DOCSLIB.ORG

Butterflies Combine a Restricted Set of Pigmentary and Structural Coloration Mechanisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Butterflies Combine a Restricted Set of Pigmentary and Structural Coloration Mechanisms UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ng358c6 Journal BMC evolutionary biology, 17(1) ISSN 1471-2148 Authors Wilts, Bodo D Vey, Aidan JM Briscoe, Adriana D et al. Publication Date 2017-11-21 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1073-1 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Wilts et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:226 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1073-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms Bodo D. Wilts1,2* , Aidan J. M. Vey1, Adriana D. Briscoe3 and Doekele G. Stavenga1 Abstract Background: Longwing butterflies, Heliconius sp., also called heliconians, are striking examples of diversity and mimicry in butterflies. Heliconians feature strongly colored patterns on their wings, arising from wing scales colored by pigments and/or nanostructures, which serve as an aposematic signal. Results: Here, we investigate the coloration mechanisms among several species of Heliconius by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry, and imaging scatterometry. We identify seven kinds of colored scales within Heliconius whose coloration is derived from pigments, nanostructures or both. In yellow-, orange- and red-colored wing patches, both cover and ground scales contain wavelength-selective absorbing pigments, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthommatin and/or dihydroxanthommatin. In blue wing patches, the cover scales are blue either due to interference of light in the thin-film lower lamina (e.g., H. doris) or in the multilayered lamellae in the scale ridges (so-called ridge reflectors, e.g., H. sara and H. erato); the underlying ground scales are black. In the white wing patches, both cover and ground scales are blue due to their thin-film lower lamina, but because they are stacked upon each other and at the wing substrate, a faint bluish to white color results. Lastly, green wing patches (H. doris) have cover scales with blue-reflecting thin films and short-wavelength absorbing 3-OH-kynurenine, together causing a green color. Conclusions: The pigmentary and structural traits are discussed in relation to their phylogenetic distribution and the evolution of vision in this highly interesting clade of butterflies. Keywords: Light scattering, Signaling, Thin films, Nymphalidae, Ommochromes, Aposematism, Butterflies Background since most butterflies fold their wings above the body when The colorful wings of butterflies have long caught the at rest, so that only the ventral wing sides are visible [5–7]. eye of natural biologists [1]. Butterfly wing coloration The often brightly-colored dorsal wing sides predominantly patterns have numerous functions, including mate function in intra-specific communication, which however attraction and identification, concealment, and warning can also make the butterflies highly visible to predators. (aposematic) signaling [2–4]. Because wing coloration Aposematic species, displaying visible warning colors [2, 3], often plays multiple functions simultaneously [5], a pos- are often involved in complex mimicry ‘rings,where’ sible conflict exists between the expression of the multiple species converge on a similar coloration pattern different ways of signaling, which can be overcome by [3, 4, 8, 9]. Such mimicry has clear fitness advantages, as spatially or dynamically separating the color signals. For the participating species all benefit from looking alike. instance, the coloration of the ventral wing side is com- However, in order to successfully reproduce, members of monly involved in predator avoidance (e.g. by camouflage), species involved in mimicry rings must be able to distin- guish conspecifics from heterospecifics [10, 11]. * Correspondence: [email protected] The mechanisms underlying coloration are usually dis- 1Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University tinguished in having a physical or chemical basis. Physical of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands colors are created by orderly arranged nanostructures, and 2Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland chemical colors are due to wavelength-selective absorbing Full list of author information is available at the end of the article pigments. The various physical and chemical mechanisms © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Wilts et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:226 Page 2 of 12 contributing to butterfly wing coloration are often consid- Rica Entomological Supply, Costa Rica) or were from ered to operate separately from each other [12], but some- the collection of the National