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A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario

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A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers Preface My dad once said “The White people yet another group may decide to use were given the gift of their medicines. Aboriginal medicines only. The last We were also given the gift to know group will use non-Aboriginal medicines. our medicines. Do not reject either one. What is common among the group is Both are good”. they are seeking to be healthy in all aspects of their lives. So, I believe all My dad was a wise, humble and loving the medicines are all equally important human being. My dad was in his late 90’s and play a role in gaining our health and when he passed away. My dad will always well-being. be in my heart as well his life teachings which I hope I am living his teachings. My dad had also said “all those things we used to make medicines came from all For most of the Aboriginal people, the sources available to us and we were all meaning of the medicine goes beyond given what we need to live on earth from prescription that a regular doctor may our Creator” As my dad said “all is good” prescribe to their patients to, hopefully, heal or control a physical illness. For Today, there is more and more many Aboriginal people, the definition information about Aboriginal people, of medicine includes the following: their beliefs, values, practices, traditional connection to mother earth, going for a teachings, ceremonies and medicines are walk in the bush, a smudging ceremony, available to explore and read. To be able a gathering with a community, a sunrise, to provide the best health care to the playing with a child, sitting down with an Aboriginal population, it is a good thing Elder to share is medicine. to have some knowledge and insight into From what I have seen, there are more who we are and where we come from. and more Aboriginal people returning to To the health care providers, it might their medicines and traditional healing be a good idea to ask questions of your ways. The uses and the practices of the patients what they practice and use. The medicines among all Aboriginal people knowledge will assist you to provide the can be similar but unique as well. best health care and treatment. There are Aboriginal people, who Brenda M. Mason, Elder have chosen to utilize both Aboriginal Revised March 5, 2012 and non-Aboriginal medicines. And A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario - A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers Purpose Acknowledgements This toolkit provides clinical and These documents could not have been educational tools, Aboriginal history, assembled without the dedication and stroke information and best practices, contributions of many. Special thanks to which can assist health service these individuals for their assistance in providers to engage and offer effective the compilation of this toolkit: stroke-related education and care to Aboriginal individuals and families. Kelly Brownbill & Greg McGregor Aboriginal Health Circle Barrie Ontario is home to a diverse mix of Native Advisory Circle Aboriginal groups and cultures. There are three main Aboriginal groups in Marilyn Morley Ontario; First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Ontario Aboriginal For this toolkit, the term “Aboriginal” Friendship Centre refers collectively to these Aboriginal groups and cultures living in Ontario. Cheryl Moher & Alda Tee Central East Stroke Network Target Audience Darren Jermyn This toolkit was designed for Northeastern Ontario healthcare professionals (e.g., Stroke Network clinicians, healers) and health providers (e.g., family health teams, Donna Cheung, Jacqueline Willems community agencies, healing & Ross Graham centres and hospitals) that work South East Toronto Stroke Network with Aboriginals, their families and Marilyn Erwin communities at any stage of stroke Stroke Prevention Clinic prevention, care or recovery. Fort Frances, ON This toolkit refers to these audiences collectively as health Cathy Creighton & Donna Simon service providers. Anishnawbe Mushkiki Contact Brenda Mason Information First Nations Elder Diane Hiscox, Pauline Bodnar All feedback on the content of & Sandi Homeniuk this toolkit should be directed to Northwestern Ontario Regional the Northwestern Ontario Stroke Network (NWORSN) Regional Stroke Network at [email protected]. This document Robert Fenton was published by the Northwestern Chair, Aboriginal Advisory Ontario Regional Stroke Network Committee (NWORSN) in March 2012. Helen Cromarty Sioux Lookout Meno Ya Win Health Centre Deanne Lee Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario - A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers 2 A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers Table of Contents Preface Purpose 2 Acknowledgements 2 Section 1: Canadian Aboriginal History 4 Introduction 5 Historical Events 5 Summary 7 Section 2: Aboriginal Health Status 8 Social Determination of Health 9 Demographics 10 Section 3: Aboriginal Health Beliefs 11 Philosophies on Health and Wellness 12 Medicine Wheel Teachings 13 Traditional Medicines 14 Aboriginal Families and Communities 16 Section 4: Aboriginal Culture - Tools, Considerations and Guidelines for Cultural Safety 17 Cultural Safety 18 Cultural Amplifiers 21 Additional Considerations for the Clinical Encounter 21 Your Beliefs and Lens 22 Collaborating with Aboriginal Communities 22 Section 5: Stroke Information and Best Practices 23 Stroke in Aboriginal Populations 24 Risk Factors 24 Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care 25 Section 6: Additional Resources 26 Introduction 27 Aboriginal Knowledge Centres 27 Aboriginal Services & Community Agencies 27 Aboriginal Health Related Strategies/Initiatives 28 Listing of Aboriginal Organizations 29 Stroke Education Resources 30 Related Resources 31 Stroke Services and Agencies 32 Stroke Prevention Clinics and Tele-Stroke Sites in NW Ontario 32 Glossary of Terms 33 References 34 Map of Treaties and Health Facilities 36 Human Body 37 A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario - A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers 3 Section 1: Canadian Aboriginal History A Guide for Working with Aboriginal People of Northwestern Ontario - A Stroke Resource for Healthcare Providers 4 Section 1: Canadian Aboriginal History First European Introduction Contact 1492 It is widely accepted that Canada’s history of colonization and assimilation practices toward Aboriginal People Indian Residential The Royal has negatively impacted their ability Schools Settlement and Official Government Proclamations to maintain traditional ways of life Apology - 2006 1763 (King, Smith & Gracey, 2009). These negative impacts include loss of land, culture and language, and have The Indian Act been shown to have had a lasting The Indian Act and Bill C-31 1897 impact on Aboriginal individuals’ 1985 quality of life (Hill, 2003). As a health service provider working with Aboriginal individuals, it is important Forced Indian Residential to understand their history and Sterilization Schools Legacy health issues. It is equally important 1960 (1840-1996) to remember that each individual is unique (whether Aboriginal or not) and that these events may or may not be relevant. (Government of The “60s Scoop” Saskatchewan, 2009) 1960 Historical Events Before European Arrival considered human). However, in 1512, This legislation was designed to assimilate Aboriginal people were living in North Pope Julius II declared that “Indians are Aboriginal people into European culture. America long before Europeans arrived. truly men...they may and should freely Aboriginal people became wards of the While difficult to determine, it is and legitimately enjoy their liberty and state, and their land became “reserves.” believed that there were approximately possession of their property; nor should Previously signed treaties were ignored 500,000 people living in what is now they be in any way enslaved.” and Indian Agents were hired to enforce the new legislation. The intent of the Canada (with estimates ranging from The Royal Proclamation (1763) 200,000 to 2,000,000) (O’Donnell, Indian Act is best summed up in the 2008). These people were organized The Royal Proclamation of 1763 words of Duncan Campbell Scott, the into approximately 600 communities established British protection over Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs (also known as tribal groups or bands). unsettled land belonging to Aboriginal from 1913 to 1932: Many of these communities had similar communities, and recognized I want to get rid of the Indian problem… characteristics, including being divided Aboriginal ownership of land not Our objective is to continue until there into clans based on lineage (i.e., the already colonized. This Proclamation is is not a single Indian in Canada that has line of descendants of a particular considered to be one of the strongest not been absorbed into the body politic and there is no Indian question and no ancestor), and holding the belief that guarantees of Aboriginal land rights. Indian department (Leslie, 1978). all elements of nature were sacred. As clan members married into other Struggle to Maintain Christianity was imposed on Aboriginal clans,
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