Global Potential of Hypersalinity Osmotic Power

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. salinity power, we have examined There natural water domains; renewable energy, unparallel to all conventional practices. It is a technology that Our osmotic salinity political vengeance, as some claims UN desig Lake Urmia and convert salty and Amu Darya rivers to plant crops east of the Regarding the second factor, developing MIK Technology management and availability of high osmotic potential determine the validity of large scale salinity power generation system. permeated water to drive a power generation turbine. semipermeable membrane and salty water along the opposite side of the membrane and using the Simplistically, osmotic power can be generated by running fresh water on one side of a potential. gradient, the higher is the osmotic semipermeable membrane. force of the flow solute is less concentrated to a solution in which ionic solute is more concentrated. The driving permeable to water but impermeable to solute. Water moves from a solution in which ionic Osmosis is the spontaneous movement energy deficit. the world‘s exceedingly demand for energy annually of source of energy. process Seawater Osmotic Power Reality on January 31, 2010 In our article Urmia Lake large scale for salinity power generation and its innovative water technologies for human welfare. Abstract: J u l this natural source y

, are

2 o 0 .

f mixing river and ocean water

nated national park dusty barren land of the Aral Sea 1

Global Potential

movement is the difference in the chemical potential on the two sides of the efficient use Many writers and researchers enthusiastically point

power patent range for generating anywhere water chemical dissimilarity ex Maher Kelada do not the The higher the chemical potential, meaning the higher the ionic systems

fresh water for industrial and agricultural development

’s to its death it does not make any sense to convert the water of Syr Darya and

of our

believe that salinity power generation concept. Australia

pending pressure; and identified

worldwide and in our endeavor are presented energy (

global http://www.solgunaz.com/S.Azerbaijan/Urmu_Lake.htm natur source in nature of

MIK Technology of water, through a semipermeable membrane s .

, Such for generating a meaningful amount of renewable Hypersalinity al water resources. . Similarly, it does not make sense to dam Chot

technology

such potential.

Caspian Sea for profit and in the process creating a amounts to and consequently the higher

By actions t el Djerid any low density some of those . These include the Great This article briefly discusses

system

. T Specific Economica ,

become appalling has we discussed 1,600 he second factor is

Houston, Texas T spark

unisia designed accordingly Osmotic Power chemical potential These two factors are the basis for 1,700 power generation exam high ed lly ists or potentially

and

a unique vision in the field of ,

to exploit the potential

TeraWat

potential systems (Table two predominant factors is the the deficiency of the

out The first Chott Melrhir

when they are done for

that the global potential

recovered ener Salt Lake the t hours

careful MIK technology factor is the source is

will operate at

to , based on

(TWh) driving Page the rivers to

USA, Algeria. be created that is ples can curb

gy ) 1 of

about

of a

1 )

. 12 )

. .

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. based on Table 1: Worldwide closed systems Laguna Salada, Mexico Gran Bajo de San Julián The Great Salt Lakes, USA Western Hemisphere ** The Dead Sea, Israel/Jordan Arabi Lake Tuz, Lake Urmia, Iran Qattara Depression, Egypt Chott Melrhir, Algeria Chott el J * Lake Baskunchak, Russia Zaliv The Aral Sea, Kazakhstan Central Asia * Lake Assal, Djibouti S Central Lake Gairdner Lake Eyre Lake Torrens Australia J * u Creating e High Salinity Water North Africa and

bj * l Reviving the Aral Sea y

60 MW et

an Peninsula 7 Kara

Tah, W ,

2 erid, Tunisia and West

Source

Estimated osmotic power Turkey a MIK Technology Bogaz 1

estern

and Russia

–

Gol

Sahara Africa

Middle East

Radical Treatment for a Hopeless Case the two seas canal (water from the Mediterranean or Red Sea)