Museum of Natural times pigmentary and structural coloration combine History Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. Photographs non-trivially [13–15]. For example, in the wings of cab- of pinned specimens were taken with a Nikon D70 bage whites (pierids), the UV-absorbing pigment leucop- equipped with an F70 macro objective lens and a Nikon terin, causing low wing reflectance in the ultraviolet, is SB-800 ring flash. located in densely packed, ellipsoidal-shaped beads in the wing scales that serve to enhance the scattering in the (for Scanning electron microscopy humans) visible wavelength range, resulting in brilliant The morphological structure of wing scales was visualized white wings [14, 16, 17]. Birdwing butterflies with a Tescan Mira 3 field-emission scanning electron (Ornithoptera) have extremely colorful wings due to microscope (SEM), using samples sputtered with a ~3 nm specially-structured wing scales, which contain papi- thick layer of platinum/palladium (80:20 wt%). liochrome pigments acting as a spectral filter on a chirped multilayer reflector, thus tuning the scale Imaging scatterometry color [15]. In the nymphaline peacock butterfly, We applied imaging scatterometry to visualize the far- Aglais io, the cover scales in the blue eyespots at the field angular distribution of the light scattered from sin- dorsal wings are blue due to the lower lamina acting gle scales (2–5 scales per specimen), glued at the end of as a blue-reflecting thin film [18]. The ground scales pulled glass micropipettes [25, 26]. The sample was posi- in the eyespots are black, because of highly concen- tioned in the first focal point of the scatterometer’s trated melanin, thus serving as a contrast enhancing ellipsoidal mirror, which collects light from a full hemi- background. However, when the ground scales have sphere. A xenon lamp was used for illumination, produ- the same structure as the blue cover scales, the stack cing a narrow aperture beam (5°) and a small spot size of scales together with the wing substrate create a (diameter ~30 μm). A piece of magnesium oxide served faint-bluish or even whitish color [18]. as a white diffuse reference object. Scatterogram images Here, we investigate the spectral properties of several were acquired by an Olympus DP70 camera and were Heliconius species in order to identify the main pigmen- subsequently corrected for geometrical distortions using tary and structural mechanisms that determine the wing a Matlab routine. coloration patterns. Heliconians present an attractive study system, because the coloration of many species is Spectrometry bright and simple-patterned. Furthermore, the genetic Reflectance spectra of intact wings (average of 2–5 indi- processes that determine the wing coloration and the vidual spectra of all 12 investigated species) were mea- role of color in the ecology of the species in this group sured with a bifurcated probe linked to a halogen/ have been well studied [2, 9, 10, 19, 20]. Heliconius spe- deuterium light source and an Avantes AvaSpec-2048-2 cies further present the prime example of aposematic (Avantes, Apeldoorn, NL) CCD detector array spectrom- coloration, rapid speciation and the presence of eter. The angle of illumination was about normal with Müllerian mimicry rings [2, 21–23]. To elucidate the respect to the wing surface. A microspectrophotometer spectral properties of heliconian butterfly wing scales, (MSP), consisting of a Leitz Ortholux microscope and we applied various optical methods as well as electron the Avantes spectrometer, was used to measure reflect- microscopy. We place the study in a phylogenetic ance spectra from both sides of single scales (abwing – context in order to demonstrate how some coloration upper side; adwing – lower side), which were removed mechanisms are restricted to certain taxa, while others are from the wing and glued to the tip of pulled glass widespread. We highlight the value of using reflectance pipettes. A white diffuse standard (Avantes WS-2) spectrometry to quantify and distinguish the spectral was used as a reference
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Longwing (Heliconius) Butterflies Combine a Restricted Set of Pigmentary and Structural Coloration Mechanisms Bodo D
