History of Travel

TOURISM’S PAST AS A LENS TO THE FUTURE Where have we come in 30 years?

MATTHEW STONE, PHD, CMP California State University, Chico The Inspiration Tourism’s Top Twenty 1984 Edition Remember When?

Remember When? Remember When? What am I trying to compare? TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax)

■ 1 United 38.1 m ■ 11 Saudi Arabian 11.1 m ■ 2 Eastern 37.0 m ■ 12 Air Canada 10.2 m ■ 3 American 31.4 m ■ 13 Scandinavian SAS 9.4 m ■ 4 Trans World 18.8 m ■ 14 Mexicana 7.8 m ■ 5 British Airways 14.1 m ■ 15 Alitalia 7.4 m ■ 6 Pan American 14.1 m ■ 16 Air Canada 7.4 m ■ 7 Japan Airlines 13.6 m ■ 17 Indian 6.1 m ■ 8 Lufthansa 13.1 m ■ 18 Aeromexico 5.9 m ■ 9 Iberia 12.9 m ■ 19 Olympic 5.8 m ■ 10 Air France 11.7 m ■ 20 Garuda 4.8 m

1983 / World Air Transport Statistics 1983, International Air Transport Association TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) North American / European

1983 / World Air Transport Statistics 1983, International Air Transport Association TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax)

■ 1 American Airlines 197.3 m ■ 11 LATAM Group 63.7 m ■ 2 Delta 183.3 m ■ 12 Lufthansa 63.6 m ■ 3 United 152.0 m ■ 13 Emirates 57.0 m ■ 4 Southwest 151.0 m ■ 14 All Nippon Airways 49.2 m ■ 5 Ryanair 119.1 m ■ 15 British Airways 47.4 m ■ 6 China Southern 86.6 m ■ 16 Air Canada 47.8 m ■ 7 China Eastern 81.2 m ■ 17 IndiGo 41.5 m ■ 8 easyJet 72.7 m ■ 18 Air France 43.4 m ■ 9 Turkish Airlines 64.6 m ■ 19 Aeroflot 40.3 m #1 in 1983: United 38.1 m ■ 10 Air China 61.6 m ■ 20 Japan Airlines 36.5 m

12 months ended September 2017 / Source: OAG take-off TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) North American / European

12 months ended September 2017 / Source: OAG take-off TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) side by side

■ 1 United 38.1 m ■ 1 American Airlines 197.3 m ■ 2 Eastern 37.0 m ■ 2 Delta 183.3 m ■ 3 American 31.4 m ■ 3 United 152.0 m ■ 4 Trans World 18.8 m ■ 4 Southwest 151.0 m ■ 5 British Airways 14.1 m ■ 5 Ryanair 119.1 m ■ 6 Pan American 14.1 m ■ 6 China Southern 86.6 m ■ 7 Japan Airlines 13.6 m ■ 7 China Eastern 81.2 m ■ 8 Lufthansa 13.1 m ■ 8 easyJet 72.7 m ■ 9 Iberia 12.9 m ■ 9 Turkish Airlines 64.6 m ■ 10 Air France 11.7 m ■ 10 Air China 61.6 m TOP 20 U.S. Airlines (Pax)

■ 1 United 37.8 m ■ 11 Western 11.2 m ■ 2 Eastern 37.0 m ■ 12 Southwest 10.8 m ■ 3 Delta 36.8 m ■ 13 Continental 10.0 m ■ 4 American 31.4 m ■ 14 PSA 8.1 m ■ 5 Trans World 18.6 m ■ 15 People Express 6.4 m ■ 6 Republic 17.7 m ■ 16 Frontier 6.3 m ■ 7 US Air 16.2 m ■ 17 Ozark 4.8 m ■ 8 Pan American 14.1 m ■ 18 Air Cal 3.6 m ■ 9 Northwest 12.7 m ■ 19 Hawaiian 2.7 m ■ 10 Piedmont 11.7 m ■ 20 Aloha 2.1 m

