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Mechanistic Insights Into the Hydrocyanation Reaction
Mechanistic insights into the hydrocyanation reaction Citation for published version (APA): Bini, L. (2009). Mechanistic insights into the hydrocyanation reaction. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR644067 DOI: 10.6100/IR644067 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2009 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. -
Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow for the Acrylonitrile Electrolytic Adiponitrile Process in a Vertical/Horizontal Electrolysis Cell
energies Article Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow for the Acrylonitrile Electrolytic Adiponitrile Process in a Vertical/Horizontal Electrolysis Cell Jiin-Yuh Jang * and Yu-Feng Gan Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-6-2088573 Received: 7 September 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 12 October 2018 Abstract: This paper investigated the effect of oxygen holdup on the current density distribution over the electrode of a vertical/horizontal electrolysis cell with a two-dimensional Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase flow model in the acrylonitrile (AN) electrolytic adiponitrile (ADN) process. The physical models consisted of a vertical/horizontal electrolysis cell 10 mm wide and 600 mm long. The electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode was fixed at 5 V, which corresponded to a uniform current density j = 0.4 A/cm2 without any bubbles released from the electrodes. The effects of different inlet electrolyte velocities (vin = 0.4, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) on the void fraction and the current density distributions were discussed in detail. It is shown that, for a given applied voltage, as the electrolyte velocity is increased, the gas diffusion layer thickness decreased and this resulted in the decrease of the gas void fraction and increase of the corresponding current density; for a given velocity, the current density for a vertical cell was higher than that for a horizontal cell. Furthermore, assuming the release of uniform mass flux for the oxygen results in overestimation of the total gas accumulation mass flow rate by 2.8% and 5.8% and it will also result in underestimation of the current density by 0.3% and 2.4% for a vertical cell and a horizontal cell, respectively. -
A Guide to Export Controls
Foreign Affairs, Trade and Affaires étrangères, Commerce et Development Canada Développment Canada A Guide To CANADA’S EXPORT CONTROLS December 2012 Introduction The issuance of export permits is administered by the Export Controls Division (TIE) of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada (DFATD). TIE provides assistance to exporters in determining if export permits are required. It also publishes brochures and Notices to Exporters that are freely available on request and on our website www.exportcontrols.gc.ca. How to contact us: Export Controls Division (TIE) Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada 111 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G2 Telephone: (613) 996-2387 Facsimile: (613) 996-9933 Email: [email protected] For information on how to apply for an export permit and additional information on export controls please refer to our website. To enquire on the status of an export permit application: Recognized EXCOL users can check the status of an export permit application on-line. Non-recognized users can call (613) 996-2387 or email [email protected] and quote your export permit application identification (ref ID) number. Export Controls Division website: www.exportcontrols.gc.ca This Guide, at time of publication, encompasses the list of items enumerated on the Export Control List (ECL) that are controlled for export in accordance with Canadian foreign policy, including Canada’s participation in multilateral export control regimes and bilateral agreements. Unless otherwise specified, the export controls contained in this Guide apply to all destinations except the United States. Canada’s Export Control List can be found at the Department of Justice website at http://canada.justice.gc.ca/. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Of 10 October 2018 Amending Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009