    Wilts et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:226 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1073-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms Bodo D. Wilts1,2* , Aidan J. M. Vey1, Adriana D. Briscoe3 and Doekele G. Stavenga1 Abstract Background: Longwing butterflies, Heliconius sp., also called heliconians, are striking examples of diversity and mimicry in butterflies. Heliconians feature strongly colored patterns on their wings, arising from wing scales colored by pigments and/or nanostructures, which serve as an aposematic signal. Results: Here, we investigate the coloration mechanisms among several species of Heliconius by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry, and imaging scatterometry. We identify seven kinds of colored scales within Heliconius whose coloration is derived from pigments, nanostructures or both. In yellow-, orange- and red-colored wing patches, both cover and ground scales contain wavelength-selective absorbing pigments, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthommatin and/or dihydroxanthommatin. In blue wing patches, the cover scales are blue either due to interference of light in the thin-film lower lamina (e.g., H. doris) or in the multilayered lamellae in the scale ridges (so-called ridge reflectors, e.g., H. sara and H. erato); the underlying ground scales are black. In the white wing patches, both cover and ground scales are blue due to their thin-film lower lamina, but because they are stacked upon each other and at the wing substrate, a faint bluish to white color results. Lastly, green wing patches (H. doris) have cover scales with blue-reflecting thin films and short-wavelength absorbing 3-OH-kynurenine, together causing a green color.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetics and Evolution of Iridescent Structural Colour in Heliconius Butterflies
    The genetics and evolution of iridescent structural colour in Heliconius butterflies Melanie N. Brien A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Science Department of Animal & Plant Sciences Submission Date August 2019 1 2 Abstract The study of colouration has been essential in developing key concepts in evolutionary biology. The Heliconius butterflies are well-studied for their diverse aposematic and mimetic colour patterns, and these pigment colour patterns are largely controlled by a small number of homologous genes. Some Heliconius species also produce bright, highly reflective structural colours, but unlike pigment colour, little is known about the genetic basis of structural colouration in any species. In this thesis, I aim to explore the genetic basis of iridescent structural colour in two mimetic species, and investigate its adaptive function. Using experimental crosses between iridescent and non-iridescent subspecies of Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene, I show that iridescent colour is a quantitative trait by measuring colour variation in offspring. I then use a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping approach to identify loci controlling the trait in the co-mimics, finding that the genetic basis is not the same in the two species. In H. erato, the colour is strongly sex-linked, while in H. melpomene, we find a large effect locus on chromosome 3, plus a number of putative small effect loci in each species. Therefore, iridescence in Heliconius is not an example of repeated gene reuse. I then show that both iridescent colour and pigment colour are sexually dimorphic in H.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies and Pollination Welcome!
    BUTTERFLIES AND POLLINATION Welcome! Welcome to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden! We ask that you please read the following rules to your group before you begin your visit. • Stay with your group during your entire visit. • Respect our wildlife; do not touch, chase, or feed the animals. • Walk only on designated paths or grass. • Do not climb trees or pick flowers or fruits from plants. • Keep your voices low to respect other guests. • Self-guided groups are not allowed at the Garden Cafe, in the Gift Shop or on the Tram. In your backpack, you will find the materials needed for this program. Before leaving the Garden, we ask you to please ensure that all the materials are back in this backpack. At the end of your visit, return this backpack to the Visitor Center. If any materials are lost or damaged, the cost will be deducted from your deposit. ACTIVITY SUPPLIES: • 3 Butterfly Program booklets Butterfly Background Information Activities • Comparing Butterflies and Moths pictures - 10 • Butterfly vs. Moth Venn Diagramworksheets - 10 • Butterfly Life Cycle worksheets - 10 • Butterfly Antomy worksheets - 10 Lisa D. Anness Butterfly Garden • Lepidopterist For A Day worksheets - 10 • South Florida Butterfly Guides - 10 Wings of the Tropics: Butterfly Conservatory • Wings of the Tropics Butterfly Guide - 6 • Exotic Butterflies in the Wings of the Tropics Conservatory - 6 • Butterfly Behavior Guide - 6 Whitman Tropical Fruit Pavilion • Pollination Match cards - 3 sets of 12 cards • Optional: clipboards - 10 Get Started 1. Review the Introduction, Vocabulary List, activity descriptions, and butterfly field guides included in the backpack. If you are going to the butterfly conservatory please review the Wings of the Tropics: Butterfly Conservatory Guidelines with your students before entering the butterfly conservatory.
