Der Einfluss Von Reziprozitätserwartungen Auf Intergruppales Hilfeverhalten

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Der Einfluss Von Reziprozitätserwartungen Auf Intergruppales Hilfeverhalten 1 Der Einfluss von Reziprozitätserwartungen auf intergruppales Hilfeverhalten Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil) an der Fakultät für Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften der Vorgelegt am 18.05.2013 von Alexander N. Bodansky aus Hamburg Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Stefan Stürmer im Promotionsfach: Psychologie /Sozialpsychologie 2 3 Danksagung An erster Stelle möchte ich mich bei meiner Frau Lisa Bodansky bedanken, die mich durch diese Zeit getragen hat und mir immer wieder den Rücken gestärkt und viel wichtiger noch freigehalten hat. Ohne Ihre Toleranz und ihren Langmut wäre die Zeit in den Zügen (in der der Großteil dieser Arbeit geschrieben wurde) nicht möglich gewesen. Vielen Dank Lisa. An zweiter Stelle möchte ich mich sehr herzlich und persönlich bei meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Stefan Stürmer bedanken, der mir bei der Gestaltung dieser Arbeit mit konstruktiver Kritik und gedanklicher „Nachhilfe“ immer weiter geholfen hat. Er hat mir aber auch als Arbeitgeber die Freiheiten in der Gestaltung meiner Arbeitsweise eingeräumt, die es mir erlaubten, während der Promotionszeit das Heranwachsen von Emilia und Henry nicht nur abstrakt als Wochenendpapa mitzubekommen. Dafür und für seine allgemeine Unterstützung bin ich ihm sehr sehr dankbar. Ein großer Dank geht auch an Anne-Kathrin Rode und Jörn Meyer für das Durcharbeiten der US-Congress-Texte zu Ermittlung der Interraterreliabillität, sowie an Jana Schneider, Tabea Häßler und Isabel Ammon, die mir durch „unendliche und fiese Knechtschaft“ geholfen haben. Sehr großer Dank für die Unterstützung dieser Arbeit gebührt auch Dietlind Voggenreiter. Danke Didi. Weiter möchte ich ich bei meinen KollegenInnen Markus Barth, Katharina Lotz-Schmitt, Birte Siem und Alexandra Babioch bedanken, die mir trotz meines unregelmäßigen Aufenthaltes in Hagen nie das Gefühl vermittelt haben, nicht zum Team dazuzugehören. Speziell Markus bin ich für die Übernachtungen auf dem bequemen Sofa sehr dankbar. Sie erlaubten es mir, dass Übernachtungen im Büro zum Glück eine absolute Seltenheit bleiben konnten. Auch an Prof. Rudi Miller und Birgit Awizio einen großen Dank dafür, dass Sie immer ein offenes Ohr für meine Sorgen hatten. 4 Ebenso großer Dank geht an meinen Cousin Hannes Kastner und seine baldige Frau Liane Moldering für Speise und Lager zunächst im schönen Bochum und später dann in Düsseldorf. Genauso an Uwe Kirschenman im schönen Bonn. Spezieller Dank gebührt auch meiner Familie Ron, Hannelore, Jenny, Carl und Alice Bodansky, Jutta und „Heini“ Schäfer und Irene und Peter Kastner für ihre Unterstützung. Besonders dankbar bin ich Emilia und Henry, die „Papa Hagen“ mitgemacht und ertragen haben. Ein großer Dank auch an Prof. Witte, Prof. Groen und Prof. Degner, die mich in dieser Zeit in Hamburg konstant mit Lehraufträgen versorgt haben und damit die Finanzierung der jährlichen BC100 sicherten. Und zuletzt möchte ich mich bei der Deutschen Bahn AG bedanken, ohne die dieses Projekt niemals hätte wahr werden können. In den Jahren der Promotion hat sie mich absolut zuverlässig vor Wind und Wetter geschützt, mir einen warmen Arbeitsplatz besorgt, mir ermöglicht wunderbare Bekanntschaften mit Anja und Jörn zu schließen und mich absolut zuverlässig von Hamburg nach Hagen und wieder zurück transportiert. In vier Jahren bei im Durchschnitt 2000 Kilometern die Woche und 47 Wochen im Jahr hat sie mich bei einer günstigen Umlaufposition einmal von der Erde bis zum Mond getragen. Vielen Dank für diese logistische Leistung. 5 Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit besteht aus zwei Online-Studien und einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse. In den zwei Online-Studien wurde der Einfluss von Reziprozität und Ähnlichkeit auf bilaterale Hilfe untersucht (bilaterale Hilfe ist eine besondere Form von Hilfeverhalten zwischen Gruppen). Es wurde überprüft, inwiefern Ähnlichkeit zwischen zwei Nationen psychologische Prozesse, die zu bilateraler Hilfe motivieren, moderiert und somit die Wertigkeit von Reziprozität bestimmt. An der ersten Studie nahmen 237, an der zweiten Studie, welche die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie replizieren sollte, 248 deutsche Studierende der Psychologie teil. Sie sollten ihre Reaktionen auf einen fiktiven Zeitungsartikel beschreiben, in dem ein Land von einer Naturkatastrophe heimgesucht worden war. Die Ergebnisse beider Studien zeigten, dass gegenüber einer ähnlichen Nation unabhängig von der Salienz von Reziprozität und damit allgemein von Kosten-und-Nutzen-Erwartungen eine Grundbereitschaft bestand, sich für die Mobilisierung von bilateraler Hilfe einzusetzen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde das Engagement, bilaterale Hilfe für eine unähnliche