Lowland Lowland Lowland Salt bed Salt bed Salt bed Salt bed Salt bed

patent pending process Salt 330 330 330 300 330 300 348 330 350 3 240 g/l 3 0

potential The Mediterranean Red Sea, Persian Gulf Kizil Irmak River Za The Mediterranean The Mediterranean The Mediterranean The Volga River The Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea G Atlantic Ocean Indian Oceans D Indian Oceans Arid regions Gulf of California Atlantic Bear, Weber Jordan Rivers houbbet al iamantina r Conjugate Low Salinity 20 km west rineh

Ocean

& of several h

Simineh River

K & Water

harab

of – small communities

Argentina shore . / Caspian Sea

Tarfa /

Highlighted cases are discussed in details. / Indian Oceans

/ The Red Sea Hot Springs Caspian Sea

: Future Article by MIK Technology yper ya

town

s aline

using

l akes

an existing < <1 35 10 35/45 35/45 1 Salt 1 ~ 0 g/l 4.5 <1 <1 <1 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 1.2 . Energy estimate is 1.2 45 15 35

dry 200 MW 68,000 19,500 18 Lake Km 4 9 5,698 1 2,900 4 1,500 5 6,800 5 Size 500 810 115 NA , , , , , , 54 349 690 000 400 7 360 , depression 200

Page without

800 Potential 60 1 16,000 pending Power 11,000 2 varies 1,500 3,300 2,000 3,000 2,000 4,500 MW 400 . 2 each 200 500 400 400

200 40

of 1,

* 4

. * 12

* *

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. 20 breach was constructed In 1959, a evaporation from the lake. the lake is about was at the historic high of 3,300 reached its lowe holds the average t This lake is The Great Salt Lake Category 1 Highlighted cases of table 1 are J

he largest salt lake in the western hemisphere u

y foot

Figure: 3. 2. 1. d

7 uring drought,

, more than

the remnant of Lake Bonneville. It is the 4th largest terminal lake in the world

systems for small power generation applications. Freshwater fill

st recorded level at 950 square miles (2,460

30 million acre 2.9 million acre feet of water (114

Hypers Salt Lake (41°10′N,

Hypers causeway was constructed

, USA:

Lake Chott Mel on

to control the lake water rise at that time. aline

aline

, USA the west side of the lake

112°35′W

Saline water Large Scale Power water

water evaluated feet of water with a

square miles (8,500

August

system

) system

approximately rhir, Algeria.

2003 and classified exemplified by

exemplified by . to support ,

It is a

, in addition to the original

Figure: m ( verage depth

37°42′0”N, 45°18’60”E)

km bout 7 3 1,700 /sec), which on average, sustains

under ) railway .

2 Lake

5 miles long and 28 miles wide. On The total average annual inflow to

square miles Lake Torrens, Australia and km²), but in 1987 the surface area

the Great Salt Lake the following

service 33 ft (11 Urmia,

This G causeway . In 1984, Iran eneration ( 4,400

m).

three categories

November 2003 two 15

In 1963

km , USA design a

300 )

Page

. The lake f ee

the lake and Lake t feet Chott el

has wide by

3 and

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. power employing the dissimilar salt content waters in the lake; salt water from Gunnison 28 % with an average of 27% salinity ranges from 6 precipitation (31%), Ground water ( The lake circumference of the lake is an advantage hardly matched in any other domain. wate sout system, particularly if the system; These causeway drawback be Rivers). north b bays partitioned J u etween the north and south arms l about three y

hern tip of Promontory Mountain

r and fresh water in close proximity, yet in 7 and the south arm , arm brine

this location provides 0 The

Figure hydraulics comprises 4

0 the lake

flow of water across

feet higher than that of the north. 3 since :

The

into two bodies of water, the north arm

it 28

Great Salt Lake and vicinity comprising Gilbert bay. Such design receives % with an average of state of Utah allocates a space s represent exceptional advantages fo . the optimum operat MI

water from main rivers and numerous small streams

. K T th As a result, 3 ose %)

echnology as shown by a red star in

opening .

