DOCSLIB.ORG

Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: an Ecological Perspective Sheri A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: an Ecological Perspective Sheri A East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2014 Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective Sheri A. Nsamenang East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Nsamenang, Sheri A., "Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2420. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2420 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective _____________________________________ A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Department of Psychology East Tennessee State University ____________________________________ In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology ___________________________________ by Sheri Agatha Nsamenang August 2014 __________________________________ Jameson K. Hirsch, Ph.D., Chair Christopher S. Dula, Ph.D Jon R. Webb, Ph.D. Stacey L. Williams, Ph.D. Keywords: Acculturation, African Immigrants, Suicide Attitudes, Ecological, Help Seeking Behavior, Mental Health ABSTRACT Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective by Sheri A. Nsamenang The population of Africans in the United States is growing, yet little is known about the impact of migration on the attitudes of African immigrants toward suicide, mental health, and help- seeking behavior. Migration entails movement from one cultural environment to another, and the process requires adaptation to the host country. According to Ecological Theory, interactions between the societal structures, values, and beliefs of the host country, cultural values from the country of origin, and individual-level characteristics may affect mental health-related attitudes and behaviors. As such, the current study used mixed methods, administered via online survey, to investigate socio-cultural predictors of attitudes toward suicide, mental health, and treatment seeking among African immigrants in the United States. In the current study the responses of 227 participants were used for qualitative analyses, and responses from 168 participants were used for quantitative analyses. Qualitative results indicated overall negative attitudes towards suicide and positive attitudes towards suicide prevention. Perceived culture-specific causes of suicide included acculturation difficulties, immigration stress, social causes such as home sickness discrimination, and racism, financial causes such as responsibility to kin in Africa, spiritual causes, and deportation risk. Results from quantitative analyses indicated that identification with African values and behaviors were related to lower levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and culture oriented psychological distress. Higher levels of spirituality and religiousness were 2 associated with a negative attitude toward suicide. Implications for population based suicide prevention efforts for African immigrants and for mental health professionals working with African immigrants are discussed. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In my dialect, Lamsno, we say “Wir dze Wir bi Wir,” which means I am who I am because of people. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my Academic Advisor and Dissertation Chair, Dr. Jameson Hirsch, who has contributed to my growth as a researcher and for his support throughout my graduate studies. I would also like to thank members of my committee for their guidance and patience during the time I have spent working towards the completion of this dissertation. Special thanks to members of the Laboratory of Rural Psychological and Physical Health for the immense support I received during the creation of my dissertation and data collection. My parents, family, and friends have been a tremendous support throughout my academic journey. To my mother, the funniest woman I know, your love and encouragement pacified my journey. To my father, the one of the hardest working man I know, your strength gave me perseverance. To my sisters and brother, aunties, uncles, and friends, thank you for your understanding, love, and reassurance; you inspire me in ways I cannot describe. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................11 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................12 African Immigrants: An Under-Researched and Under-Treated Population ......................................................................................................14 Relevance of Population ......................................................................14 Epidemiology of African Immigrants in the United States .................15 Ecological Theory: A Conceptual Framework to Understand Immigrant Mental Health................................................................................................18 Individual-Level Risk and Protective Factors .....................................19 Microsystem ........................................................................................25 Mesosystem .........................................................................................27 Exosystem ...........................................................................................30 Macrosystem .......................................................................................32 African and African Immigrant Mental Health and Suicide: Behavioral and Attitudinal Characteristics ......................................................................37 Mental illness and suicide in Africans .......................................38 Mental illness and suicidal behavior in African immigrants ......39 5 Cultural manifestation of mental health symptoms in Africa ....40 Attitudes of Africans and African immigrants toward mental health and suicide .......................................................................41 Help seeking behavior among Africans and African immigrants ..................................................................................43 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................46 2. METHODS ...........................................................................................................50 Participants ..........................................................................................50 Procedure .............................................................................................50 Materials ..............................................................................................52 Demographic questionnaire ........................................................52 Open-ended questions ................................................................52 Spirituality ..................................................................................53 Religiousness ..............................................................................53 Mental health ..............................................................................54 Suicidal behavior ........................................................................55 