers in Scandinavia theory of cycles of erosion 2, 171, 91, 92, 94, 135 120–127 250, 252, 259, 273, 322 workers in Switzerland 83, De Luc, Jean 159, 160, 161 Early Katun Glaciation 94 85, 163–164 Death Valley (USA), palaeoclimate Early Waldai cool 94 Quaternary glacial limits 93, record 70, 71, 72 earthquake of 1855 (New Zealand) 95,97 deglaciation, European studies 84 306 eustasy 4 Deluge (The Flood) 6, 20, Eastern California Lake Cascade Evans, George 198 83, 161 (USA) 62, 63 evaporites 63 D’Entresasteaux, Bruny 287 Eburon cool epoch 94 Eyre, Edward John 194–195, 204, denudation surface 299 interglacial 94, 135 218 Depuch, Louis 279, 282, 284, Eichwald, Karl Eduard 80, 130, 131 285, 290 El Barreal, Lake (USA) 68 Faluns de Touraine 19, 20 desert dunes of Australia El Fresnel, Lake (USA) 68 feedback loops, role in landscape 3 climatic setting 215–218 Elbrus Glaciation 94, 106, 107, 108 Fennoscandian ice centre 129 dune chronology 234–236 electron spin resonance (ESR) dating Finiglacial 84 dune patterns 231–232 84, 235 Finland, work on continental early exploration 218–219 elephant, Asiatic 182 glaciation 81 Madigan’s work 219–223 Elster (Crakow) Glaciation 91, 94 Fish Lake (USA) 65 palaeodunefields 232–234 Eltu¨bu¨ Glaciation 94 Fitton, William Henry 280, 283–284, post-war research 223–226 Emory, William Hemsley 56 285, 289, 291 regional surveys end moraines 157 Flinders, Matthew 194, 204, Blackstone Range 231 Engelmann, Henry 57 287, 288 Central 226–230 englacial till 83 Flint, Richard Foster 41, 44 Great Sandy Desert 231 Eopleistocene Glaciation 94 floe till 83 Salinaland 231 Erdmann, Axel 121 Flood (Deluge) 6, 20, 83, 161 Desnoyers, Jules Pierre Franc¸ois Eromanga Basin (Australia) 226 Forbes, Edward 121 Stanislaus 7, 19–20 erosion cycles Fox, Lucas 162 Dianziliang Surface (China) 176 Andrews’ ideas on Franklin, Lake (USA) 65,72 diatremes (Australia) 247, 268, 269 Cotton studies 303–306 Freeling, Henry 218 diluvial theory of erratics 130 Davis’ theory 2, 171, 250, 252, Fre´mont, John Charles 55,56 diluvium 6, 20, 83 259, 273, 322 Freycinet, Louis de 279 term used in Australia 191, 205 Taylor’s ideas on Fuhine interglacial 135 term used in Japan 180, erosion rates, Australia 190 191, 182 erratic boulders (blocks), 87, 88 Gadsden Purchase 56, 57,58 term used in Netherlands 162, early studies 21, 79, 130, Gage, Maxwell 301 166, 168 131, 132 Gale, Hoyt Stoddard 63 Dixie Lake 65 Estonia 79 Galloway, R. W. 203 Dnieper (Don or Dzuki) glacial 91, Netherlands Garce´s, Francisco 54, 55 92, 94, 135 early work 159–163 Gauss-Matuyama boundary 8, 9 Doeveren, Wouter van 159 land ice theory 163–164 Geer, Gerard de 83, 84 Domashkino cool epoch 94 ‘erratic period’ 24 Geikie, Archibald 82 Domnitz interglacial 135 Eshtykol Glaciation 94 Geikie, James 7 Don (Dnieper or Dzuki) Glaciation eskers (a˚s/a˚sar)119, 123, 125, 126, Stage 8, 9 91, 92, 94, 135 127 geomorphology double planation model 176 Esmark, Jens 79, 118 defined 1 drainage networks 4 Estacia Lake (USA) 60, 66 framework