Salinity all major tributaries (the Bear, Weber, and Jordan the 15%

complete s promotes

is relatively restricted of

ing and economical condition to south

proposed S inflow is less than 0.1% and the arm brine became less saline than the for the salinity power project

isolation

its salinity power concept to generate

comprising North Arm salinity ranges from 15 prevent Figure 3 al r our proposed salinity power in

from each other for the full ity Po s

proper Gunnison . causing Availability w ( 66 er ,

mixing of brine

Plant while South %)

the ,

and direct

operate

[ ] south arm Page of saline Willard on the

4 Arm such ay

of to 12

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. city of Khoy fresh water to the lake roud), and some other chay, Zola been the lake has risen to more tha Due to drought and increased demands for agricultural water in the lake's basin, the salinity of little exchange of water between the two parts. separated by a 1 total surface area between 4 of the largest Urmia year. The gene of freshwater is 75 m Net energy per 1m that sodium chloride For this s other sources (2%). lake from 3 main tributaries, the Jordan River (20%), Weber River (22%), Bear River (56%) and and fresh water from Bear J Urmia Lake has been designated as an international park by the United Nations ystem. u , 250 m. l y

for 7 dried out chay, Rozeh Simineh ,

2 Lake every 1m

(Ormiyeh) hyper saline

. rated energy seems sufficient to meet electrical demand of railroad Figure roud, Zarrineh Thirteen main Rivers form the source of water to the lake

form 3 /s from Gunnison Bay high salinity chay, Nazlou 3 ,

water intake from Gunnison Bay is of This could be the source of fresh water to energize the power generation 3 . For a large scale application, freshwater is a limiting factor.

/s then the lake net energy potential is about 412 MW or 3.6 x 10 4

seasonal rivers su except Aji saline causeway :

Water flowing distribution into the Urmia , Iran:

lakes in the world River B , 750 and 6 n 300 g/L during recent years, and large areas of the lake bed have water is 16.5 MJ/m roud, Leylan

chay, Shaharchay, that was constructed in 2008, Chay and seasonal creeks that are affected ay. On average 2,000,000 acre , 100 km ch as Sofe chay, Ghaleh .

Urmia Lake, located in northwestern Iran, with a 2

and a maximum depth of 16 m at an altitude of 3

(5.5 MJ /m lake is

chay and Mardog Barandouz

water estimated to contain also chay,

3 3

m divided into north and south parts of freshwater). chay, Gadar

in which a 1500 3 Almalou /s of feet of water flows into the Lake chay. freshwater

1991

chay Aji (Figure 4) 400,000 household

chayr, Mahabad All of them carry 24 by

If the availability 2000 %

. salt domes of the

m gap provides

will be required

This lake salt

chay (Talkhe

We estimate

Page to include ,

mostly 9 kWh per 5 is one

of .

in 12 .

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. salinity 1 free energy is being created from the salinity power of As a result MW. Therefore, the net potential of generating power from north Urmia Lake is 600 pump water from the Caspian wa exchang generation unit at the north side of the lake. In a similar fashion to the unit on the south sustain water level. 1.2% salt) Part complete isolation of the system return bri implies that the flow of these two rivers can produce as much as 800 MW of power, providing generate 32 MW per 1m into the lake or 75 m Part 1: the lake water proposes two part political reasons will definitely deliberate In our opinion, this massive reduction rate in the lake level due to level by 138 lake water would be balanced with little same last decade of 5 Historically, the volume of water in the lake was estimated discharged at estimation of osmotic power will be limited a difficult For averages of depths concentrations in the south than in the north. western half of the lake. Sodium ranged between and averaged 87.118 g/l July 2006, indicates Study J u , 400 MW, l ter y

our

m 700 Km 2: 7

period is 1435 mm.

