PART I Power & Trade
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Global Encounters and the Archives Global Encounters a Nd the Archives
1 Global Encounters and the Archives Global EncountErs a nd thE archivEs Britain’s Empire in the Age of Horace Walpole (1717–1797) An exhibition at the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University October 20, 2017, through March 2, 2018 Curated by Justin Brooks and Heather V. Vermeulen, with Steve Pincus and Cynthia Roman Foreword On this occasion of the 300th anniversary of Horace In association with this exhibition the library Walpole’s birthday in 2017 and the 100th anniversary will sponsor a two-day conference in New Haven of W.S. Lewis’s Yale class of 2018, Global Encounters on February 9–10, 2018, that will present new and the Archives: Britain’s Empire in the Age of Horace archival-based research on Britain’s global empire Walpole embraces the Lewis Walpole Library’s central in the long eighteenth century and consider how mission to foster eighteenth-century studies through current multi-disciplinary methodologies invite research in archives and special collections. Lewis’s creative research in special collections. bequest to Yale was informed by his belief that “the cynthia roman most important thing about collections is that they Curator of Prints, Drawings and Paintings furnish the means for each generation to make its The Lewis Walpole Library own appraisals.”1 The rich resources, including manuscripts, rare printed texts, and graphic images, 1 W.S. Lewis, Collector’s Progress, 1st ed. (New York: indeed provide opportunity for scholars across Alfred A. Knopf, 1951), 231. academic disciplines to explore anew the complexities and wide-reaching impact of Britain’s global interests in the long eighteenth century Global Encounters and the Archives is the product of a lively collaboration between the library and Yale faculty and graduate students across academic disci- plines. -
Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Subject : History
Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Subject : History Lesson : Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Course Developers Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Prof. Lakshmi Subramaniam Professor, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 and Dynamics of colonial expansion--2: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Sindh, Awadh and the Punjab Dr. Anirudh Deshpande Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Delhi Language Editor: Swapna Liddle Formating Editor: Ashutosh Kumar 1 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Table of contents Chapter 2: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.2.1: Dynamics of colonial expansion - I 2.2.2: Dynamics of colonial expansion – II: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Awadh and the Punjab Summary Exercises Glossary Further readings 2 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Introduction The second half of the 18th century saw the formal induction of the English East India Company as a power in the Indian political system. The battle of Plassey (1757) followed by that of Buxar (1764) gave the Company access to the revenues of the subas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a subsequent edge in the contest for paramountcy in Hindustan. Control over revenues resulted in a gradual shift in the orientation of the Company‟s agenda – from commerce to land revenue – with important consequences. This chapter will trace the development of the Company‟s rise to power in Bengal, the articulation of commercial policies in the context of Mercantilism that developed as an informing ideology in Europe and that found limited application in India by some of the Company‟s officials. -
10 Battles Fought in the Colonial
Battles Fought in the Colonial Era Module - III Military History of the Colonial Era 10 BATTLES FOUGHT IN THE Note COLONIAL ERA In the previous lessons we learnt how the native Indians were recruited in the British Army and the establishment of the three Presidencies. The British wanted to make themselves as the sole rulers in India. Moreover, they also had their differences and animosity with the Dutch and French on matters of trade and commerce. A number of wars were fought between these nations. Let us see the major battles fought by the British in their quest to establish supremacy and domination in India. Objectives After studying this lesson you will be able to: List the Wars fought by the British to establish their power in India. 10.1 The Anglo Dutch Wars The British could not tolerate the presence other Europeans especially the Dutch who were having a great deal of trade when they entered India. It was a kind of business rivalry where the British wanted to have a monopoly on trade. Therefore, to suppress their power the British went to war against the Dutch in India as well as in European seas. There were four Anglo- Dutch Wars between 1652 to 1783.The war between the Dutch and British was mainly over the trade interests and they were entirely naval in character. The First Anglo Dutch War in 1652-1654 was fought in the waters of Goodwin Sands, the Second War in 1665-67, the third war in 1672, and the fourth in 1770-1773. Then there was the Seven Years War (1756-63). -
16. Establishment of British Rule in India Till 1857
MODULE - 3 Modern India 16 Notes ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA TILL 1857 Before the beginning of the formal rule of the Britishers in India, there was a back- ground of Indo-European economic relationship. The British East India Company sometimes referred to as “John Company”, was a Joint- Stock Company established in 1600, as The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. During this time, other trading companies, established by the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Danish were similarly expanding in the region. The British Company gained footing in India in 1612 after Mughal emperor Jahangir granted the rights to establish a factory (a trading post) in Surat to Sir Thomas Roe, a representative diplomat of Queen Elizabeth Ist of England. The formal British rule in India is under- stood to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company. Henceforth the British Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to a political entity which virtually ruled India. Now it acquired auxiliary governmental and military func- tions, until its dissolution in 1858 when, consequent to the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: learn the European commercial and political stakes in India. the reasons for the conflicts between the English and the French in India in the 18th Century. know the growth of British power in Bengal. understand the expansion of British Power in India. -