for study Dreimanis, Aleksis 133 Estonia, work on continental concept of equilibrium 5 Drenthe (Saale) Glaciation 135 glaciation 79–80 concept of time 5–6 drift and the drift theory 6, 22, 83, Europe and Eurasia early researchers 2–3 119, 123, 163, 166 continental glacial studies erosion cycles 2–3 drift theory of erratics 130 early workers 79, 118–119 numerical modelling 4–5 drop-stones 6 number of advances debated processes 6 dry lakes 51 82–84 role of running water 3–4 Du Toit, Alex 40 workers in Estonia 79–80 literature 1 332 INDEX geomorphology (Continued) Grand Coulee (USA) 33–34 Hollandsche Maatschappij der mapping in Baltic 133, 136 AAAS meeting on 44 Wetenschappen 161, organisiation of academic study 1 alternative hypotheses 40 164, 166 see also Blue Mountains; Cotton, Bretz’s early studies 34–37 , first defined 7 Sir Charles Andrew; Bretz’s later studies 44–47 135 Pakuckas Great Debate 39 Hondsrug 159, 160, 162, 164, 168 Gerassimov, I. P. 91, 105 Grange, Jules 207 Hontan, Louis-Armand de la 60 Germany Grano¨, Johannes Gabriel 133 Hopkins, William 121 moraine studies 145 Gravelius, Harry 4 Ho¨rnes, Moritz 8, 20, 28 work on continental glaciation 81 Great Australian Arid Period 235 Horowhenua coast (New Zealand) (Australia) 218, 233 Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 324–326 Giedroye´, Anton 132 195–198 Horton, Robert 4 Gilbert, Grove Karl 2, 3, 58, 250, Great Basin (USA) 53, 54,56 Houtman, Frederik 191 296, 318 Great Salt Lake 58, 60, 68 Howchin, Walter 190 Giles, Ernest 190, 218 Great Sandy Desert (Australia) 231 Hubbs Lake (USA) 65 Gilibert, Jean-Emmanuel 129 (Australia) 218, Hu¨gel, Karl von 191, 192, 198 Gilluly, James 39 232, 235 human record 20 glacial scratches see striations Green River Formation (USA) 52 Humboldt, Alexander von 55 glacial theory Greenland, glaciation 96 Hutton, James 2 Agassiz land ice theory 7, 22, Gregory, J. W. 190 hyaloclastic ridges 99 79, 81, 82, 87, 118, Grewingk, Constantin Caspar 119, 131, 163 Andreas 82, 83, 131, 132 Ice Age, first recognised 21, 22 Kropotkin’s contribution Gromov, V. I. 90–91 ice flow directions 164 118–119 Grose, River (Australia) 303 iceberg theory 6, 7 Scandinavian work 120–127 (Australia) 247 Iceland Siberian work 119–120 Guettard, Jean-Etienne 2 geological structure 100, 101 glacial transport, mechanisms 83 Gunnison, John 56, 57 glaciation 96–101, 102, 103 glacial-interglacial cycles 166 Gu¨nz Glaciation 87, 94 jo¨kulklaup 99 glaciation Guzman, Lake (USA) 68 lava-tillite layers 99 European work on continental glaciation 72 82–84, 93, 94, 95,97 Haast, Julius von 315 ilmenite mineral resources 138 advances debated 82–84 Hack, John T. 5 incised meander 299 early workers 79, 118–119 Haidinger, Wilhelm 22 Estonian work 79–80 Halicki, Bronislaw 134 evidence of 96, 135, 137 Finish work 81 hanging valleys 34, 40, 320, 321 Morlot’s concept of double German work 81 Hardcastle, John 316 glaciation 24–28 Icelandic work Harper, Lake 65 interstadials, evidence of 135, 137, Morlot recognised 