, at 3 of

/s, To make for loss water sources, it would feasible to draw water from the Caspian Since 2

water power generation goal, ing 0 only a h

. 0

185 mile east of the lake.

the lake providing complete segregation between Caspian Sea water with lake saline water would The average annual rain fal

2 Zarrineh . 0.978 m and resulting in the south streams. level It appears that the area no taking, particularly when many of th s

between surface and 10 m deep solution to recover osmotic pow

Concurrently to convert fresh water to 51,968,000 m3 of water annually. This flow rate to its could be revived to its normal that surface 3 /s roud and Simineh

potential of

shore it would be realistic to assume that the , 1.48 g/l 3 5700 of saline According to Alipour, of the lake, namely the Sea km dry up the lake in 10 attempting to gather

water (0.5 m. depth) was , 4.82 , this flow can be used to support a second salinity power

2 to an estimated elevation of 6 water 900 MW

prior level A

an annual decrease of g/l, 4.54 g/l 100 m l in last

w has decreased to 4610 Km change. The sum of river flows in the last 9 years was (320 g/l) when exchanged with 3 m roud represent 55% ne from water intake. . However, the estimated power require to agricultural Small differences were observed 3 . /s seems sufficient to make up for water loss and

the

28 years is 342 mm and the evaporation at the

if the annual river flow added

84 to 91.2 g/l largest freshwater . , 1.19 ppm and 12.7 ppm respectively for the level;

er from water from those t

ose rivers

Zarrineh 15 years. the

Urmia

discharge and in addition

analyzed for Na, K, Mg, Ca, Br a

to be 19 the generate 30 MW per 1m 0.32 meter industrial

(Figure 4)

and Simineh Rivers

Therefore, MIK Technology , and showed higher have proposed technology would lake and ake

, 500 feet above sea atmospheric

and

with estimated potential of , cubic kilometer been

rivers increases a 2

hirteen perm

due to dry climate large source of carbon projects the

in lake level. in the process of the dammed.

intake of different that are being

by 3 /s

between the fresh water 1093 mm the the lake water condition

, or Samad Alipour fresh water .

for any other anent rivers ment , with an area level Therefore, Page

3 MW.

, reviving of lake side, s

Sea to is 300 , in the

6 flow .

nd Li,

n the This of

, 12

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. evaporation and concentration of brine retention. In essence lake to transfer discharged water from the power plant about 35 meters to the lake perimeter extending a seawater canal of 1 the west. Flinders Ranges to the east and the low, rounded hills east of Andamooka and Roxby Downs to of that arid inland area, 150 years ago. Lake Torrens is usually a dry salt flat. It has of the same rift valley that includes Spencer Gulf to the south and is approximately 240 km long. smaller lagoons. region Lake Torrens is Lake Torrens, Australia J Category 2: Saline water In u l

y investigating the potential of salinity power generation from lake Torrens, we suggest

7 should be ,

(F 2 0 igure

installed ) a large Lake Torrens is a 5,700 square , including Lake E , his canal acts as recycle loop for allowing retention time to enhance e . Another 160 km canal needs to be provided on the west edge of the ndorheic :

surface at its southern end, F ig , 000 m

seawater Large Scale Power generation ure l ake in South Australia and one of many salt lakes in this yre

3 : , Lake Gairdener, Lake Frome, Lake Hart and other Its catchment is bounded by the western slopes of the

/s capacity from Spencer B to the high salinity required Salt Lakes of South Austr filled only once since the first European exploration kilometer plant to the northern point of the lake for where the prop

endorheic saline rift lake alia ay about 80 kilometers to the for

osed power generation operating the plant.

to elevate seawater

It forms part Page 7

of 12

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. pan between Tunisia and Algeria and is the lowest point in Tunisia at 18 meter below sea level. salt pan temperatures reaching 50° the Mediterranean. meter Sahara with a surface area of Chott el Djerid is a large endorheic sal Oriental or Chott el Jerid Two salt lakes are visible in the middle section of Chott el major industrial and agrictu large generated elactrical potential and the massive amount of recovered minerals would promot Such large l bal lakes in the region would be potentially used for power generation. the of Enrlargement J u

l y a

nce for generating 2.0

, above sea level

ake

, Tunisia

would have in Tunisia ( Due to the extreme climate with annual rainfall of only 100 mm and . ewtr intake seawater The extension of this lake is Chott el Fedjadj, which is about 20 km from Figure

