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Using NROFF and TROFF
Using NROFF and TROFF Part Number: 800-1755-10 Revision A, of 9 May 1988 UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. SunOS is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sun Workstation is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Material in this manual comes from a number of sources: NrofflTroff User's Manual, Joseph F. Ossanna, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; A Troff Tutorial, Brian W. Kernighan, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; Typ ing Documents on the UNIXSystem: Using the -ms Macros with Troff and Nroff, M. E. Lesk, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; A Guide to Preparing Documents with -ms, M. E. Lesk, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; Document Formatting on UNIXUsing the -ms Macros, Joel Kies, University of California, Berkeley, California; Writing Papers with Nroff Using -me, Eric P. Allman, University of California, Berkeley; and Introducing the UNIXSystem, Henry McGilton, Rachel Morgan, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983. These materials are gratefully acknowledged. Copyright © 1987, 1988 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. This publication is protected by Federal Copyright Law, with all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, translated, transcribed, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means manual, electric, electronic, electro-magnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or other wise, without prior explicit written permission from Sun Microsystems. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . 1.1. nrof f andtrof f . Text Formatting Versus Word Processing TheEvolutionof nr of f andt ro f f Preprocessors and Postprocessors 1.2. tr of f, Typesetters, and Special-Purpose Formatters ............ 1.3. -
Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning
Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning UML Tutorial Tutorialspoint.com UNIX is a computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the same time. Unix was originated around in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. This tutorial gives an initial push to start you with UNIX. For more detail kindly check tutorialspoint.com/unix What is Unix ? The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user. The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel. Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel. Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, UP Unix and BSD are few examples. Linux is also a flavour of Unix which is freely available. Several people can use a UNIX computer at the same time; hence UNIX is called a multiuser system. A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence UNIX is called multitasking. Unix Architecture: Here is a basic block diagram of a UNIX system: 1 | P a g e Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning The main concept that unites all versions of UNIX is the following four basics: Kernel: The kernel is the heart of the operating system. -
Linux from Scratch Linux from Scratch
Linux From Scratch Linux From Scratch Table of Contents Linux From Scratch............................................................................................................................................1 Gerard Beekmans.....................................................................................................................................1 Dedication............................................................................................................................................................2 Preface................................................................................................................................................................10 Who would want to read this book..................................................................................................................11 Who would not want to read this book...........................................................................................................12 Organization......................................................................................................................................................13 Part I − Introduction...............................................................................................................................13 Part II − Installation of the LFS system.................................................................................................13 Part III − Appendixes.............................................................................................................................13 -
Mandoc: Becoming the Main BSD Manual Toolbox