Peer suicide ................................................................................56 Suicide of family member ..........................................................57 Social support .............................................................................57 Social class .................................................................................58 Media exposure to suicide ..........................................................59 Acculturation ..............................................................................60 Ethnic identity ............................................................................61 6 Attitude toward suicide ..............................................................62 Help-seeking behavior ................................................................63 Data Analyses ................................................................................................64 Qualitative Data Analysis ....................................................................65 Content analysis .........................................................................65 Quantitative Data Analysis ..................................................................67 Pearson correlation .....................................................................67
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Suicidal Behaviour Across the African Continent: a Review of the Literature Becky Mars1*, Stephanie Burrows2,3, Heidi Hjelmeland4 and David Gunnell1
    Mars et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:606 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/606 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Suicidal behaviour across the African continent: a review of the literature Becky Mars1*, Stephanie Burrows2,3, Heidi Hjelmeland4 and David Gunnell1 Abstract Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature mortality worldwide, but data on its epidemiology in Africa, the world’s second most populous continent, are limited. Methods: We systematically reviewed published literature on suicidal behaviour in African countries. We searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, African Index Medicus, Eastern Mediterranean Index Medicus and African Journals OnLine and carried out citation searches of key articles. We crudely estimated the incidence of suicide and suicide attempts in Africa based on country-specific data and compared these with published estimates. We also describe common features of suicide and suicide attempts across the studies, including information related to age, sex, methods used and risk factors. Results: Regional or national suicide incidence data were available for less than one third (16/53) of African countries containing approximately 60% of Africa’s population; suicide attempt data were available for <20% of countries (7/53). Crude estimates suggest there are over 34,000 (inter-quartile range 13,141 to 63,757) suicides per year in Africa, with an overall incidence rate of 3.2 per 100,000 population. The recent Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimate of 49,558 deaths is somewhat higher, but falls within the inter-quartile range of our estimate. Suicide rates in men are typically at least three times higher than in women.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Suicide: a Global Imperative
    PreventingPreventing suicidesuicide A globalglobal imperativeimperative PreventingPreventing suicidesuicide A globalglobal imperativeimperative WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Preventing suicide: a global imperative. 1.Suicide, Attempted. 2.Suicide - prevention and control. 3.Suicidal Ideation. 4.National Health Programs. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156477 9 (NLM classification: HV 6545) © World Health Organization 2014 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility The designations employed and the presentation of the material in for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: an Ecological Perspective Sheri A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by East Tennessee State University East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2014 Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective Sheri A. Nsamenang East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Nsamenang, Sheri A., "Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2420. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2420 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective _____________________________________ A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Department of Psychology East Tennessee State University ____________________________________ In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology ___________________________________ by Sheri Agatha Nsamenang August 2014 __________________________________ Jameson K. Hirsch, Ph.D., Chair Christopher S. Dula, Ph.D Jon R. Webb, Ph.D. Stacey L. Williams, Ph.D. Keywords: Acculturation, African Immigrants, Suicide Attitudes, Ecological, Help Seeking Behavior, Mental Health ABSTRACT Attitudes Toward Suicide, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior Among African Immigrants: An Ecological Perspective by Sheri A.
    [Show full text]
  • Euthanasia in South Africa: a Normative Analysis and Application
    EUTHANASIA IN SOUTH AFRICA: A NORMATIVE ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION OF DIGNITY Student: Farzana Paleker Student Number: 735415 Degree: MSc Med (Bioethics and Health Law) Academic year: 2016 Supervisors: Adv. Yolande Guidozzi [BScNurs, LLB, MBA (Wits)] Dr. Chris Wareham [MA (Rhodes), PhD (Milan)] This report is submitted by the above Candidate to The Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Witwatersrand, in the above year in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters degree in Bioethics & Health Law DECLARATION I, Farzana Paleker, declare that this research report entitled Euthanasia in South Africa: A Normative Analysis and Application of Dignity, which I herewith submit to the University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MSc (Bioethics & Health Law), is my own original work, and has neither been submitted for any academic award to this University, nor to any other institution of higher learning. 26 February 2016 SIGNATURE DATE i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to the following: • Advocate Yolande Guidozzi: Supervisor, School of Clinical Medicine, Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Witwatersrand for her encouragement, insightful comments, and being available at all hours to help me navigate a discipline in which I am still a novice. • Doctor Chris Wareham: Supervisor, School of Clinical Medicine, Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Witwatersrand for his time, guidance, and pointing me in the right direction during the writing of this report. • Nombuso Ramagkopa, Michelle Cluver, and Naseera Ebrahim: My dear friends who continue to inspire and motivate me and who made it possible for me to submit this report from the other side of the Atlantic.