14.12.2018 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 319/1 II (Non-legislative acts) REGULATIONS COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2018/1922 of 10 October 2018 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 of 5 May 2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items ( 1), and in particular Article 15(3) thereof, Whereas: (1) Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 requires dual-use items to be subject to effective control when they are exported from or transit through the Union, or are delivered to a third country as a result of brokering services provided by a broker resident or established in the Union. (2) Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 establishes the common list of dual-use items that are subject to controls in the Union. Decisions on the items subject to controls are taken within the framework of the Australia Group ( 2 ), the Missile Technology Control Regime ( 3 ), the Nuclear Suppliers Group ( 4 ), the Wassenaar Arrangement ( 5 ) and the Chemical Weapons Convention. (3) The list of dual-use items set out in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 needs to be updated regularly so as to ensure full compliance with international security obligations, to guarantee transparency, and to maintain the competitiveness of economic operators. -
02/06/2019 12:05 PM Appendix 3745-21-09 Appendix A
ACTION: Final EXISTING DATE: 02/06/2019 12:05 PM Appendix 3745-21-09 Appendix A List of Organic Chemicals for which Paragraphs (DD) and (EE) of Rule 3745-21-09 of the Administrative Code are Applicable Organic Chemical Organic Chemical Acetal Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde Benzamide Acetaldol Benzene Acetamide Benzenedisulfonic acid Acetanilide Benzenesulfonic acid Acetic acid Benzil Acetic Anhydride Benzilic acid Acetone Benzoic acid Acetone cyanohydrin Benzoin Acetonitrile Benzonitrile Acetophenone Benzophenone Acetyl chloride Benzotrichloride Acetylene Benzoyl chloride Acrolein Benzyl alcohol Acrylamide Benzylamine Acrylic acid Benzyl benzoate Acrylonitrile Benzyl chloride Adipic acid Benzyl dichloride Adiponitrile Biphenyl Alkyl naphthalenes Bisphenol A Allyl alcohol Bromobenzene Allyl chloride Bromonaphthalene Aminobenzoic acid Butadiene Aminoethylethanolamine 1-butene p-aminophenol n-butyl acetate Amyl acetates n-butyl acrylate Amyl alcohols n-butyl alcohol Amyl amine s-butyl alcohol Amyl chloride t-butyl alcohol Amyl mercaptans n-butylamine Amyl phenol s-butylamine Aniline t-butylamine Aniline hydrochloride p-tertbutyl benzoic acid Anisidine 1,3-butylene glycol Anisole n-butyraldehyde Anthranilic acid Butyric acid Anthraquinone Butyric anhydride Butyronitrile Caprolactam APPENDIX p(183930) pa(324943) d: (715700) ra(553210) print date: 02/06/2019 12:05 PM 3745-21-09, Appendix A 2 Carbon disulfide Cyclohexene Carbon tetrabromide Cyclohexylamine Carbon tetrachloride Cyclooctadiene Cellulose acetate Decanol Chloroacetic acid Diacetone alcohol -
Agrimer™ Polyvinylpyyrolidone (PVP)
agrimer ™ polyvinylpyyrolidone (PVP) binder, dispersant rheology, modifier, film former, complexing agent Agrimer™ polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) this brochure is divided into two main segments suggested applications General properties and uses 2-10 ¢ complexing agent Agricultural case studies 10 ¢ stabilizers / co-dispersants These case studies highlight the uses of Agrimer™ ¢ binders in dry / wet granulation and extrusion (dry compaction / fluidized-bed spray drying process) polymers in seed coatings, granule and tablet binders and as dispersants. ¢ film-forming agents / binders in seed coatings, dips and pour-ons general properties and uses ¢ biological stabilization ¢ water binding / anti-transpiration properties Agrimer™ PVP products are linear, non-ionic polymers that are soluble in water and many organic solvents. ¢ solubility enhancers via co-precipitation or They are pH stable, and have adhesive, cohesive thermal extrusion and binding properties. The unique ability to adsorb ¢ dye-binding agent on a host of active ingredients makes Agrimer™ PVP regulatory status homopolymers preferred co-dispersants in many The Agrimer™ PVP products listed in this brochure are formulations. Agrimer™ homopolymers have a high exempt from the requirement of a tolerance under glass transition temperature. 40 CFR 180.960. Lower molecular weight (Mw) Agrimer™ polymers (Agrimer™ 15 and Agrimer™ 30) are suitable for physical and chemical properties applications where dusting is a concern, such as The Agrimer™ polymers, a family of homopolymers of seed coatings and agglomeration. Higher Mw polyvinylpyrrolidone, are available in different viscosity Agrimer™ polymers (Agrimer™ 90 and Agrimer™ 120) can grades, ranging from very low to very high molecular build formulation viscosity faster and provide excellent weight. This range, coupled with their solubility in binding and film forming properties. -