21 Harper, Leslie Frank 267 281–283 ideas on double glaciation Hartog, Dirk 191, 279 Irving, Washington 56 24–28 Hartog Heys, Zouteveen van 163 ideas on Ice Age 223–226 Haslach Glaciation 94 Jack, R. L. 202 Russian work 81–82 Hauer, Franz von 22 Jackson, Julian 4 Japan 185 Hausen, Hans Magnus 83, 133 Jakovlev, S. A. 91 New Zealand 314, 317 Hausmann, Johann 165 Jakowicki, Ignacy 130 Adkin’s work 318–323 (Australia) 263, Jameson, Robert 208 work post Adkin 323–324 273 Jamieson, Thomas Francis 57, 82, glacio-eustatic cycles in Japan 186 Hawkesbury Sandstone (Australia) 119 glaciomorphology and work of 247, 266, 268, 269, 271 Janzoon, Willem 191 Pakuckas Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer 58 Japan early life 141 Hector, James 315 early Quaternary studies Lithuanian work 133, 141–143 Hedley, Charles 197, 249, 256 179–182, 183 Polish work 143–146 Heer, Oswald 27 see also Palaeo-Tokyo Bay Global Stratotype Section and Point Helland, Amund 168 Japan Current 180 (GSSP) 7 Helmersen, Grigorii Petrovich 81, 88, Jenolan Plain (Australia) 249 Glycymeris yessoensis 180, 184 119, 121, 122, 123 Jensen, Harald Ingemann 190, 251 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 163 Helms, Richard 203 Johnson, Douglas 2 Golstein Interglacial 94 Hekla (Iceland) 101, 103 jo¨kulklaup 99 Goose, Lake (USA) 65 Herschel, John 7 Jonker, Hagen 164, 168 Goretsky, G. I. 91 Herschell Limestone (Australia) Jukes, Joseph Beete 193, 204, 205 Gosse, William 190 280 Jutson, J. 190 Gotiglacial 84, 144 Hilgendorf, Franz 180 Goydens Lagoon (Australia) Hitchcock, Edward 56, 82 K-surface (New Zealand) 304, 305, 227, 229 Hobbs, W. H. 41 326 grade 3–4 Hodge, E. T. 40–41, 44 Kalinin Glaciation 92, 94 INDEX 333

Kaluga glacial 135 Libby, Willard Frank 67 Milne, John 185 Kangaroo River (Australia) 263 Likhvin Interglacial 94, 135 87, 91, 94 Kanto Plain (Japan) 180, 185 limonite ore 138 Miura Peninsula (Japan) 184 Karneev, E. 198 Linth, Arnold Escher von 24 Moneoka-Hayama Uplift Zone 186 karst planation surface (China) 176 Lister, Martin 192 mineral resources Kashima-Boso Uplift Zone 186 Lithgow Plain (Australia) 249 as a stimulus for mapping 56, 63 Kaveckis, Mykolas 133 Lithuania for building 135 Keill, James 4 Cˇ epulyte˙’s work on stratigraphy Miocene, glacial record of Greenland Keller, Ferdinand 23 150–157 96 Keyes, Charles 40 geomorphology 142 Mirchink, G. F. 91 Keyserling, Alexander 80 glacial features 144 Missoula Floods (USA) 46 King, Clarence 58 moraine studies 142–143 Missoula, Lake (USA) 39–40, 44, 45 King, Don 223, 231 7, 28, 316–317 Mitchell, Thomas 204, 208 King, John 219 Palouse Hills (USA) 36, 37 Mo¨berg ridges 99 King, Lester C. 3, 301 Lomonosov, Mikhail 2 (USA) 53, 56,60 King Lake (USA) 66 Long Lake (USA) 65 Mojave Lake (USA) 60, 64, 65,68 Kirkdale Caves (UK) 205 Lorie´, Jan 167, 168 Mojave River (USA) 63 Kjerulf, Theodor 121 Lucero Lake (USA) 66 molluscs, Cenozoic of Japan Koike, Kiyoshi 185 luminescence dating 235 179–180 Koskiusko Uplift (Australia) 250, lunettes 