Nation zu mobilisieren, maßgeblich durch die Salienz von Reziprozität beeinflusst. Denn wenn Reziprozität salient war, wurde signifikant mehr Engagement gegenüber einer unähnlichen Nation gezeigt. Darüber hinaus stützten weiterführende Analysen den vermuteten Zusammenhang, dass bilaterale Hilfe für eine ähnliche Nation eher durch Empathie oder durch die Orientierung an der Bedürftigkeit der ähnlichen Nation vorhergesagt wird. Denn diese beiden Faktoren waren auf der anderen Seite unerheblich, wenn bilaterale Hilfe für eine unähnliche Nation erwogen wurde. Explorative Analysen zeigten weiter, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Ähnlichkeit der Hilfe benötigenden Nation qualitativ unterschiedliche moralische Gedanken mit bilateraler Hilfe verknüpft waren. In einer Inhaltsanalyse der Protokolle des 80th US-Congress aus den Jahren 1947 und 1948 wurden die Diskurse über den Wiederaufbau von Deutschland und Japan miteinander verglichen. Obwohl der Diskurs über Hilfe für das 6 ähnliche Deutschland wesentlich kontroverser geführt wurde als der gleiche Diskurs über Japan, ließen sich wesentliche Unterschiede in den rhetorischen Mobilisierungsversuchen aufzeigen, die darauf hindeuten, dass Hilfe für Deutschland mit der Sorge um das Wohlergehen der Deutschen mobilisiert wurde, während Hilfe für Japan eher durch moralische Überlegungen versucht wurde zu mobilisieren. So war z.B. das Leid der ähnlichen Deutschen Bevölkerung wichtiger Bestandteil des damaligen Diskurses, während das Leid der unähnlichen japanischen Bevölkerung fast keine Bedeutung im Diskurs um deren Wiederaufbau spielte. Weiter wurden Perspektivenübernahmen mit dem Leid der Bevölkerung nur im Diskurs über Deutschland gefunden. Die Verwendung der Argumenttypen kategoriale Inklusion, kategoriale Normen und kategoriale Interessen nach Reicher und Kollegen (Reicher, Cassidy, Wolpert, Hopkins, & Levine, 2006) sowie die allgemeinen Charakterisierungen der beiden Länder und deren Bevölkerungen verwiesen auf stärkere Infra- humansisierungstendenzen gegenüber den unähnlichen Japanern als gegenüber den ähnlichen Deutschen. Diese Befunde stehen im Einklang mit der Theorie zweier unterschiedlicher Prozesse, die in Abhängigkeit von der Ähnlichkeit der potentiell Hilfe erhaltenden Nation jeweils bilaterale Hilfe mobilisieren können (Stürmer & Snyder, 2010b). Sie unterstützten damit die statistisch experimentellen Befunde bezüglich der moderierenden Rolle von Ähnlichkeit. Sie zeigen noch einmal, dass die Wertigkeit von Reziprozität maßgeblich durch die Ähnlichkeit der potentiell Hilfe erhaltenden Nation bestimmt wird. Und diese Ergebnisse erweitern die Befunde der Online- Studien, indem sie zeigen, dass diese unterschiedlichen psychologischen Prozesse auch auf der sprachlichen Ebene namentlich in der Diskussion um bilaterale Hilfe vorhanden sind. In der abschließenden Diskussion wurden Anknüpfungspunkte für zukünftige Forschungsfragen aufgezeigt. Weiter wurde der Anwendungsbezug dieser Arbeit zur Mobilisierung von bilateraler Hilfe deutlich gemacht. 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung..........................................................................................3 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................5 1. Einleitung........................................................................................11 1.1 Phänomen internationale (bilaterale) Hilfe .......................................11 1.2 Klassifikation von internationaler Hilfe.............................................12 1.3 Fokus der Sozialpsychologischen Analyse.........................................15 2. Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen..............................................16 2.1 Begriffliche Grundlagen.................................................................16 2.1.1 Hilfe und internationale (bilaterale) Hilfe....................................16 2.1.2 Gruppe /Nation......................................................................17 2.2 Der soziale Identitätsansatz ..........................................................19 2.2.1 Einführung............................................................................19 2.2.2 Folgen der Kategorisierung......................................................22 2.3 Soziale Identität und Helfen im Intergruppenkontext ........................28 2.3.1 Ausmaß von Hilfe ..................................................................28 2.3.2 Gruppenmitgliedschaft und psychologische Motive......................29 2.3.2.1 Hilfe für Eigengruppenmitglieder.........................................29 2.3.2.2 Hilfe für Fremdgruppenmitlieder.........................................33 2.3.2.3 Konsequenzen dieser unterschiedlichen Prozesse..................37 2.3.2.4 Exkurs I: Biologische Analogie ...........................................39 2.3.2.5 Kulturelle Unähnlichkeiten zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen...41
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