A New Approach to Prepare Polyethylene Glycol Allyl Glycidyl Ether
E3S Web of Conferences 267, 02004 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702004 ICESCE 2021 A new approach to prepare Polyethylene Glycol Allyl Glycidyl Ether Huizhen Wang1*, Ruiyang Xie1, Mingjun Chen1*, Weihao Deng1, Kaixin Zhang2, Jiaqin Liu1 1School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; 2Chengdu Jingyiqiang Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. Abstract. The polyethylene glycol allyl glycidyl ether (PGAGE) is an important intermediate for preparing silicone softener that can be synthesized from allyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and epichlorohydrin (ECH). The performance parameters including the concentration of ECH, initial boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) as well as CaCl2 quality were investigated respectively. The optimum process parameters which can get high capping and low by-product rate are as follows: the ECH concentration is 2.0 M, the initial BFEE concentration is 1.65mM, and the CaCl2 dosage is 1.65g/L. Under these conditions, the maximal yield can be improved to 91.36%, the percent of capping rate is higher than 98.16%, the residual concentration of F- is only 0.63 mg/L. concentrated basic solution, in which the total yield was between 90%~91% by Matsuoka et al. [10] also use the 1 Introduction two-step reaction to synthesize AGE based on the reaction Polyethylene glycol allyl glycidyl ether (PGAGE) and the of allyl alcohol with ECH using BFEE as the catalyst. allyl polyoxyethylene ether (APEG), tethering with both Their results demonstrated that the yield reaches 82% alkene and epoxy groups, are widely used as fabric under the following condition: n (ECH) : n (allyl alcohol): finishing agent [1-2] , reactive diluent [3] , cross-linking (catalysis) = 1: (1~3) : (0.01~0.002). -
A New Coupling Process for Synthesis of Epichlorohydrin from Dichloropropanols
2nd International Conference on Machinery, Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (MMECEB 2015) A new coupling process for synthesis of epichlorohydrin from dichloropropanols Dawei Wu, Sumin Zhou* School of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223005, China [email protected] Keywords: dichloropropanol, epichlorohydrin, tubular reactor, wiped film evaporation. Abstract. As an important material used in the production of epoxy resins, epichlorohydrin is usually derived from the saponification and cyclization of dichloropropanol in a tower reacting system. In order to reduce energy consumption and wastewater discharge, a new process of tubular reactor coupled with wiped film evaporation was adopt to produce epichlorohydrin. The effects of different technological parameters on the yield of the coupling process were investigated, such as reactants' molar ratio, reaction & evaporation temperature, residence time and so on. Results indicated that the use of coupling process will significantly reduce the material consumption and shorter the reaction time. This coupling process provided a useful suggestion for the design of the industrial plants. 1. Introduction Epichlorohydyin（ECH）, also known as 1-chloro-2, 3-epoxy propane, is an important chemical material, mainly used to synthesizing epoxy resin, chlorohydrins rubber, pesticide, plasticizer and so on [1]. The main method to produce ECH is high-temperature chlorination of propylene [2]. With the fast-development of biodiesel production, the use of glycerol for producing ECH [3-4] is going to mature and has become an important industrial technological process [5]. Although the difference raw materials were used, the processes also consist of two reaction steps as well. First step is the saponification and cyclization of dichloropropanol (DCP) to produce ECH. -
Euthanasia of Experimental Animals
EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS • *• • • • • • • *•* EUROPEAN 1COMMISSIO N This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-9694-9 © European Communities, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Belgium European Commission EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Document EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Report prepared for the European Commission by Mrs Bryony Close Dr Keith Banister Dr Vera Baumans Dr Eva-Maria Bernoth Dr Niall Bromage Dr John Bunyan Professor Dr Wolff Erhardt Professor Paul Flecknell Dr Neville Gregory Professor Dr Hansjoachim Hackbarth Professor David Morton Mr Clifford Warwick EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS CONTENTS Page Preface 1 Acknowledgements 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Objectives of euthanasia 3 1.2 Definition of terms 3 1.3 Signs of pain and distress 4 1.4 Recognition and confirmation of death 5 1.5 Personnel and training 5 1.6 Handling and restraint 6 1.7 Equipment 6 1.8 Carcass and waste disposal 6 2. General comments on methods of euthanasia 7 2.1 Acceptable methods of euthanasia 7 2.2 Methods acceptable for unconscious animals 15 2.3 Methods that are not acceptable for euthanasia 16 3. Methods of euthanasia for each species group 21 3.1 Fish 21 3.2 Amphibians 27 3.3 Reptiles 31 3.4 Birds 35 3.5 Rodents 41 3.6 Rabbits 47 3.7 Carnivores - dogs, cats, ferrets 53 3.8 Large mammals - pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses 57 3.9 Non-human primates 61 3.10 Other animals not commonly used for experiments 62 4. -
Methyl Formate
SIGMA-ALDRICH sigma-aldrich.com Material Safety Data Sheet Version 5.0 Revision Date 09/17/2012 Print Date 03/13/2014 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name : Methyl formate Product Number : 291056 Brand : Sigma-Aldrich Supplier : Sigma-Aldrich 3050 Spruce Street SAINT LOUIS MO 63103 USA Telephone : +1 800-325-5832 Fax : +1 800-325-5052 Emergency Phone # (For : (314) 776-6555 both supplier and manufacturer) Preparation Information : Sigma-Aldrich Corporation Product Safety - Americas Region 1-800-521-8956 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Emergency Overview OSHA Hazards Flammable liquid, Target Organ Effect, Harmful by ingestion., Irritant Target Organs Eyes, Kidney GHS Classification Flammable liquids (Category 1) Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4) Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 4) Eye irritation (Category 2A) Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (Category 3) GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements Pictogram Signal word Danger Hazard statement(s) H224 Extremely flammable liquid and vapour. H302 + H332 Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled H319 Causes serious eye irritation. H335 May cause respiratory irritation. Precautionary statement(s) P210 Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. P261 Avoid breathing dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray. P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. HMIS Classification Health hazard: 2 Sigma-Aldrich - 291056 Page 1 of 7 Chronic Health Hazard: * Flammability: 4 Physical hazards: 0 NFPA Rating Health hazard: 2 Fire: 4 Reactivity Hazard: 0 Potential Health Effects Inhalation May be harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. Skin Harmful if absorbed through skin. -
Production of Glycidyl Compounds
Office europeen des brevets (fi) Publication number : 0 491 529 A1 @ EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION @ Application number : 91311630.7 © Int. CI.5: C07D 301/28, C07D 303/24 (22) Date of filing : 13.12.91 (30) Priority : 18.12.90 GB 9027448 (72) Inventor : Thoseby, Michael Robert 29 De Freville Avenue Cambridge (GB) (43) Date of publication of application : Inventor : Rolfe, William Martin 24.06.92 Bulletin 92/26 42 Vetch Walk Haverhill, Suffolk (GB) (S) Designated Contracting States : CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL (74) Representative : Sparrow, Kenneth D. et al CIBA-GEIGY PLC. Patent Department, Central Research, Hulley Road @ Applicant : CIBA-GEIGY AG Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NX (GB) Klybeckstrasse 141 CH-4002 Basel (CH) (54) Production of glycidyl compounds. (57) A process for the production of a glycidyl ether of an alcohol, comprising reacting an alcohol with epichlorohydrin, in substantially the stoichiometric proportions required to pro- duce the 1:1 adduct, in the presence, as catal- yst, of a salt of perchloric acid or trifluoromethane sulphonic acid with a metal of Group IMA of the Periodic Table of Elements (according to the IUPAC 1970 convention) ; and then dehydrochlorinating the product so obtained. CM LU Jouve, 18, rue Saint-Denis, 75001 PARIS 1 EP 0 491 529 A1 2 The present invention relates to a process for the 100 parts by weight of the alcohol reactant. production of glycidyl compounds. The alcohol reactant may be a primary, secon- The addition reaction between epoxides and dary or tertiary alcohol. While monohydric alcohols alcohols, in the presence of a catalyst, to produce an may be used, e.g.