223, 227 first described 180–182 263, 267, 268 Lyell, Charles 22, 121, 289 Mono, Lake (USA) 60, 61, 63, 64, 65 Koto, Bunjiro 184 concept of drift 6, 119, 163 moraines 21, 83 Kovalev, P. V. 105 effects of 1855 earthquake (New Caucasus 105, 106 Kozhevnikov, A. V. 105 Zealand) 306 Germany 145 Kraus, Ernst Karl 133 effects of vertical fault movement Lithuania 142–143, 145 Krishtapowitch, Nikolai 133 306 New Zealand 320, 322 Kromer Interglacial 94 ideas on stratigraphy 20, 21 Poland 144–146 Kropotkin, Piotr Alekseyevich 82, ideas on timescale 2 Russia 126 131 Switzerland career 89, 117–118 McDougal Stuart, John 202, 203, 204 Morlot, Adolphe von early life 117 McKay, Alexander 299 biography 20–21 ideas on glacial theory 118–119 Mackin, J. Hoover 46 correspondence 25, 26,28–29 Scandinavian work 120–127 McKnight, E. T. 39 cultural interests 23–24 Siberian work 119–120 Madigan, Cecil Thomas 219–223 ideas on double glaciation 24–28 portraits 90, 118, 122 publications 223 ideas on Ice Age 223–226 Kurile Current 180 Makara Valley (New Zealand) 304, ideas on stratigraphy 27–28 Kurrajong Fault 248 305 legacy 28 Kushev, S.L. 105 Malheur Lake (USA) 60, 65 morphogenetics, Lithuania 156 Kutorga, Stepan 121 mammoth 181, 182 Morrison, Roger 67 Manix, Lake (USA) 63, 65,66 Mortensen, Hans 133 Laasi, A. 133 Manly, Lake (USA) 63, 65,66 Moscow Glaciation 92, 94 Lahontan, Lake (USA) 52, 54, 65,72 Manly, William Lewis 64 Moskvitin (Mosquitin), A. I. 91 dating 67, 71, 72 Mansfield, G. R. 39 Mueller, Baron Ferdinand von 190, pioneer mapping 58, 61, 64 Mantell, Gideon 20, 289 250 lakagigar ridges (Iceland) 99 marine benches (New Zealand) 307 Murchison, Roderick Impey 6, 80, Lake Eyre Basin (Australia) 215–220 Markov, K. K. 91 119, 130 dunes 223, 224, 227, 235 Marshall, Patrick 317 Murray Basin (Australia) 233, 234, lake orientation, Kropotkin’s ideas Maruashvili, L. I. 105 235, 236 127 Marum, Marinus van 163 Muuga Kabelikivi (Estonia) 79, 80 Lancmanis, Z. 133 Mechlbeck interglacial 135 land-ice theory 7, 163–164 Medininkai 135 Narrebeen Group (Australia) 247 Lang, J. D. 208 Meinicke, C. E. 200–202 Naumann, Carl Friedrich 21 Lapstone Monocline 246, 247, 248, Meinzer, Oscar E. 34, 39, 63 Naumann, Edmund 180–181 249, 254 Melton, Mark 5 Nebraskan Stage 64 Laramide Orogeny 52 Menapian cool epoch 94 needle karst (China) 303 Lartet, Edward 20 Menzies, Archibald 287 Neff, George E. 46 Lartet, Louis 57 Merkine¯ interglacial 135 , term first used 20 Late Katun Glaciation 94 Meyerhoff, Howard A. 44 Nepean River (Australia) 245, 246, Late Waldai cool epoch 94 Mikulino interglacial 135 255, 267 Laurentide Ice Sheet 53 Milankovic´, Milutin 7 research on evolution 249, 250, Lendenfeld, Robert von 203 Milanovsky, E. E. 105 251–252, 263 Leonhard, Carl Ca¨sar von 20 work in Caucasus 105–109 Neptunism 290 Leopold, Luna B. 64 work in Iceland 96–101 Netherlands Lewis, Lake (USA) 35, 42, 44 work in Siberia 91–96 early work on erratics 159–163 334 INDEX