1983 / Air Transport 1984, Air Transport Association of America TOP 10 U.S. Airlines (Pax)

■ 1 Southwest 151.7 m ■ 2 American 144.1 m ■ 3 Delta 143.1 m ■ 4 United 100.1 m Look at this gap! ■ 5 JetBlue 38.2 m #1 in 1983: United 37.8 m ■ 6 SkyWest 31.2 m ■ 7 Alaska 24.4 m ■ 8 ExpressJet 22.1 m ■ 9 Spirit 21.0 m ■ 10 Frontier 14.8 m

2016 enplanements /Bureau of Transportation Statistics https://www.bts.gov/newsroom/corrected- bts-statistics-release-2016-traffic-data-us-airlines-and-foreign-airlines-us TOP 10 U.S. Airlines side by side ■ 1 United 37.8 m ■ 1 Southwest 151.7 m ■ 2 Eastern 37.0 m ■ 2 American 144.1 m ■ 3 Delta 36.8 m ■ 3 Delta 143.1 m ■ 4 American 31.4 m ■ 4 United 100.1 m ■ 5 Trans World 18.6 m ■ 5 JetBlue 38.2 m ■ 6 Republic 17.7 m ■ 6 SkyWest 31.2 m ■ 7 US Air 16.2 m ■ 7 Alaska 24.4 m ■ 8 Pan American 14.1 m ■ 8 ExpressJet 22.1 m ■ 9 Northwest 12.7 m ■ 9 Spirit 21.0 m ■ 10 Piedmont 11.7 m ■ 10 Frontier 14.8 m TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” (# rooms) Would rank #10 in 2017

■ 1 Holiday Inns 312,400 ■ 11 Club Med 46,800 ■ 2 Best Western ** 220,900 ■ 12 Novotel SIEH 46,300 ■ 3 Sheraton 118,600 ■ 13 Days Inns of America 45,500 ■ 4 Ramada Inns 95,200 ■ 14 Intourist (USSR) 41,600 ■ 5 Hilton Hotels 85,400 ■ 15 Intercontinental 39,500 ■ 6 Trusthouse Forte (UK) 74,600 ■ 16 Motel 6 37,700 ■ 7 Balkantourist (Bulgaria) 61,200 ■ 17 Hyatt Hotels 37,000 ■ 8 Howard Johnson 60,300 ■ 18 Hilton International 33,000 ■ 9 Quality International 53,400 ■ 19 Westin Hotels 27,300 ■ 10 Marriott 48, 400 ■ 20 Hoteles Agrupados (Spain) 19,400

**Best Western is a consortium. Other 1983 / Hotels & Restaurants International consortiums excluded. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” (# rooms)

**Consortium. Other consortiums excluded. July/August 2017 / Hotels Magazine Includes management companies. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” (# rooms)

