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Geological Mapping of the Oak Ridge K-25 Site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

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Geological Mapping of the Oak Ridge K-25 Site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee K/ER-111 LOCKHEED MARTIN *’ Geological Mapping of the Oak Ridge K-25 Site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee ENfRGYSYSTEMS RTENT OF EN€ K/ER-111 Environmental Restoration Program Division K-25 Environmental Restoration Program Geological Mapping of the Oak Ridge K-25 Site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee P. J. Lemiszki Date Issued-January 1994 Prepared by Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Department of Geological Sciences University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management under budget and reporting codes CD 10 72 and EW 20 ’ Oak Ridge K-25 Site Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-7101 managed by MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS,INC. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-840R2 1400 I DECLAIMER 4 This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or use- fulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process dwlosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any spe- cific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufac- tufcr, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, mom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY ............................................. vii 1.INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING AND PREVIOUS WORK ....................... 3 3. DESCRIPTIONS OF STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS ......................... 7 3.1 ROME FORMATION ........................................... 7 3.2KNOXGROUP ................................................ 9 3.2.1 Copper Ridge Dolomite ...................................... 9 3.2.2 Chepultepec Dolomite ....................................... 10 3.2.3 Longview Dolomite ......................................... 10 3.2.4 Kingsport Formation ........................................ 11 3.2.5 Mascot Dolomite ........................................... 11 3.3 CHICKAMAUGA SUPERGROUP-STONES RIVER ANDNASHVILLEGROUPS ..................................... 12 3.3.1 Stones River Group-Pond Spring Formation ...................... 12 3.3.2 Stones River Group-Murfreesboro Limestone .................... 13 3.3.3 Stones River Group-Ridley Limestone .......................... 13 3.3.4 Stones River Group-Lebanon Limestone ........................ 13 3.3.5 Stones River Group-Carters Limestone ......................... 14 3.3.6 Nashville Group-Hermitage Formation .......................... 15 3.3.7 Nashville Group-Cannon Limestone ............................ 15 3.3.8 Nashville Group-Catheys Formation ............................ 15 4.STRUCTURE .................................................... 16 4.1 I"-SCALE STRUCTURES ..................................... 16 4.2 BEDROCK FRAClWRE SYSTEM ................................ 23 5. KARST LANDFORMS. SEEPS. AND SPRINGS ......................... 28 6. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ................ 30 6.1 BEDROCK CORE DRILLING AND GEOPHYSICAL WELL LOGGING . 30 6.2 OUTCROP STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ............................ 31 6.3 OUTCROP STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS .......................... 31 6.4 MATRIX POROSITY ANALYSIS ................................. 31 6.5 GEOLOGY AND KARST DEVELOPMENT ......................... 31 REFERENCES ..................................................... 33 Appendix A. STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL DATA ............... 37 Appendix B. GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE OAK RIDGE K-25 SITE AREA ....... 47 iii FIGURES 1. Location of the Oak Ridge Reservation in the southern Appalachian foreland fold-thrust belt of east Tennessee ..................................... 2 2. Geologic map of the Oak Ridge Reservation ............................. 4 3. Balanced cross section from the undeformed foreland of the Cumberland Plateau province through the Oak Ridge area to the Beaver Valley fault in the Valley and Ridge province ................................................... 5 4. Bedrock geologic map of the K-25 Site area ............................. 6 5 . Stratigraphic section of rock units in the K-25 Site area ..................... 8 6. Geology along the Whiteoak Mountain fault in the Oak Ridge area .......... 17 7. Bedrock geologic map of the K-25 Site area with locations of cross sections ..... 19 8. Geological cross sections across the K-25 Site area ....................... 20 9. Map of mesoscopic faults and folds ................................... 21 10 . Map of fracture set strikes measured in outcrops across the K-25 Site area ..... 24 11. Fracture data plots for the K-25 Site area .............................. 25 12 . Sketch from a photograph of an outcrop in the Murfreesboro Limestone ....... 27 13 . Map of karst landforms, seeps. and springs area encountered during geological mapping in the K-25 Site ........................................... 29 V The Oak Ridge K-25 Site (formerly known as the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant) is located in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge province of east Tennessee and overlies an area of folded and faulted Cambrian through Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the footwall of the Whiteoak Mountain fault. Environmental restoration plans for the area require that the geology of the site be well understood because various aspects of the groundwater system are directly influenced by stratigraphic and structural characteristics of the bedrock. This study involved mapping the bedrock geology of an 18-square mile area in and around the plant site. Field mapping focused on: (1) checking the accuracy of previously mapped stratigraphic and fault contacts, (2) dividing the bedrock into distinct stratigraphic units based on field criteria, (3) determining the geometry of map-scale folds and faults, and (4) documenting various aspects of the local fracture system. Besides accomplishing all of the above tasks, results from this study have led to a number of new hypotheses regarding various aspects of the site geology. First, faulting and folding within carbonates of the Chickamauga Supergroup in the plant area has repeated certain rock units, which requires that there be a thrust fault in the subsurface below them. This thrust fault may project to the surface with the Carters Limestone. Second, thrust slices of the Rome Formation that overlie the Chickamauga carbonates may be extremely thin and have a limited aerial extent. Third, part of the Knox Group on McKinney Ridge is folded into an anticline. Evaluating the above hypotheses will require information about the subsurface that can only be acquired through drilling and surface geophysical surveys. The geologic map produced from this study can be used to evaluate the location of coreholes that will more effectively intersect a combination of stratigraphic, structural, and hydrologic targets. vii 1. INTRODUCTION The Oak Ridge K-25 Site (formerly known as the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant) was constructed in the 1940s and was used for the enrichment of UF, until 1985. As a result of activities at the site, nonhazardous, hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes have been stored, treated, and disposed of at various locations (Poling et al. 1992). The site is located in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge province and overlies an area of folded and faulted Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (Fig. 1). The complex geology of the site needs to be well defined because various aspects of the groundwater system are directly influenced by stratigraphic and structural characteristics of the bedrock. For example, underlying the site is a sequence of carbonate and noncarbonate sedimentary rock types. Throughout the area, carbonate rock units have developed a karst groundwater system, and noncarbonate rocks have groundwater flow through fractures (Solomon et al. 1992). Because groundwater flow rates in karst conduits are faster than in fractures, it is important to determine the location and characteristics of karstified carbonate rock units and the geologic factors that control their development. The purpose of this study was to produce a 1:12,000-scale bedrock geologic map of the K-25 Site and surrounding area. Field mapping covered - 18 square miles and was completed during the winter and spring of 1992-1993. Stratigraphic and structural data were recorded from over 250 outcrops and are included in Appendix A. The geologic map of the K-25 Site area generated by this study is included as Appendix B. Field mapping focused on: (1) checking the accuracy of previously mapped stratigraphic and fault contacts; (2) dividing the bedrock into distinct stratigraphic units based on field criteria; (3) determining the geometry of map-scale folds and faults; and (4) characterizing various aspects of the local fracture system. Furthermore, since most of the area is underlain by carbonate rock, various karst landforms and features were mapped, including: seeps and springs, sinkholes, a sinking stream, pinnacles, and
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