    [Show full text]
  • Jonas James Goodwin
    University of Otago ! Discovering Nature through Mobile Gaming Jonas James Goodwin A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Communication Centre for Science Communication, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand March, 2016 ! ABSTRACT Casual video games and nature outreach face similar challenges when engaging audiences, and may have much to offer one another from within their respective realms. The aims of this project were to examine casual mobile video games as a means of encouraging engagement with nature, as well as whether factual content has a place within the non-serious gaming industry. This was achieved through two studies using the commercially successful free-to-play game Flutter: Butter*ly Sanctuary. Quantitative player metrics and qualitative self-report methods drew results from over 180,000 active players and were used to assess engagement through sub-factors relating to learning and interest. While a direct measure of learning remained elusive, an analysis of metrics results revealed players to be performing very well at identifying species within the context of the game. Supporting survey analyses revealed Flutter to extend interest in butterFlies beyond the game with some groups. Additional results revealed players to be engaging with the factual content, and identifying it as a positive factor when making decisions about sharing and spending. It was also revealed that many players had difFiculty distinguishing non-factual from factual elements within the game. On the basis of these results, I conclude that games like Flutter may help sustain engagement with real world content, which in turn can be responsibly utilised by game developers to engage and offer depth to their audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Botany & Zology
    Online ISSN : 2249-4626 Print ISSN : 0975-5896 DOI : 10.17406/GJSFR DiversityofButterflies RevisitingMelaninMetabolism InfluenceofHigh-FrequencyCurrents GeneticStructureofSitophilusZeamais VOLUME20ISSUE4VERSION1.0 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Botany & Zology Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Botany & Zology Volume 20 Issue 4 (Ver. 1.0) Open Association of Research Society Global Journals Inc. © Global Journal of Science (A Delaware USA Incorporation with “Good Standing”; Reg. Number: 0423089) Frontier Research. 2020 . Sponsors:Open Association of Research Society Open Scientific Standards All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in version 1.0 Publisher’s Headquarters office of “Global Journal of Science Frontier Research.” By Global Journals Inc. Global Journals ® Headquarters All articles are open access articles distributed 945th Concord Streets, under “Global Journal of Science Frontier Research” Framingham Massachusetts Pin: 01701, Reading License, which permits restricted use. United States of America Entire contents are copyright by of “Global USA Toll Free: +001-888-839-7392 Journal of Science Frontier Research” unless USA Toll Free Fax: +001-888-839-7392 otherwise noted on specific articles. No part of this publication may be reproduced Offset Typesetting or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including G lobal Journals Incorporated photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written 2nd, Lansdowne, Lansdowne Rd., Croydon-Surrey, permission. Pin: CR9 2ER, United Kingdom The opinions and statements made in this book are those of the authors concerned. Packaging & Continental Dispatching Ultraculture has not verified and neither confirms nor denies any of the foregoing and no warranty or fitness is implied.
    [Show full text]
  • BOCAS DEL TORO ARCHIPELAGO FIELD REPORT March 23 – April 1, 2018 by Jeri M
    BOCAS DEL TORO ARCHIPELAGO FIELD REPORT March 23 – April 1, 2018 By Jeri M. Langham Tranquilo Bay Eco Adventure Lodge was built on Bastimentos Island adjacent to the large Parque Nacional Isla Bastimentos in Panama’s Bocas del Toro Archipelago. I scouted this location in January 2011 and immediately knew it was a fantastic location for VENT tours. Participants also have opportunities to snorkel, kayak, visit the bat cave, paddleboard, fish and/or swim in the warm Caribbean waters. Our group of seven participants, two owners, two staff members and me © Jay Viola An enticing example of what awaits visitors to this marvelous birding paradise can be found in excerpts taken from the Journal I write during every tour and later e-mail to all participants. These are from my 11-page Journal for the March 2018 tour. After a 45-minute flight from Panama City to Bocas del Toro, we were met by Jay Viola, one of the three owners of Tranquilo Bay Eco Adventure Lodge and soon were loaded on the boat and headed toward Bastimentos Island, home of Tranquilo Bay Eco Adventure Lodge. On the way we picked up Magnificent Frigatebird and Pomarine Jaeger. We settled into our cabanas and then met on the lodge porch and birded from here, the porch of one of the cabanas on top of the hill, and also along a winding rainforest trail. Top of the list was my first White-tailed Kite for the property. Rufous-tailed Hummingbird was the most common, but we also added Bananaquit, Blue-black Grosbeak, Black-cheeked Woodpecker, Yellow-bellied Elaenia, Red-lored Parrot, White-crowned and Pale-vented pigeons, and male and female Masked and Black-headed tityras.
