Time Zone Traning

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… CONTENTS TIME DIFFERENCES JET LAG/ JET FATIGUE ACROSS THE WORLD CALCULATIONS………… ……………………………………… TIME ZONES VOCABULARY . PRACTICAL APPLICATION ADDING FLYING TIME INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD TIME ZONE MAP/ DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME INFLATABLE BALLS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. TIME DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE WORLD

A time zone is a region of the earth that has adopted the same standard time; which is usually referred to as the local time.

Time zones are indicated as imaginary lines that run from

North to South down the globe.

Time zones are not straight lines – they curve or form angles so that they go around some smaller countries to ensure that the entire has the same time zone.

Example: some lines curve around the Pacific Island groups so that island countries that cover relatively smaller areas will not have different time zones.

As the earth rotates on its axis (from west to east), half of the planet experiences day, and the other half experiences night. It is therefore understandable that all places on earth cannot have the same time.

2 2. TIME ZONE VOCABULARY

3. INTRODUCTION TO WORLD TIME ZONE MAP

ALL PLACES WEST OF UTC WILL BE ALL PLACES EAST OF UTC WILL BE

EARLIER (subtract time) LATER (add time)             +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 + + + + + + 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12

UTC UTC 18 165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚W 15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚ 180˚ 0˚ W W W W W W W W W W E E E E E E E E E E E E

4 3.1 Important lines of the World Time Zone Map:

3.1.1 Time Zones

There are 24 time zone lines drawn from the South to the North pole. Each represents 15 degrees longitude, or the distance that the earth rotates in one hour.

3.1.2 The Universal Time Coordinate

Time zones maps were based on Greenwich Mean time (GMT, also known as UT1), 0° line of longitude (the Prime Meridian). However, the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) because of its accuracy. Most nations use the UTC in the definition of their time zones.

Example: South Africa used UTC +2, instead of GMT +2

As one travels West from the UTC, the time becomes earlier; as one travels east, the time becomes later. To indicate time ahead of the UTC, + is used AND To indicate time behind UTC, - is used

Example: a country 30°E, will be UTC +2 AND a country 30°W, will be UTC -2

The hours a country is ahead of or behind UTC is called the standard time (local time) for that specific country

3.1.3 International Date Line (IDL)

The International date Line is at 180° longitude. The date is either different on either side of this imaginary line located in the Pacific Ocean. The date is altered at 12:00 or 180° from the Greenwich. This line runs smoothly through the open Pacific Ocean – however, the IDL makes a zigzag in the to incorporate a number of islands into onetime system.

A traveller going Eastwards across the Date Line from one Island to another would have to reset her watch because although she would still be in the same time zone, on arrival at the other island she may find that the time is the PREVIOUS DAY!

5 4. CALCULATIONS 4.1 The 2-hour Clock

6 4.2 Calculation Methods

4.2.1 Illustrative Example: 4.2 .1 Calculating the time and day in different time zones If the time is 09:00 in South Africa. Determine the time and day in New York GENERAL DIRECT QUESTION: Solution: Step 1: Identify the time zones of the countries in question. Step 1:

Step 2: Determine the time difference between Use the time zone map to identify the time

the two countries. zones:

Step 3: Determine the direction of travel to see South Africa: UTC+2 and New York: UTC-5 if you should add the time difference or

subtract the time difference, to Step 2:

determine actual time *Use the time zone map: Put a finger on the Time

 Always start from the known country (SA) to the zone for SA (+2) and move until you reach the unknown time zone for New York (-5), as your finger move  If you move forward / to the right/east from you count the number of time zones that you known to unknown, you will ADD the time difference. cross. OR *Draw a number line to represent all  If you move backward / to left/west from known the time zones and count the SPACES BETWEEN to unknown, you will the two timelines from one country to the next. SUBTRACT the time difference - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 +4

SOLUTION Step 3: If you move from SA (known) to New York South Africa = +2 (unknown), you are travelling backwards/ to New York = - 5 the left therefore you will subtract the time. Time difference = 7 hours (known time – time difference = actual time) * On Time zone Map: finger on +2 and move 09:00 – 7hrs = 02:00 to -5 , at every time zone that you cross you It will be 02:00 on the same day subtract one hour. OR * On 24 hr clock: Start at known time and move backwards while

counting 7 hrs OR * Mathematically: Subtract 7 7 from 9 to determine actual time.