mandoc: becoming the main BSD manual toolbox BSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa Ingo Schwarze <[email protected]> Cynthia Livingston’sOTTB “Bedifferent” (c) 2013 C. Livingston (with permission) > Ingo Schwarze: mandoc page 2: INTROI BSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa Brief history of UNIX documentation • The key point: All documentation in one place and one format. Easy to find, uniform and easy to read and write. Be correct, complete, concise. • 1964: RUNOFF/roffmarkup syntax by Jerome H. Saltzer,MIT. Unobtrusive,diff(1)-friendly,easy to hand-edit, simple tools, high quality output. • 1971: Basic manual structure by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for the AT&T Version 1 UNIX manuals, Bell Labs. • 1979: man(7) physical markup language for AT&T Version 7 UNIX. • 1989: mdoc(7) semantic markup by Cynthia Livingston for 4.3BSD-Reno. Powerful, self-contained, portable. • 1989: GNU troffbyJames Clarke. • 2001: mdoc(7) rewrite by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilovfor groff-1.17. • 2008: mandoc(1) started by Kristaps Dzonsons. • 2010: mandoc(1) is the only documentation formatter in the OpenBSD base system. • 2014: mandoc(1) used by default in OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, illumos. 16:19:30 What is the mandoc toolbox? → < > Ingo Schwarze: mandoc page 3: INTROIIBSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa What is the mandoc toolbox? User perspective:man(1), the manual viewer One comprehensive tool! Normal operation always proceeds in three steps: 1. Find one or more manuals in the file system or using a database by manual name — man(1) — or by search query — apropos(1) =man -k The result of this step can be printed out with man -w. -
307-151 Issue 1 N N~Nnwtsystem V ~ U~ U~ Release 2.0 DOCUMENTER's WORKBENCH™ Software 'Text Formatters Reference
December 1983 307-151 Issue 1 n n~nnWTsystem V ~ U~ U~ Release 2.0 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ Software 'Text Formatters Reference © 1983 Western Electric All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Western Electric ..... UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH is a trademark of Western Electric CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 NROFF/TROFF TUTORIAL Chapter 3 NROFF AND TROFF USER MANUAL Chapter 4 DEVICE-INDEPENDENT TROFF Chapter 5 SROFF TUTORIAL GUIDE Chapter 6 SROFF REFERENCE MANUAL - I - Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION PAGE TEXT FORMATTERS ........................................... 1-1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This book is a guide and reference manual for the text formatters that are provided with the UNIX* system DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCHt software. This software provides an integrated set of text processing tools for easy, flexible, and professional documentation production. Books that describe other aspects of the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software are: • Introduction and Reference Manual-Select Code 307-150 • Macro Packages Reference-Select Code 307-152 • Preprocessors Reference-Select Code 307-153. The beginning user should refer to the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software Introduction and Reference Manual for a better overall description of the text processing tools available on the UNIX system. TEXT FORMATTERS On the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software, the text formatting programs provide control of text format by the use of requests (sometimes called formatter primitives) that are mixed in with the text to be formatted. These requests normally consist of two lowercase letters preceded by a period, on a line by themselves in the text file. The request may be followed on the same line by numbers or letters that provide the formatter with more information about the function of the request. -
Unix Programmer's Manual
There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of fitness for a particu!ar purpose nor any other warranty, either expressed or imp!ied, a’s to the accuracy of the enclosed m~=:crials or a~ Io ~helr ,~.ui~::~::.j!it’/ for ~ny p~rficu~ar pur~.~o~e. ~".-~--, ....-.re: " n~ I T~ ~hone Laaorator es 8ssumg$ no rO, p::::nS,-,,.:~:y ~or their use by the recipient. Furln=,, [: ’ La:::.c:,:e?o:,os ~:’urnes no ob~ja~tjon ~o furnish 6ny a~o,~,,..n~e at ~ny k:nd v,,hetsoever, or to furnish any additional jnformstjcn or documenta’tjon. UNIX PROGRAMMER’S MANUAL F~ifth ~ K. Thompson D. M. Ritchie June, 1974 Copyright:.©d972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone:Laboratories, Incorporated Copyright © 1972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated This manual was set by a Graphic Systems photo- typesetter driven by the troff formatting program operating under the UNIX system. The text of the manual was prepared using the ed text editor. PREFACE to the Fifth Edition . The number of UNIX installations is now above 50, and many more are expected. None of these has exactly the same complement of hardware or software. Therefore, at any particular installa- tion, it is quite possible that this manual will give inappropriate information. The authors are grateful to L. L. Cherry, L. A. Dimino, R. C. Haight, S. C. Johnson, B. W. Ker- nighan, M. E. Lesk, and E. N. Pinson for their contributions to the system software, and to L. E. McMahon for software and for his contributions to this manual. -
Typing Documents on the UNIX System: Using the –Ms and –Mcs