    [Show full text]
  • K & K Imported Butterflies
    K & K Imported Butterflies www.importedbutterflies.com Ken Werner Owners Kraig Anderson 4075 12 TH AVE NE 12160 Scandia Trail North Naples Fl. 34120 Scandia, MN. 55073 239-353-9492 office 612-961-0292 cell 239-404-0016 cell 651-269-6913 cell 239-353-9492 fax 651-433-2482 fax [email protected] [email protected] Other companies Gulf Coast Butterflies Spineless Wonders Supplier of Consulting and Construction North American Butterflies of unique Butterfly Houses, and special events Exotic Butterfly and Insect list North American Butterfly list This a is a complete list of K & K Imported Butterflies We are also in the process on adding new species, that have never been imported and exhibited in the United States You will need to apply for an interstate transport permit to get the exotic species from any domestic distributor. We will be happy to assist you in any way with filling out the your PPQ526 Thank You Kraig and Ken There is a distinction between import and interstate permits. The two functions/activities can not be on one permit. You are working with an import permit, thus all of the interstate functions are blocked. If you have only a permit to import you will need to apply for an interstate transport permit to get the very same species from a domestic distributor. If you have an import permit (or any other permit), you can go into your ePermits account and go to my applications, copy the application that was originally submitted, thus a Duplicate application is produced. Then go into the "Origination Point" screen, select the "Change Movement Type" button.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Butterflies from District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
    Journal on New Biological Reports ISSN 2319 – 1104 (Online) JNBR 4(2) 139 – 148 (2015) Published by www.researchtrend.net Diversity of Butterflies from District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India Saveena Bogtapa High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Saproon, Solan (Himachal Pradesh), India *Corresponding author: [email protected] | Received: 27 May 2015 | Accepted: 15 June 2015 | ABSTRACT Solan district is situated in the northeast region of Himachal Pradesh. During the present study, One hundred and five species of butterflies belonging to 5 families of 72 genera are recorded. The most abundant family is Nymphalidae followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperidae, Pieridae and Papilionidae. Analysis of these species for abundance revealed that 54 species (51.42%) were common, 16 (15.23%) fairly common, 22 (20.9%) uncommon and 13 (12.38%) were rare. Moreover, 13 species were placed under Wild Life Protection Act (1972). The relative percentage of scheduled species is maximum in Lycaenidae (5.71%) followed by Nymphalidae (4.76 %), Hesperidae is equal to Papilionidae (0.95%) and lastly Pieridae (0%). Key Words: Lepidoptera, butterflies, district Solan, diversity, scheduled species. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Among insects, the order Lepidoptera is the third Study Area largest insect order which comprises butterflies and moths. It comprises 1, 57,424 species out of which The present study was taken at district Solan which lies at 30.90◦ North and 77.09◦ East of Himachal 16,440 are butterflies belonging to super family 2 Papilionoidea. In India, 1502 species of butterflies Pradesh. The area covers 1936 km and nestles in while in Himachal only 288 species are reported till Siwalik ranges of Himalaya with dominant Chir date.
    [Show full text]
  • Annualreportofdi51fiel.Pdf
    CI 11 L I Sj o I :, CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its nmewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. Theft/ mutilation, and underiining of boolcs are reasons for disciplinary action and may result In dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILIINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MAft 7 1995 FPR 1 3 IC35 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. LI 62 LIBUKY UNIVERS/ry OF y ILLINOIS UftSANA Field Museum of Natural History. ?> Publication i86. Report Series. Vol. V, No. i. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF trustees FOR THE YEAR 191 5. # fHfc UHHmY Of- 8 HI: Chicago, U. S. A. -- >d2. 1942 January, 191 6. UNIVERSITY Of lUiNOli^ riflO MUiCUM 0> MATUHAL HlfTOKV RCPORTS, PlATf I. THE LATE NORMAS B. RLav An Incorporator antl Trustee of tl Field Museum of Natural History. Publication i86. Report Series. Vol. V, No. i. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF trustees FOR THE YEAR 1915. Chicago, U. S. A. fHfc IJBhAKV Ul- Hit January, 19 1 6. OEC 2 2 1942 UNIVERSITY Of Uimi^ /- /S \c\ j 5^ CONTENTS Page Board of Trustees 2 Officers and Committees 3 Staff of the Museum 4 Report of the Director 5 Maintenance 7 Publications 8 Mailing List 8 Library 9 Cataloguing, Inventorying, and Labeling lo Accessions 12 Expeditions and Field Work 19 Installation and Permanent Improvement 20 The N.