■ 1 Marriott International 1,165,700 ■ 11 HINA Hospitality (China) 229,000 ■ 2 Hilton 796,000 ■ 12 Hyatt Hotels 177,100 ■ 3 IHG (Intercontinental) 767,000 ■ 13 GreenTree Inns (China) 173,000 ■ 4 Wyndham Hotel Group 698,000 ■ 14 G6 Hospitality 125,000 ■ 5 Shanghai Jin Jiang 602,000 ■ 15 Magnuson Hotels 103,000 ■ 6 AccorHotels 583,000 ■ 16 Melia Hotels 96,000 ■ 7 Choice Hotels 516,000 ■ 17 Westmont Hospitality 92,000 ■ 8 BTG Homeinns (China) 374,000 ■ 18 LaQuinta Inns & Suites 87,000 ■ 9 China Lodging Group 331,000 ■ 19 Interstate Hotels (IHR) 76,200 ■ 10 Best Western ** 293,000 ■ 20 Vienna Hotels (China) 73,500 #1 in 1983: Holiday Inns 312,000 **Consortium. Other consortiums excluded. July/August 2017 / Hotels Magazine Includes management companies. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” side by side ■ 1 Holiday Inns 312,400 ■ 1 Marriott International 1,165,700 ■ 2 Best Western ** 220,900 ■ 2 Hilton 796,000 ■ 3 Sheraton 118,600 ■ 3 IHG (Intercontinental) 767,000 ■ 4 Ramada Inns 95,200 ■ 4 Wyndham Hotel Group 698,000 ■ 5 Hilton Hotels 85,400 ■ 5 Shanghai Jin Jiang 602,000 ■ 6 Trusthouse Forte (UK) 74,600 ■ 6 AccorHotels 583,000 ■ 7 Balkantourist (Bulgaria) 61,200 ■ 7 Choice Hotels 516,000 ■ 8 Howard Johnson 60,300 ■ 8 BTG Homeinns (China) 374,000 ■ 9 Quality International 53,400 ■ 9 China Lodging Group 331,000 ■ 10 Marriott 48, 400 ■ 10 Best Western ** 293,000 TOP 20 Recreation Visits

■ 1 Golden Gate NRA 17.6 m ■ 11 Cape Cod Seashore 4.6 m ■ 2 Blue Ridge Parkway 15.2 m ■ 12 Acadia NP 4.1 m ■ 3 Natchez Trace Parkway 12.8 m ■ 13 Gulf Island Seashore 4.1 m ■ 4 Gateway NRA 10.3 m ■ 14 Valley Forge NHP 3.4 m ■ 5 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 8.6 m ■ 15 Lincoln Memorial 3.4 m ■ 6 Great Smoky Mtns NP 8.4 m ■ 16 JFK Center / Arts (NYC) 3.3 m ■ 7 National Capitol Parks 6.3 m ■ 17 Jefferson Mem (St. Louis) 3.0 m ■ 8 C & O Canal NHP 6.2 m ■ 18 Rocky Mountain NP 2.6 m ■ 9 Lake Mead NRA 5.9 m ■ 19 Yosemite NP 2.5 m ■ 10 Independence NHP (PA) 4.8 m ■ 20 Olympic NP 2.4 m

1983 / National Park Statistical Abstract National Park Service TOP 20 Recreation Visits

■ 1 Golden Gate NRA 17.6 m ■ 11 Cape Cod Seashore4.1 m4.6 m ■ 2 Blue Ridge Parkway 15.2 m ■ 12 Acadia NP 3.5 m 4.1 m ■ 3 Natchez Trace Parkway 12.8 m ■ 13 Gulf Island Seashore 4.1 m ■ 4 Gateway NRA 10.3 m ■ 14 Valley Forge NHP 3.4 m ■ 5 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 8.6 m ■ 15 Lincoln Memorial8.0 m 3.4 m ■ 6 Great Smoky Mtns NP 8.4 m11.4 m ■ 16 JFK Center / Arts (NYC) 3.3 m ■ 7 National Capitol Parks 6.3 m ■ 17 Jefferson Mem (St. Louis) 3.0 m ■ 8 C & O Canal NHP 6.2 m ■ 18 Rocky Mountain NP 4.42.6 m m ■ 9 Lake Mead NRA 7.9 m 5.9 m ■ 19 Yosemite NP 4.3 m 2.5 m ■ 10 Independence NHP (PA) 4.8 m ■ 20 Olympic NP 3.4 m 2.4 m