    [Show full text]
  • SUICIDAL BEHAVIOURS in MEN Kõlves, Kumpula and De Leo ISBN 978-0-9580882-4-4 WHO Collaborating Centre in and Training for Research Suicide Prevention Australian Males
    SUICIDAL BEHAVIOURS IN MEN BEHAVIOURS SUICIDAL Male suicide rates are almost universally higher than those of females around the world. In Australia, completed suicide is three- to four-times more common in men than in women, although women engage more in non-fatal suicidal behaviours. Specific male groups — such as Indigenous men, men of sexual minorities, old and young men, and men working in stressful conditions or who are imprisoned — are at an even greater risk of suicide. This publication aims to investigate the phenomenon of suicidal behaviour in men. It presents current research on the factors behind male vulnerability to suicide, how male suicides can be prevented, and activities currently undertaken that aim to reduce suicidal behaviours, with a focus on and De Leo Kumpula Kõlves, Australian males. WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention ISBN 978-0-9580882-4-4 Suicidal behaviours in men: Determinants and prevention in Australia Kairi Kõlves, Eeva-Katri Kumpula and Diego De Leo Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention Griffi th University Suggested quotation: Kairi Kõlves, Eeva-Katri Kumpula and Diego De Leo (eds.) (2013) Suicidal behaviours in men: determinants and prevention. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Brisbane Copyright © Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, 2013 This work is copyrighted. Apart from any
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide Research and Prevention
    SUICIDE Volume 10 RESEARCH SUICIDERESEARCH: SELECTED READINGS : SELECTED READINGS READINGS SELECTED E. Barker, A. Novic, H. Houweling, S. McPhedran and D. De Leo VOL. 10 VOL. E. Barker, A. Novic, H. Houweling, H. A. Novic, Barker, E. S. McPhedran and D. De Leo S. McPhedran May 2013 — October 2013 Australian Academic Press Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention www.aapbooks.com SUICIDE RESEARCH: SELECTED READINGS Volume 10 May 2013 — October 2013 E. Barker, A. Novic, H. Houweling, S. McPhedran, D. De Leo Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention First published in 2013 Australian Academic Press 18 Victor Russell Drive, Samford QLD 4520, Australia Australia www.australianacademicpress.com.au Copyright for the Introduction and Comments sections is held by the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, 2013. Copyright in all abstracts is retained by the current rights holder. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior permission from the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. ISBN: 9781922117236 Book and cover design by Maria Biaggini — The Letter Tree. Contents Foreword ................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments ..............................................................................viii Introduction Context ..................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • 3 January 2017 South Dakota Department of Health Suicide Hotline
    Suicide Surveillance, South Dakota 1 3 January 2017 South Dakota Department of Health Suicide Hotline: 1-800-273-8255 Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 2 International Suicide ......................................................................................................................... 3 United States Suicide ........................................................................................................................ 4 South Dakota Suicide ........................................................................................................................ 7 2016 Preliminary Suicide Update .................................................................................................... 14 South Dakota Self-Inflicted Injury Hospitalization and Emergency Visit ........................................ 14 Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempts by South Dakota High School Students ............................ 18 List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................ 25 Technical Notes ............................................................................................................................... 26 Resources .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Preventing Suicide
    Journal of Psychological Abnormalities Review Article Understanding and Preventing Suicide Salum Haji Hamisi*, Abdillah Kitota Department of Arts and Humanities, Muslim University of Morogoro, Morogoro, Tanzania ABSTRACT Suicide has become a popular public health of concern. The trend of the event globally has been increasing over time. As it has been projected, there is one death in every 40 second on the earth. It ranked at 15th leading cause of death on the earth and highly affecting elders. This paper provided a broad understanding of the concept of suicide, the cause, and prevention of suicide. The main objective of this paper is to provide different understanding of the concept, causes and prevention of suicide globally. Documentary analysis methodology has been used as many papers, reports, research has been done in public health and especially about suicide. Many authors point psychological problems, sex, mental illness, physical illness, genetics and medication as causes of suicide. There are factors classified as the root cause of the suicide act. There is a view of having two ways traffic to the way factors causing suicide operate. This paper adopted and modified the Pressure and Release to indicates how suicide progress from root cause to unsafe life and ultimately to suicide act. As to say suicide act may root from distance cause of social-economic factor progressing and amplified by psychological problems, mental illness, physical illness, genetics and medication and finale unsafe life prevail. At the end the suicide act took place. To prevent the suicide act, the government, non-governmental organization, community-based organization and people around the world must solve the social-economic problem facing peoples on the earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective Silke Bachmann 1,2 1 Clienia Littenheid AG, Hauptstrasse 130, 9573 Littenheid, Switzerland; [email protected]; Tel.: +41-71-929-6300 2 Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, University Halle (Saale), Julius-Kühn-Strasse 7, 6112 Halle (Saale), Germany Received: 25 June 2018; Accepted: 1 July 2018; Published: 6 July 2018 Abstract: Suicide is a worldwide phenomenon. This review is based on a literature search of the World Health Organization (WHO) databases and PubMed. According to the WHO, in 2015, about 800,000 suicides were