Netherlands (Continued) palaeodunefields, Australia 232–234 concretion studies 285–286 land ice theory and erratics palaeontology early research 279 163–164 Cenozoic of Japan 179–180 living fossils 291 Neugrund Metrorite Crater (Estonia) molluscs first described modern research 280–282 79 180–182 rhizoliths 286–290 New Zealand vertebrate of Australia 205–208 sea-level change data Adkin’s work palaeosurfaces, Lithuania 151, 153, 290–291 Horowhenua coast 324–326 155 stratigraphic setting 282–284 Tararua glaciation 318–323 Palaeo-Tokyo Bay aerial photography 303 ideas on evolution correlations across Europe 94 early geological research initial 182–184, 185 evidence for Pliocene glaciation 315–317 modern 185–186 in Caucasus geological map 316 relation to glaciation 185 glacial record of Iceland 96 geomorphic provinces 297 Palomas, Lake (USA) 66,68 pluvial lakes of Pleistocene American Tararua research post Adkin Panamint, Lake (USA) 65 West 52, 53 323–324 Pardee, J. T. 39, 44 history of research work of Cotton, Sir Charles Park, James 317, 319 pioneer mapping 52–57 Andrew 318, 320, 323, Park Valley (New Zealand) 319, 324 1850–1920 57–63 325, 326 Parke, John 56 1920–1955 63–66 landform sketches 298, 300, Parker King, Phillip 276 1955–1980 66–68 301, 302, 303, Pavlow, Alexsey Petrovich 89–90 post-1980 68–72 308, 309 pediplain 171 summary 72–73 New Zealand Institute 315 Pelsaert, Franc¸ois 191 Poland, moraine studies 144, 145 New Zealand Society 315 Penck, Albrecht 2, 28, 83, 167, 185 Polinices conicus 291 Newark Lake (USA) 65 Penck, Walther 2, 3, 4 Pomeranian Stage 144 Nipponites 184 peneplains 2, 4 Post, Hampus von 121 Nordenskiold, N. A. E. 121, 124 see also planation surfaces Post-Tertiary, term coined 20 Northern Beaches (Sydney, Austra- Pe´ron, Franc¸ois 279, 282, 284–286, Potholes Cataract (Washington State, lia) 263, 264 288, 289, 290 USA) 34, 35 role of submarine topography Peron Sandstone 283, 284 Powell, John Wesley 2, 58, 296 270–271 petroglyphs 52 Poznanian Stage 144 Nowra Sandstone (Australia) 266 Philipp, H. 133 Pre-Tegelen cool epoch 94 Nuyts, Pieter 191, 194 Pidoplichko, I. A. 90 process concepts 6 Pierrebot 87, 88 Purry, Jean Pierre 194 18O record 72 placer deposits 135, 138 Oestreich, Karl 34 planation surfaces Qualen, Wangenheim von 81 Ogden, Peter Skene 55 work in Australia 260, 261, 263 Quaternary (Quaternaire or Oka (Berezina) Glaciation 91, 92, 94 work in China Quaterna¨r) Okanogan Lobe (USA) 41, 42 early 171 correlations across Europe 94 Olduvai Normal Event 7 1910–1945 171–174 definition of 7–10 Olonets Glaciation 94 post-1945 174 organisation of academic study 1 optically stimulated luminescence post-Cultural Revolution research in Japan 179–182, 183 (OSL) dating 84, 235 174–176 boundary with Tertiary 179 orbital variations, lake record of 72 playas 51 research programmes of Baltic orogeny 4 Playas-Hachita Lake 66 States 129, 137, 138 Orviku, Karl 133 Playfair, John 2 pre-1914 129–133 Ostashkov cool epoch 91, 92, 94 Playfair’s Law 4 1914–1939 133–134 ostracods 186 Pleistocene 1940–1990 134 Owen, Prof. 