Patriotic Pepper: the Economics of Revolution in Colonial Mahé
Patriotic Pepper: The Economics of Revolution in Colonial Mahé “Everyone in Paris, Lorient, and even Pondicherry told me that that little comptoir was nothing; that one would never achieve anything there.”1 Such were the warnings conveyed to Pierre-Antoine Duprat in 1772. Freshly commissioned as a colonel in the French army, Duprat had received an unenviable assignment: he was to serve as governor of Mahé, a small French trading post—or comptoir—on the southwestern (Malabar) coast of India. Mahé was remote, poor, and vulnerable; a forgotten outpost in a forgotten corner of France’s colonial empire. Administered first by the Compagnie des Indes (the French East India Company), and then directly by the crown after the Company’s dissolution in 1769, the settlement occasionally proved out of sync with the rhythms of France’s other factory-towns in India. The town remained neutral, for example, when France and Britain formally declared war during the 1740s, dividing shares of the local pepper trade with its British rivals while conflict raged across the other comptoirs.2 Isolation bred peculation and unrest. Reports of corruption within Mahé abounded, while contentious political conditions in the region surrounding the town limited its opportunities for growth. During his journey to India, Duprat heard the same opinion in every port: even the ablest administrator could not rescue the comptoir from its enduring state of mediocrity. These claims resonate within the historiography of France’s colonial empire, which has consistently consigned Mahé to the margins. The very conditions that seemed to have limited Mahé’s development, however, offer valuable insight into the dynamics of power operating within France’s Indian settlements in the final decades of the Old The author would like to thank the History Project and the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) for its generous support of this project. -
Carnatic Wars Or Anglo-French Wars
CARNATIC WARS OR ANGLO-FRENCH WARS First Carnatic War (1740-48) Background Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its hinterland. The First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused by the Austrian War of Succession. Immediate Cause Although France, conscious of its relatively weaker position in India, did not favour an extension of hostilities to India, the English navy under Barnet seized some French ships to provoke France. France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 with the help of the fleet from Mauritius, the Isle of France, under Admiral La Bourdonnais, the French governor of Mauritius. Thus began the first Carnatic War. Result The First Carnatic War ended in 1748 when the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle was signed bringing the Austrian War of Succession to a conclusion. Under the terms of this treaty, Madras was handed back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North America. Significance The First Carnatic War is remembered for the Battle of St. Thome (in Madras) fought between the French forces and the forces of Anwar-ud- din, the Nawab of Carnatic, to whom the English appealed for help. A small French army under Captain Paradise defeated the strong Indian army under Mahfuz Khan at St. Thome on the banks of the River Adyar. This was an eye-opener for the Europeans in India: it revealed that even a small disciplined army could easily defeat a much larger Indian army. Further, this war adequately brought out the importance of naval force in the Anglo-French conflict in the Deccan. -
The Carnatic Wars
The Carnatic Wars drishtiias.com/printpdf/the-carnatic-wars Though the British and the French came to India for trading proposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India. Both had visions for establishing political power over the region. The Anglo-French rivalry in India reflected the traditional rivalry of England and France throughout their histories. Specifically, in India, the rivalry, in the form of three Carnatic wars decided once for all the English and not French were the more suitable ones to establish their rule all over India. First Carnatic War (1740-48) Background: Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its hinterland. The First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused by the Austrian War of Succession. The First Carnatic War is remembered for the Battle of St. Thome (in Madras) fought between the French forces and the forces of Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic, to whom the English appealed for help. The War of Austrian Succession 1/7 Between 1740 and 1748, most of Europe’s great powers were involved in a conflict caused by the question of Maria Theresa’s succession to the Austrian Habsburg crown. The war involved all of Europe, with France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria and Saxony arrayed against Austria and Britain. The first two series of wars, the First Silesian War (1740–42) and the Second Silesian War (1744–45) were centered around Austria and Prussia. The third war was centred on the continued conflict between France and Britain over colonial possessions in India and North America. -
Early European Settlements in India Unit Structure 1.1
UNIT 1 : EARLY EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA UNIT STRUCTURE 1.1 Learning Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Advent of the Early European in India 1.3.1 The Portuguese 1.3.2 The Dutch 1.3.3 The Danes 1.3.4 The English 1.3.5 The French 1.4 Anglo-French Conflicts 1.4.1 First Carnatic War 1.4.2 Second Carnatic War 1.4.3 Third Carnatic war 1.5 Joseph Francois Dupleix 1.5.1 Causes for the failure of Dupleix 1.6 Let us sum up 1.7 Further reading 1.8 Answers to check your progress 1.9 Model questions 1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES : After going through this unit, you will be able to :- Know the discovery of direct new sea route between India and West ern World. Explain the direct commercial and diplomatic communication be- tween India and Western World. Discuss the commercial rivalry among the European Powers in India and later colonial supremacy of British in India. History (Block 1) 5 Unit 1 Early European Settlements in India 1.2 INTRODUCTION : This is the first unit of this course. In this unit, we are going to dis- cuss the discovery of new Sea route to India by Portuguese navigator, Vasco-da-Gama in 1498. We know that the Portuguese were the first to trade with India and after this discovery; a new chapter in the history of India began. After them, the Dutch, the British and the French. They were involved in commercial rivalries with each other in India. There was a tough struggle for supremacy between the French and the British and eventually the British came out successful. -