Typing Documents on the UNIX System: Using the ±ms and ±mcs Macros with Troff² L. L. Cherry M. E. Lesk AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 ABSTRACT This document describes a set of easy-to-use macros for preparing documents on the UNIX operating system. The macros provide facilities for paragraphs, sections headings (optionally with automatic numbering), page titles, footnotes, equations, tables, two-column for- mat, and several formats of cover pages for papers. This memo includes, as an appendix, the text of ``A Guide to Preparing Documents with ±ms and ±mcs,'' which contains additional examples of features of ±ms. Introduction. This memorandum describes a package of commands to produce papers using the troff formatting program. As with other formatting programs, text is prepared interspersed with formatting commands. However, this package, which itself is written in troff commands, provides higher-level commands than those pro- vided with the basic troff program. A separate set of macros, ±mcs, produces an official AT&T style internal docu- ment cover sheet. The ±mcs macros automatically invoke the ±ms macros. Although the basic ±ms macros work with nroff, the ±mcs macros do not. Macro names were selected in ±mcs to avoid collisions with the original ±ms macros and thereby maintain backward compatibility. This document reflects the new macros. The commands available in this package are listed in Appendix A; the cover sheet commands and their order are in Appendix B. Text. Type normally, except that instead of indenting for paragraphs, place a line reading ``.PP'' before each paragraph. This will produce indenting and extra space. -
UNIX™ System V DOCUMENTER's WORKBENCH™ Volume ONE
___ALTOS _ UNIX™ SySTEM V DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ VOlUME ONE INTROduCTioN ANd TEXT FORMATTERS REfERENCE UNIX™ System V DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ Volume One ACKNOW'LBDGBMEN'rS The Altos logo, as it appears in this manual, is a registered trademark of Altos Computer Systems. DOCUMENTER IS WORKBENCH™ is a trademark of AT&T Technologies. IMPRINT@ and IMAGEN® are registered trademarks of the IMAGEN Corporation. TEKTRONIX® is a registered trademark of Tektronics, Inc. TELETYPE™ is a trademark of AT&T Teletype Corporation. TRENDATA® is a registered trademark of Trendata Corporation. UNIX™ is a tr ademark of AT &'1' Bell Labor at or ies. CONTENTS Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE Chapter 2 DOCUMENT PREPARATION APPENDIX USER REFERENCE MANUAL - i - Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE PAGE INTRODUCTION............................................... 1-1 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK. • . • . .. 1-2 I!.. 1 ,J Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION This book is the introductory volume of a set of documents that provide information about the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software on the UNIX* system. Other books in this series are: 307-151 Text Formatters Reference-provides a reference covering the text formatters nroff, troff (device independent), otroff (old troff), and sroff. 307 -152 Macro Packages Reference-provides a reference for the macro packages mm (memorandum macros), sroff/mm (mm macros for the sroff formatter), and mv (view graph macros). 307-153 Preprocessors Reference-provides a reference for the preprocessors tbl, pic, and eqn/neqn. This book is both an introduction to the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software and a DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software command reference manual. Chapter 2 contains introductory material on some of the software, and the appendix provides pages describing the various commands that are part of the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software. -
History of Computing at Bell Labs
COMPUTING AT BELL LABS Kedar Namjoshi December 18, 2014 COPYRIGHT © 2013 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. EARLY HISTORY: COMPUTERS FROM TELEPHONE RELAYS The Bell Labs Model IV (~1946) George Stibitz Claude Shannon with “Theseus” (1950) “It can add, subtract, multiply and divide, remember answers and use A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching them later …” Circuits, MIT Masters’ thesis, 1937 Boolean Logic = Relay Circuits 2 COPYRIGHT © 2013 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE BIRTH OF UNIX Unix (1970s) An explosion of creativity “Little languages” and software tools with enduring influence make awk grep lex yacc sed troff eqn S Unix (1969-71) Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie “… a system around which a fellowship can form.” “… the size constraint has encouraged not only economy but a certain elegance of design.” 3 COPYRIGHT © 2013 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. C, C++, AND S C++ (1979-83) Bjarne Stroustrup “When I joined I was basically told to “do something interesting” … ” C (1969-73) Dennis Ritchie S (1976-) John Chambers “C is quirky, flawed, and an enormous success.” “We were concerned to support serious data analysis… ” 4 COPYRIGHT © 2013 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALGORITHMS Karmarkar: Interior-Point Linear Programming (1984) Highly Influential Books Aho-Hopcroft-Ullman Garey-Johnson 5 COPYRIGHT © 2013 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. OFFSHOOTS Functional Programming: Standard ML of New Jersey (1989 - ) Formal Verification: SPIN and COSPAN (1980-) Distributed Operating Systems Plan 9 (1989 - ) Quantum Computing Shor, Willet, Grover (1994 - ) 6 COPYRIGHT © 2013 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE SECRET “The management principles here are that you hire bright people and you introduce them to the environment, and you give them general directions as to what sort of thing is wanted, and you give them lots of freedom. -
Domain-Specific Languages