208 age of base 8, 9 post-1990 134–138 Owens Lake (USA) 61, 63, 65, 66, 72 first defined 7, 19, 20, 21 stratigraphical significance 10 Owens River (USA) 60, 62, 63,67 glaciation of Eurasia 97 subdivisions 20 Oxley, John 198 pluvial lakes of American West, terminology defined 1, 6–7, history of research 19–20, 24 Pacheco, Bernardo de Miera y 52, 55 52, 53 and von Morlot 20–21, Pachucki, Czesław see Pakuckas, pioneer mapping 52–57 24, 27 Cˇ eslovas 1850–1920 57–63 Quincy Basin (Washington State, Pahrump, Lake 65 1920–1955 63–66 USA) 34, 35,39 Pakuckas, Cˇ eslovas (Pachucki, 1955–1980 66–68 Quoy, Jean Rene´ 279, 282, 285, Czesław) 142 post-1980 68–72 286, 289 early life 141 summary 72–73 Lithuanian work 133, 141–143 Tamala Limestone research Railroad Lake 65 Polish work 143–146 (Australia) vii, 283, railroad survey routes (USA) 57,58 palaeoclimate record, Death 284, 286 Raine, Thomas 191 Valley 70 cementation studies 284–285 Ramsay, David 191, 203 INDEX 335

Rebinder, Michail P. 122, 123 Saline, Lake (USA) 65 implications of various attitudes Reboul, Henri 20 Salisbury, R. D. 34 47–48 Recent, first defined 7, 20 Samarova Glaciation 94,96 map of area 38 Red Lake (USA) 65 San Agustı´n Lake (USA) 66 Spokane Glaciation 37 rejuvenated valley 303 sandur 99 Sprigg, Reginald 226 Rengarten, V. P. 105 Santa Marı´a, Lake 68 Spring Lake (USA) 65 Renhard, A. L. 105 Scabland Glacial Lobe 41 staircase Rapids Bar (USA) 46 rhizoliths 286–287, 288–289, scablands see Channeled Scablands Stansbury, Howard 56 288, 290 Scandinavia, Kropotkin’s work stapi 99, 101 Richards, H. C. 197 120–127 Staring, Winand Carel Hugo 163, Riche, Claude 287 Scandinavian ice sheet 84 165, 166 ripple marks 44, 45,46 Scheidegger, Adrian 5 Stein, F. I. 198 87, 91, 94 Schimper, Karl 22, 119 Steptoe Lake (USA) 65 Schmidt, Carl Friedrich 131, 132 Stony Ridges Plain (Australia) 249 capture 246, 252 Schmidt, Friedrich Bogdanovich Strahler, Arthur 4–5 drainage networks 4 81–82, 89, 119, 121, 122, 123 stream order 4–5 stages of development 2–3 Schucht, F. 133 striations (striae or scratches) 24, 80, system development, Sydney Schumm, Stanley 5 317 (Australia) Scott, T. H. 289 Germany 167 Blue Mountains scratches, glacial see striations Kropotkin’s work 119–120, geomorphology Scyphian warm epoch 94 123–124 Andrews’ work 248–251 sea-level, evidence of Quaternary Netherlands 163, 168 basalt dates 267 from Australia 190, 280–281, Strzelecki, Count 195, 197–198, David’s work 247–248 290, 291 200 diatremes 268 Searles Lake 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68 Strzelecki dunefield (Australia) 215, map 261 Selwyn, Alfred 203 235 reversal of drainage 252– Serres, Marcel de 20 Studer, Bernhard 27 253, 262, 263, 271 Severgin, Vassiliy M. 80, 130 Sturt, Charles 198–199, 201, 202, sundry contributions Shaitan Glaciation 94 204, 205, 218 252–253 Shanyuan Surface (China) 176 Sturt’s Stony Desert 215, 216, 219 Taylor’s work 251–253 Shanzer, E. V. 91 subaqueous till 83 geological setting 242–246 Shchurovsky, Grigorii 