1983 / National Park Statistical Abstract National Park Service TOP 10 Recreation Visits TOP 10 National Parks ■ 1 Blue Ridge Parkway 16.1 m ■ 1 Great Smoky Mtns NP 11.4 m ■ 2 Golden Gate NRA 15.0 m ■ 2 Grand Canyon NP 6.3 m ■ 3 Great Smoky Mtns NP 11.4 m ■ 3 Zion NP 4.5 m ■ 4 Gateway NRA 9.1 m ■ 4 Rocky Mountain NP 4.4 m ■ 5 Lincoln Memorial 8.0 m ■ 5 Yosemite NP 4.4 m ■ 6 Lake Mead NRA 7.9 m ■ 6 Yellowstone NP 4.1 m ■ 7 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 7.6 m ■ 7 Acadia NP 3.5 m ■ 8 Natchez Trace Parkway 6.3 m ■ 8 Olympic NP 3.4 m ■ 9 Grand Canyon NP 6.3 m ■ 9 Grand Teton NP 3.3 m ■ 10 Vietnam Vet Mem (DC) 5.1 m ■ 10 Glacier NP 3.3 m

2017 / NPS News Release February 28, 2018National Park Service TOP 20 Recreation Visits + 2017 top 10 National Parks Zion 4.5 m ■ 1 Golden Gate NRA 17.6 m ■ 11 Cape Cod Seashore 4.6 m Rocky Mountan 4.4m ■ 2 Blue Ridge Parkway 15.2 m ■ 12 Acadia NP Yosemite 4.44.1 mm ■ 3 Natchez Trace Parkway 12.8 m Great Smoky Mountains 11.4m ■ 13 Gulf IslandYellowstone Seashore 4.14.1 m ■ 4 Gateway NRA 10.3 m ■ 14 Valley Forge NHP 3.4 m Acadia 3.5 m ■ 5 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 8.6 m ■ 15 Lincoln Memorial 3.4 m ■ 6 Great Smoky Mtns NP 8.4 m ■ 16 JFK Center / ArtsOlympic (NYC) 3.43.3 mm Grand Canyon 6.3 m Grand Teton 3.3 m ■ 7 National Capitol Parks 6.3 m ■ 17 Jefferson Mem (St. Louis) 3.0 m Glacier 3.3 m ■ 8 C & O Canal NHP 6.2 m ■ 18 Rocky Mountain NP 2.6 m ■ 9 Lake Mead NRA 5.9 m ■ 19 Yosemite NP 2.5 m ■ 10 Independence NHP (PA) 4.8 m ■ 20 Olympic NP 2.4 m

1983 / National Park Statistical Abstract National Park Service TOP 20 Travel Advertisers

■ 1 American Express Card ■ 11 Trans World Airlines ■ 2 Eastern Airlines ■ 12 Virgin Islands ■ 3 Holiday Inns ■ 13 Sheraton Hotels ■ 4 Hyatt Hotels ■ 14 Avis Rent-a-Car ■ 5 American Express Gold Bank Card ■ 15 Hilton Hotels ■ 6 Canadian Government ■ 16 Hertz Car Rental ■ 7 Amtrak ■ 17 Lufthansa Airlines ■ 8 Visa Credit Card & Travelers Checks ■ 18 Diners Club Credit Card ■ 9 National Car Rental ■ 19 Visa Charge Card ■ 10 Bermuda ■ 20 Ontario

1982 / Newsweek In Magazines TOP 20 Travel Advertisers Total $$ Spend

■ 1 American Express (#7) ■ 11 Delta (#168) ■ 2 Walt Disney (#16) ■ 12 Southwest (#179) ■ 3 Expedia (#25) ■ 13 Norwegian Cruise Lines (#184) ■ 4 Priceline Group (#96) ■ 14 Royal Caribbean Cruises (#197) ■ 5 Visa (#97) ■ 15 United Airlines (#198) ■ 6 Marriott (#101) ■ 7 Hilton (#107) ■ 8 Mastercard (#147) ■ Rank among top 100 advertisers ■ 9 Liberty TripAdvisor (#150) ■ Companies only ■ 10 Carnival Corp. (#153) ■ Excludes bank credit cards