    [Show full text]
  • Timothy Wong Biologist II, Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118
    Birds vs. Butterflies: Exhibiting Tropical Passerines and Lepidoptera in the Osher Rainforest Exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences Timothy Wong Biologist II, Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118 The Osher Rainforest exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences houses a mixed species display of birds, butterflies, tropical plants, reptiles, fish, and amphibians in a spherical glass greenhouse. The exhibit was designed to house a diverse and naturalistic selection of species originating from rainforest habitats around the world; providing unique challenges for husbandry staff to successfully display a diverse selection of tropical Lepidoptera with insectivorous Passerine species chosen for exhibit. Photo 1: Paradise Tanager Tangara chilensis Photo 2: Heliconius hecale nectaring ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Introduction Displaying live tropical butterflies successfully with insectivorous birds naturally poses many challenges. Since opening in 2008, the species of exhibit butterflies remained relatively unchanged resulting in regular predation and fewer butterflies on display. In 2017, the exhibit underwent significant renovations to improve how visitors experienced live butterflies, creating opportunities to make changes to husbandry, improve the habitat, and try new species of butterflies at elevated numbers while maintaining compatibility with the existing bird collection. These changes aimed to increase the survivability and maximize the diversity of butterflies on display. New feeding
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Genome Size Diversity in Invertebrates
    PATTERNS OF GENOME SIZE DIVERSITY IN INVERTEBRATES: CASE STUDIES ON BUTTERFLIES AND MOLLUSCS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by PAOLA DIAS PORTO PIEROSSI In partial fulfilment of requirements For the degree of Master of Science April, 2011 © Paola Dias Porto Pierossi, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-82784-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-82784-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Name Common Name Distribution, Notes Food Plant Family NYMPHALIDAE: 430 Species BRUSHFOOTS
    Scientific Name Common Name Distribution, notes Food Plant Family NYMPHALIDAE: 430 species BRUSHFOOTS Subfamily Libytheinae: 1 species Snouts Libytheana carinenta mexicana American Snout Libytheana carinenta larvata American Snout NE Mexico Libytheana carinenta streckeri American Snout NW Mexico Subfamily Danainae: 6 species Monarch and relatives Anetia thirza thirza Cloud-forest King Lycorea halia atergatis Tiger Mimic-Queen "cleobaea" Lycorea ilione albescens Clearwing Mimic-Queen Danaus plexippus plexippus Monarch Danaus gilippus thersippus Queen Danaus eresimus montezuma Soldier Subfamily Ithomiinae: 36 species Clearwings and Tigerwings Tithorea harmonia hippothous Harmonia Tigerwing E Mexico Tithorea harmonia salvadoris Harmonia Tigerwing W Mexico Tithorea tarricina duenna Cream-spotted Tigerwing Aeria eurimedia pacifica Pacific Tigerwing Olyras theon Rusty Tigerwing Melinaea lilis imitata Mimic Tigerwing S and E Mexico Melinaea lilis flavicans Mimic Tigerwing NW Mexico Thyridia psidii melantho Melantho Tigerwing Mechanitis lysimnia utemaia Lysimnia Tigerwing Mechanitis menapis doryssus Menapis Tigerwing Mechanitis polymnia lycidice Polymnia Tigerwing Napeogenes tolosa tolosa Tolosa Tigerwing Hypothyris euclea valora Euclea Tigerwing Hypothyris lycaste dionaea Lycaste Tigerwing Ithomia leila Leila’s Clearwing Ithomia patilla Patilla Clearwing Hyposcada virginiana virginiana Virginiana Clearwing Oleria paula Paula’s Clearwing Oleria zea zea Zea Clearwing E Mexico Oleria zea diazi 'Rusted' Zea Clearwing W Mexico Ceratinia tutia (Mexican
    [Show full text]