88, 119 subglacial till 83 maps 244, 245, 254 Shimosa Group 181, 185–186 subsequent drainage 298 structural setting 246–247 (Australia) Suess, Eduard 4 Sydneyside scenery 251–252 superglacial till 83 recent interpretations Shoreline Butte (USA) 64 Surprise, Lake (USA) 65 263–273 Shreve, Ronald 5 Su¨ssmilch, Carl A. 251 Taylor’s work 260–263 Siberia, glaciations identified in Switzerland, first ideas on roches moutonne´es 320 87–96 glaciation 85, 87, rock classification 282 Kropotkin’s work 119–120 163–164 Ro¨mer, Carl Ferdinand 280 Siemiradzki, Jo´zef 132 246, 270 Rottnest Limestone (Australia) 280 Silberschlag, Johannes 161 stratigraphy 247 Russell, Israel Cook 60 Silver-Fossil Lake 65 uplift 266, 267 Russell, Lake (USA) 60 Simony, Friedrich 22 Sydneyside Scenery (Taylor’s book) Russia Simpson, James H. 56–57 his interpretation of rivers work on continental glaciation (Australia) 213, 214, 260–263 81–82 218, 219, 221–222, 223, 226, more recent research work of Kropotkin 82, 90, 118, 230, 233 263–272 122, 131 Sleinis, I. 133 role of submarine topography career 89, 117–118 slope retreat 2, 3 in interpretations early life 117 Smith, H. T. U. 46 of coastal history ideas on glacial theory Smith, Jedediah 55 272–273 118–120 Snaigupe¯le¯ interglacial 135 ideas for chapters 260 see also Caucasus also Siberia sodium, concentration and Szczecin cool epoch 94 rutile mineral resources 138 dating 66 sodium borate 63 table mountains 99, 101 Saale Complex (Baltic States) Sowerby, James de Carle 199 Tahoe glacial stage 64 134–135 Spokane Flood (USA) Tamala Limestone (Australia) vii, Saale (Drenthe) Glaciation 91, 94, AAAS meeting on 44 283, 284, 286 135 alternative hypotheses 40–42, 43 cementation studies 284–285 Safronov, I. N. 105 Bretz’s hypothesis 34–37 concretion studies 285–286 saint-Allouarn, Franc¸ois de 279 efforts to resolve theories early research 279 Salinaland (Australia) 231 44–47 living fossils 291 saline deposits 63 Great Debate 37–40 modern research 280–282 336 INDEX

Tamala Limestone (Australia) Trinity Lake (USA) 66 Wallerius, Johann Gottschalk 159 (Continued) Tru¨mpy, Rudolph 87 Wallula Gateway (USA) 37, 40 rhizoliths 286–290 Tseng C. S. 172 Waring Lake (USA) 65 sea-level change data 290–291 tufas 60, 62 Warner Lake (USA) 60, 65 stratigraphic setting 282–284 Tushinsky, G. K. 105 Warthe glacial 135 Tammekann, August 133 Tylor, Alfred 57 Washington State (USA) see Spokane Tangxian Surface (China) 171, Tyndall, John 121 Flood 172–173, 176 water, as an erosion agent 3 Tararua Range (New Zealand), U-shaped valleys Waters, Aaron 41, 42, 44, 46 glaciation research Caucasus 105 Weald (UK), river drainage 318–324 New Zealand 319, 320, 323 interpretations 2 Targioni-Tarzetti, Giovanni 2 U/Pb dating 67 Weichselian 84 Tasman Sea 269, 272 Ugandi stadial 135 Wellington Caves (New South Taylor, Thomas Griffith 190 Ulman, Jan von 130 Wales) 208 on antecedent drainage USA Wellington Fault (New Zealand) 304, on anthropology 256–257 pluvial lakes of Pleistocene 306, 308, 