Unit 8 the British.Iw Eastern India up to Buxar
UNIT 8 THE BRITISH.IW EASTERN INDIA UP TO BUXAR Structure Objectives Introduction Bengal Before the British Conquest The British Conquest of Bengal. 1757-65 8.3.1 Siraj-uddaula and the British 8.3.2 Mir Jafar and the British 8.3.3 Mir Kasim and the British 8.3.4 After Mir Kasim Explanation for the Political Transformation Significance of British Success Let Us Sum Up Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises. 8.0 OBJECTIVES The history of British domination in India started with the subjugation of Bengal to the British imperialist system. After reading this Unit you will be able to : understand the baclcground of the British conquest of Bengal, - .learn about the transformation of power from the Bengal Nawabs to the British authority, and explain the factors that led to this transformation of power and its significance. 8.1 INTRODUCTION This Unit introduces you to the gradual transfer of power from the Nawabs to the British in Bengal during the period 1757 to 1765. You have got some idea about the subjugation of Bengal to the British imperial system in Unit 2 of Block 1. In this Unit an attempt has been made to show that it was mainly the commercial rivalry between the British and the Bengal Nawabs which largely decided the course of events in the 1750s. The personal failure of any Yawab was not an important decisive factor for this development, as some historians have tried to establish. However, the degeneration in the administration that started in the 18th century had PO doubt contributed to the final collapse of the independent Bengal polity. -
Dynamics of Colonial Expansion--1
Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 Subject: History Unit: Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Lesson: Dynamics of Colonial Expansion--1 Lesson Developer : Dr. Anirudh Deshpande College/Department : Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Delhi Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 Table of contents Chapter 2: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power • 2.2.1: Dynamics of colonial expansion - I • Summary • Exercises • Glossary • Further readings Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 2.2.1: The dynamics of expansion in the 18th century Background and salient features The death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 was followed by a rapid disintegration of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the 18th century. The second half of the 18th century witnessed the rise of British power in India. The 18th century was also marked by the rise of several regional powers in south Asia like the Marathas, Durranis, Sikhs, Mysore, Hyderabad, Awadh and Bengal. Close to the crumbling centre of the Empire were the Jats based in Bharatpur and Deeg, and the major Rajasthan states. Another important regional power was Rohilkhand founded by the Pathan warrior Ali Muhammad Khan after the invasion of Nadir Shah left Mughal control over the area in tatters. Some of these states, like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad were successor states of the Mughal empire founded by Mughal subedars (provincial governors) who became practically independent. The Marathas, Sikhs and Jats are examples of regional polities created by large scale rebellions and protracted wars against the Mughals. -
Revisiting the East India Company's 1767
1 ‘Neither the Hills nor Rivers will Obstruct’: Revisiting the East India Company’s 1767 Expedition to Nepal. Samuel Mark Ellis Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2019 2 Statement of Academic Integrity The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Sam Ellis to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by Sam Ellis in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Andrea Major and Kevin Linch, my examiners Elisabeth Leake and Jon Wilson, my partner Olivia Reilly, my friends and family, and my study companion Brontë the dog. 4 Abstract This thesis challenges existing nationalist and colonialist interpretations of the 1767 expedition to Nepal on behalf of the British East India Company, and those encounters that followed before the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-1816. The thesis then posits an alternative interpretation that explores the agency and influence of previously neglected, marginalized figures, by drawing upon the works and criticisms of postcolonial/decolonial approaches and Subaltern Studies, and new interpretative frameworks pioneered by borderlands studies.1 Marginalized historical agents played a significant role within the events of 1767, determining the expedition’s outcome and influencing subsequent approaches. -
Third Carnatic War [NCERT Notes on Modern Indian History for UPSC]
UPSC Civil Services Examination UPSC Notes [GS-I] Topic: Battle of Wandiwash - Third Carnatic War [NCERT Notes on Modern Indian History for UPSC] The battle of Wandiwash was an attempt by the French to acquire the Fort of Vandavasi present in Tamil Nadu. This attempt was foiled by the British Forces under the command of British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote which led to the Battle of Wandiwash or Third Carnatic War. Third Carnatic War – Details Facts about the Third Carnatic War or Battle of Wandiwash Fought between: The French and the British People involved: Count de Lally (French General), British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote When: 1758 – 1763 Where: Carnatic, South India Result: British victory Course of the Third Carnatic War The Seven Year’s War broke out in Europe and once again England and France were pitted against one another. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British forces wrested Chandannagar (in Bengal) from the French. The French, under Count de Lally, captured Fort St. George and attacked the English to acquire Madras. But he was defeated by English forces under Sir Eyre Coote in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. The French lost their Indian possessions including Pondicherry, Mahe, Gingee and Karaikal to the British. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. As per the Treaty, Chandannagar and Pondicherry were returned to France but they were barred from fortifying them or having troops in them. They could only have trading activities. Third Carnatic War Results Effects of the Third Carnatic War French hopes of building an empire in India were completely dashed.