documented worldwide, and globally 78% of all completed suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries. Overall, suicides account for 1.4% of premature deaths worldwide. Differences arise between regions and countries with respect to the age, gender, and socioeconomic status of the individual and the respective country, method of suicide, and access to health care. During the second and third decades of life, suicide is the second leading cause of death. Completed suicides are three times more common in males than females; for suicide attempts, an inverse ratio can be found. Suicide attempts are up to 30 times more common compared to suicides; they are however important predictors of repeated attempts as well as completed suicides. Overall, suicide rates vary among the sexes and across lifetimes, whereas methods differ according to countries. The most commonly used methods are hanging, self-poisoning with pesticides, and use of firearms. The majority of suicides worldwide are related to psychiatric diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide and Culture
    BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing Volume 1 Issue 1 ISSN: 2617-1635 Article 5 October 2018 SUICIDE AND CULTURE Mehmet Eskin Psychology Department Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/hwbjournal Part of the Architecture Commons, Business Commons, Life Sciences Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Eskin, Mehmet (2018) "SUICIDE AND CULTURE," BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/hwbjournal/vol1/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ BAU. It has been accepted for inclusion in BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ BAU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUICIDE AND CULTURE Abstract The rates of suicidal ideation, attempts and mortality present a large intersocietal variation. This variation is usually attributed to the role of culture, but the issue is still poorly understood. How does culture contribute to the intersocietal or cross-cultural variation of suicidal behavior? How culture might be involved in the onset, maintenance and aggravation of suicidal tendencies? In this paper, I will be discussing possible mechanisms of culture for the onset, maintenance and aggravation of suicidal propensities. Specifically, I will be examining the role of religion, individualistic-collectivistic value orientations, self-construal and survival versus self-expression values for their relevance to suicidal behavior and its intersocietal variation. The article highlights some conceptual and methodological issues together with some future directions for research on the possible role of culture in suicidal process.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Suicide Notes Narrating Climate Crisis, Hope, and Irony
    Species Suicide Notes Narrating Climate Crisis, Hope, and Irony KRISTEN CARDON Department of English, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Abstract This article tracks the history of species suicide, a phrase that originally referred to a potential nuclear holocaust but is now increasingly cited in Anthropocene discourses to ac- count for continued carbon emissions in the face of catastrophic climate change. With its Anglophone roots in the Cold War, species suicide discourse unites concerns about nuclear arsenals, so-called overpopulation, and environmental injustice across disciplines. Species suicide discourse is indebted to the US-based field of suicide prevention, which for more than half a century has analyzed suicide notes in search of effective prevention methods. Therefore, to theorize suicide prevention in relation to anthropogenic climate change, this article imagines a version of this genre that mediates between individual and collective subjects—called a species suicide note. As an example, the interdisciplinary and multimedia art project “Dear Climate” (2012–ongoing) by Una Chaudhuri, Oliver Kellhammer, and Marina Zurkow rewrites familiar narratives of crisis, shifting species suicide notes toward irony and unconventional techniques of hope. In analyzing these performative species suicide notes, the author complicates species suicide prevention by foregrounding narratives of irony. These notes accentuate a self-reflexive irony that works toward climate justice for vulnera- ble humans and more-than-human species. Keywords species suicide, Anthropocene discourse, climate change, Cold War, contemporary art s devastating fires burned throughout Australia in early 2020, the New York Times A published an opinion under the headline “Australia Is Committing Climate Suicide.” The fires burned forty-six million acres, far beyond the two million acres burned in the 2018 California wildfires, the roughly two million acres burned in the 2019 Amazon rain- forest fires, and the more than four million acres burned in the 2020 California wildfires.
    [Show full text]
  • Unlawful Killings in Africa a Study Prepared for the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary Or Arbitrary Executions
    Unlawful Killings in Africa a study prepared for the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions Centre of Governance and Human Rights The Centre of Governance and Human Rights (CGHR), launched in 2009, draws together experts, practitioners and policymakers from the University of Cambridge and far beyond to think critically and innovatively about pressing governance and human rights issues throughout the world, with a special focus on Africa. The Centre aims to be a world-class interdisciplinary hub for fresh thinking, collaborative research and improving practice. Since 2011 CGHR has collaborated with the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, providing research support to his mandate. In 2012 a team of researchers produced a “Research Pack” on the threats to the right to life of journalists for an Expert Meeting held in Cambridge, ultimately contributing to the Special Rapporteur’s report that year to the Human Rights Council. In 2013 work began on a broader collaboration studying violations of the right to life across the African continent. Editor: Dr Thomas Probert Publisher: Centre of Governance and Human Rights, University of Cambridge Contact: [email protected] | +44 (0) 1223 767257 | www.cghr.polis.cam.ac.uk Cover image: Police from Abyei en route to Tajalei, a village burned to the ground allegedly by northern People’s Defence Forces and troops from the Sudan Armed Forces (Tim Freccia, 12 March 2011). Licensed under Creative Commons by the ENOUGH Project. Preface by the Director of the Centre of Governance and Human Rights ......................................................iv The CGHR Research Team & Note on Sources ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]