326 on Blue Mountains geomorpho- American West 52, 53 Wellington Peninsula (New Zealand) logy 250–253 history of research 303–306 on Cox’s River 256–257 pioneer mapping 52–57 Wellman, Harold 325–326 Davisian ideas 1850–1920 57–63 Werner, Abraham Gottlob 131 early life 241–242 1920–1955 63–66 Wheeler, George Montague 58 map of Sydney area 243 1955–1980 66–68 Whewell, William 47 modelling ideas 255 post-1980 68–72 Whipple, Amiel 56, 57 on river capture 246–252 summary 72–73 Wianamatta Group (Australia) 247, Sydneyside Scenery book Spokane Flood 269, 269 260–263 AAAS meeting on 44 Wianamatta Stillstand 247 sketches for 262, 266, 267 alternative hypotheses Wichmann, Arthur 163, 167 Taz Glaciation 94 40–42, 43 Willan, Thomas Lindsay 251 Tecopa, Lake (USA) 65,66 Bretz’s hypothesis 34–37 Williamson, Robert 56, 57 Tegelen warm epoch 94 efforts to resolve theories Willis, Bailey 171, 172 Tennison Woods, J. E. 200 44–47 Wills, William John 219 tephra dating 69–70 great debate 37–40 Wilton, C. P. N. 205 Terek Glaciation 94, 108 implications of various atti- windrift dunes 223, 224 terminal moraine 320 tudes 47–48 Wistula Glaciation 94 Tertiary-Quaternary boundary in map of area 38 Witsen, Nicolaes 192 Japan 179 Spokane Glaciation 37 (Australia) Teyler Society 161 Ushakov, S. A. 91 252–253 Teyler van der Hulst, Pieter 161 Wollstonecraft, Edward 191 thermoluminescence (TL) dating 84, Vaal warm epoch 94 Woolnough, Walter George 190, 235 Van Calker, Friedrich 168 251–252 Thompson, Harry 319 Vancouver, George 192, 280, 287, Wopfner, Heli 226 Thompson, Lake (USA) 60, 65,68 289 Wrede, Erhard 162 Thomson, George Malcolm 316 Vardanyants, L. A. 105 Wright, George Frederick 7 Thomson, J. Allan 316, 322 varvology 84 Wu¨rm Glaciation 87, 89, 94 Thomson, Paul William 133 Venetz, Ignaz 7, 21, 79, 82, 87, Yabe, Hisakatsu thunderstones 159 118, 163 Tibetan Plateau planation surfaces Vereuil, Edouard de 80 early career 184–185 176 vertebrate palaeontology, Australia work on Palaeo-Tokyo Bay 179, 182–183 till 7, 83, 166 205–208 Yakovlev, S. A. 91 see also drift Victorszoon, Victor 192, 193 time concepts 5–6 Vinci, Leonardo da 4 Yamazaki, Naomasa 185 Tioga glacial stage 64 Vlamingh, Willem de 192, 279 yandangs 223 Yellowstone Ice Cap 53 Tirari dunefield (Australia) 215, 235 Voeikov, Alexander 121 Yokoyama, Matajiro 182 Tobol Interglacial 94 Vogt, Carl 21 Toiyabe Lake 65 volcano-glacial features 72 Tokunaga, Shigemoto 182 Caucasus 105–106 Yunnan Surface (China) 174 Tokyo Bay see Palaeo-Tokyo Bay Iceland 99, 101, 102, 103 Zans, V. 133 Tooth, A. P. 34 Vrica (Calabria) GSSP 7, 8 Zˇ emaiciai Upland (Lithuania) 157 Torell, Otto M. 7, 22, 89, 119, 163 Zemaitija Stadial 135 on land ice 79, 81, 165–166 Wacken interglacial 135 Zeng, Z. X. 172 monument 167 Wahnschaffe, Fr. 133 Zhizdra glacial 135 on striations 167 Wairarapa Fault (New Zealand) 306 zircon mineral resources 138 transgression, marine 4 Waldai cool epoch 91, 92, 94 Zittel, Karl von 191 Trigonia 291 Walker, Joseph 56 Zyrian Glaciation 94,96