June 26, 2017 / Advertising Age TOP 20 Travel Advertisers Paid Search Clicks

■ 1 Expedia.com ■ 11 Justfly.com ■ 2 Kayak.com ■ 12 Mapquest.com ■ 3 Cheapoair.com ■ 13 Travelzoo.com ■ 4 Hotels.com ■ 14 Trivago.com ■ 5 Onetravel.com ■ 15 Priceline.com ■ 6 Tripadvisor.com ■ 16 Orbitz.com ■ 7 Booking.com ■ 17 Smartfares.com ■ 8 Cheaptickets.com ■ 18 Bookit.com ■ 9 Bookingbuddy.com ■ 10 Vegas.com ■ Data likely changes often

KantarMedia January-April 2016 TOP 10 U.S. Airports (# pax)

■ 1 O’Hare 42.9 m ■ 1 Atlanta 50.4 m ■ 2 Atlanta 37.9 m ■ 2 LAX 39.6 m ■ 3 LAX 33.4 m ■ 3 O’Hare 37.4 m ■ 4 JFK (New York) 27.9 m ■ 4 Dallas Fort Worth 31.3 m ■ 5 Dallas Fort Worth 26.8 m ■ 5 JFK (New York) 29.1 m ■ 6 Denver (Stapleton) 25.2 m ■ 6 Denver 28.2 m ■ 7 San Francisco 23.2 m ■ 7 San Francisco 25.7 m ■ 8 Miami 19.3 m ■ 8 Las Vegas 22.7 m ■ 9 La Guardia 18.8 m ■ 9 Seattle 21.8 m ■ 10 Boston Logan 17.8 m ■ 10 Charlotte 21.4 m

1983, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report, Airport Operators Council 2016, Bureau of Transportation Statistics TOP 20 World Airports (# pax)

■ 1 O’Hare 42.9 m ■ 11 Boston Logan 17.8 m ■ 2 Atlanta 37.9 m ■ 12 Newark 17.4 m ■ 3 LAX 33.4 m ■ 13 Frankfurt 17.0 m ■ 4 JFK (New York) 27.9 m ■ 14 Osaka 16.3 m ■ 5 Dallas Fort Worth 26.8 m ■ 15 Orly (Paris) 16.3 m ■ 6 Heathrow (London) 26.7 m ■ 16 St. Louis 16.2 m ■ 7 Denver (Stapleton) 25.2 m ■ 17 Honolulu 15.3 m ■ 8 San Francisco 23.2 m ■ 18 Washington DCA 14.2 m ■ 9 Miami 19.3 m ■ 19 Toronto 13.7 m ■ 10 La Guardia 18.8 m ■ 20 De Gaulle (Paris) 13.4 m

1983, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report, Airport Operators Council TOP 20 World Airports (# pax)

1983, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report, Airport Operators Council TOP 20 World Airports (# pax…planing & deplaning)

■ 1 Atlanta 103.9 m ■ 11 Amsterdam 68.5 m ■ 2 Beijing 95.8 m ■ 12 Dallas Fort Worth 67.0 m ■ 3 Dubai 88.2 m ■ 13 Guangzhou 65.9 m ■ 4 Tokyo 85.4 m ■ 14 Frankfurt 64.5 m ■ 5 LAX 84.6 m ■ 15 Istanbul 63.9 m ■ 6 O’Hare 79.8 m ■ 16 New Delhi 63.5 m ■ 7 London 78.0 m ■ 17 Jakarta 63.0 m ■ 8 Hong Kong 72.7 m ■ 18 Singapore 62.2 m ■ 9 Shanghai 70.0 m ■ 19 Incheon Seoul 62.2 m ■ 10 De Gaulle (Paris) 69.5 m ■ 20 Denver 61.4 m

2017 Airports Council International (http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2018/04/09/ACI-World-releases-preliminary-2017-world-airport-traffic-rankings-- Passenger-traffic-Indian-and-Chinese-airports-major-contributors-to-growth---Air-cargo-Volumes-surge-at-major-hubs-as-trade-wars-threaten-) TOP 20 World Airports (# pax…planing & deplaning)