Domain-specific languages • also called application specific languages, little languages • narrow domain of applicability • not necessarily programmable or Turing-complete – often declarative, not imperative • sometimes small enough that you could build one yourself • examples: – regular expressions – shell – XML, HTML, troff, (La)TEX, Markdown: markup langauges – SQL: database access – R: statistics – AMPL: mathematical optimization – Verilog: circuit design and verification – … Example: Markup / document preparation languages • illustrates topics of 333 in a different setting – tools – language design (good and bad); notation – evolution of software systems; maintenance – personal interest, research area for 10-20 years, heavy use in books • examples: – roff and related early formatters – nroff (Unix man command still uses it) – troff – TEX – HTML, etc. Unix document preparation: *roff • text interspersed with formatting commands on separate lines .sp 2! .in 5! This is a paragraph … • originally just ASCII output, fixed layout, singlecolumn • nroff: macros, a event mechanism for page layout (Turing complete) • troff: version of nroff for phototypesetters – adds features for size, font, precise positioning, bigger character sets – originally by Joe Ossanna (~1972); inherited by BWK ~1977 • photypesetter produces output on photographic paper or film • first high-quality output device at a reasonable price (~$15K) – predates laser printers by 5-10 years – predates Postscript (1982) by 10 years, PDF (1993) by 21 years – klunky, slow, messy, expensive media • very complex program, very complex language – language reflects many of the weirdnesses of first typesetter – macro packages make it usable by mortals for standard tasks • troff + phototypesetter enables book-quality output – Elements of Programming Style, Software Tools, K&R, … Extension to complex specialized material • mathematics – called “penalty copy” in the printing industry • tables • drawings • graphs • references • indexes • etc. -
LFS-BOOK.Pdf
Linux From Scratch Версия 7.3 Автор Gerard Beekmans Редакторы Matthew Burgess и Bruce Dubbs Перевод Иван Лабутин Linux From Scratch: Версия 7.3 by Автор Gerard Beekmans, Редакторы Matthew Burgess и Bruce Dubbs, Перевод Иван Лабутин Copyright © 1999-2013 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2013, Gerard Beekmans Все права защищены. Эта книга выпущена под лицензией Creative Commons License. Команды для компьютера могут быть извлечены из книги под лицензией MIT License. Linux® зарегистрированная торговая марка Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Версия 7.3 Содержание Пролог ......................................................................................................................... viii i. Предисловие ........................................................................................................ viii ii. Кому адресована эта книга? ............................................................................... ix iii. Целевые архитектуры LFS .................................................................................. x iv. LFS и стандарты .................................................................................................. x v. Пояснения к выбранным пакетам ..................................................................... xii vi. Необходимые знания ....................................................................................... xvii vii. Требования к хост-системе ........................................................................... xviii viii. Соглашения, используемые в книге ............................................................. -
Separate Instruction and Data Space) Is Needed for Some Utilities
Aimed at larger systems. Devices are addressable to 231 bytes, files to 230 bytes. 128K memory (separate instruction and data space) is needed for some utilities. Portability. Code of the operating system and most utilities has been extensively revised to minimize its dependence on particular hardware. Fortran 77. F77 compiler for the new standard language is compatible with C at the object level. A For- tran structurer, STRUCT, converts old, ugly Fortran into RATFOR, a structured dialect usable with F77. Shell. Completely new SH program supports string variables, trap handling, structured programming, user profiles, settable search path, multilevel file name generation, etc. Document preparation. TROFF phototypesetter utility is standard. NROFF (for terminals) is now highly compatible with TROFF. MS macro package provides canned commands for many common formatting and layout situations. TBL provides an easy to learn language for preparing complicated tabular material. REFER fills in bibliographic citations from a data base. UNIX-to-UNIX file copy. UUCP performs spooled file transfers between any two machines. Data processing. SED stream editor does multiple editing functions in parallel on a data stream of indefi- nite length. AWK report generator does free-field pattern selection and arithmetic operations. Program development. MAKE controls re-creation of complicated software, arranging for minimal re- compilation. Debugging. ADB does postmortem and breakpoint debugging, handles separate instruction and data spaces, floating point, etc. C language. The language now supports definable data types, generalized initialization, block structure, long integers, unions, explicit type conversions. The LINT verifier does strong type checking and detection of probable errors and portability problems even across separately compiled functions.