GegaWatt power from Lake Torrens. C ral develomment, creating a vibrant new

right

Chott Melrhir, Chott el Djerid is almost entirely dried up a 5360 6 positive effect in moderating weather in its vacinity. Further : Lake Torrens Salinity Power Plant ) )

and the Chott Melrhir in Algeria of km² (some sources state

the Sahara Desert begins south of the t lake in southern Tunisia aa sol b cniee if considered be should canal Algeria Star Wars Figure

series. 7

of northern Africa 7 ,000 km²)

. Shatt al Gharsah is also a salt

It is the largest salt pan of the

(

Mass Balance left Figure 6 depicts the Australian t s niind ht other that envisioned is it .

in the summer. This larg ) Chott el Djerid is . The Grand Erg se

lakes. ; the Chott el Djerid community.

Page material

15 8

, the 31

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. Power Plant, Japan’s world largest power plant!! comparable to annually. Th salinity power generation plant producing 5 alone rate exceeds 2.5 m/year. Reported evaporation data The lowest point 6700 km² and is the largest lake in Algeria. It Chott Melrhir is J u l y

average 7 .

2 MIK T

e annual rainfall for this area is between 80 in

echnology could envision the potential of connecting all of this system in one large power of such plant could be the generated power capacity of the current

Algeria. It also a large endorheic salt lake in northeastern Algeria. It has an area of about

dries up

Figure Figure regularly and thus becomes a salt pan. 8 7 : :

Tunisia and Algeria Salt Tunisia three times 6 Gegawatt of power and one billion tons of salt is about 31 meter below

Salt Lakes between May and September

mm and 140 mm

that of Hoover Dam, USA and

Kashiwazaki and Towns

Lakes

the sea level with annual evaporation Kariwa Nuclear

1500 mm

Page and it is the 9

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. . using ground suitable for establishments such as schools, shopping centers, office buildings, resorts, camping employs a closed system salinity power configuration Osmotic Power Category 3: J

u l y explaining our osmotic power generation process. The atta for initial system fill such system, particularly from West Texas to East California. Local water wells can be used storages or batteries. brine and water storage tanks or lakes shou properly sized to accommodate weather changes and varying daily load The system can operate continuously when the solar panel and water storage capacity are Such system is most suitable for arid locations worldwide

p ,

s, large public venues, etc. Closed system is roprietary formulated 2

Closed systems for small power generation applications.

Technology

Figure ing. In USA, many states in the Sun Belt are potential construction sites of

for

brine. 9 : Closed Osmotic Power Generation Unit s mall

s cale (2 Megawatt range) of the ld be sought of as being low density energy

water domains that were selected as examples in capable of producing net energy of 6

(Figure 9 where supply of water is limited. ) r . This technology is most enewable

e s nergy technology . In this technology,

Page

10 M J/m

of 12 3

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. J

u l y

7 , Aral Sea

2 The Great Salt Lake, USA 0

Lake Lak ,

Kazakhstan e El

Urmia, Iran

Jerid, Tunisia , Uzbekistan

Lake Assal, Lake Torrens, Chott Melrhir, Algeria Lake Tuz, Turkey Djibouti Australia

Page 11

of 12

MIK TECHNOLOGY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DISTRIBUTION OR MODIFICATION OF THIS COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND PROTECTED BY UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT LAWS. J u l y Maher Kelada technology to fruition. We are interested in seeking out and creating partnerships to bring this unique collaboration not only of large organizations, but also states and governments. The field of large scale osmotic power generation is e a customized investor option. discuss your objectives, our capabilities and opportunities so that we can create technologies our investment opportunities vary. Call us and let’s talk so we can Because our technologies span a diverse field of small and large create a new global water industry. that is constantly looking to create new partnerships and investor relations to Thank you for your interest in MIK Technology. We are an emerging company In Conclusion,

7 ,

normous and requires

scale

Page 12

of 12