5. FLYING TIME Tourists often travel between countries/cities situated in different time zones. Therefore, it is important for a tourist to be able to determine what his arrival time will be in the country. Flying time refers to the approximate time that has elapsed since his/ her departure.

If you want to determine the arrival time you must ADD the flying time to the answer obtained after step 3. If you want to determine the departure time you must SUBTRACT from the answer obtained after step 3

Illustrative Example Mr. Ace Khumalo from South Africa will be departing on a business trip to Rio de Janeiro on 21 March 2019 at 08:00 and his flight will last for fourteen hours. What will the time and date be when he arrives in Rio De Janeiro?

Instruction 1: Complete steps 1 – 3 South Africa = +2 Rio de Janeiro = - 3 Time difference = 5hrs 08:00 – 5hrs = 03:00 Instruction 2: Add the flying time 03:00 + 14 hrs flying time = 17:00 on 21 March 2019

8 6. Daylight Savings Time (DST)

Daylight Savings Time (DST) is the practice of moving clocks ahead usually, but not always, by one hour. Daylight saving time is most often implemented in the spring and ends in late autumn. DST is also known as summer time in some locations.

The benefit of daylight-saving time is that by moving the clock ahead by one hour, sunset will happen later in the day

thus creating more daylight for people to take advantage of. By having more daylight later in the day the theory is that

less energy will be used for lighting, more people will go shopping after work because it is still daylight, people will

have more recreation time later into the night and so on.

When daylight saving time ends and the clocks are moved back to the original time, the time is then referred to as Standard Time

6.1 Application of DST in time zone calculations:

Determine which countries are using DST. Take note of any dates in the question. Countries only apply DST in summer. DST makes a difference of 1 hour to the actual time. It will be ONE hour later. ADD the one-hour DST to the time zone for countries to the EAST and SUBTRACT an hour for the ……………………countries to the WEST. ALTERNATIVELY : ADD/ SUBTRACT the 1 hour for DST at the end of your ……………………calculations If both countries use DST at the same time, it will have no effect on the answer

9 EXAMPLE It is Friday 04 July in New York. An exchange student living in Durban would like to call his parents at home in New York at 17:00 SAST. What will the time be in New York when he calls?

South Africa = +2 New York = -5 Time difference 7hours 17:00 – 7hrs = 10:00 + 1hr (DST) = 11:00 the same day/ Friday 04 July

7. JET LAG / JET FATIGUE

7.1 Definition: Jet lag is a general feeling of fatigue and disorientation often experienced by travellers who cross several time zones in relatively few hours.

7.2 Causes: Pre-flight condition over-tired, excited, stressed, nervous, or you drank too much before the flight Dry atmosphere - Cabin pressure – Stale air - Alcohol - Food and drink - Lack of exercise –

7.3 Symptoms: Sleeplessness / insomnia; excessive daytime sleepiness; fatigue; headaches; indigestion; irritability; lack of concentration; deep vein thrombosis

10 7.4 How to minimise the effects of jet lag Before the flight During the flight After the flight Ensure that you are in good Do not drink alcoholic or Try and get at least one hour physical shape caffeinated beverages of sunlight after reaching the Eat healthy Drink plenty of water to destination, if travelling Rest or get enough sleep offset the effects of the dry WEST before departure air in the plane Adapt clock/ watch to the Get up earlier prior to an Do not eat too much on the local schedule to help the EAST trip plane. body adapt faster Walk around in the cabin Adjust sleeping patterns every hour or two according time at the No sleeping pills destination without resorting Catch a connecting flight to to sleeping tablets. allow stayovers in the city Wear comfortable clothes and shoes

8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION

8.1 Determine the time in the following cities if it is 12:00 in JOHANNESBURG. Do not consider DST.

a) New York b) Perth c) Cairo d) Los Angeles e) Paris f) Rio de Janeiro g) London h) Beijing

11 8.2 Determine the day, date and time in South Africa if it is: (do not consider DST)

TIME CITY DAY DATE 07:00 Alaska Wednesday 13 August 06:00 Moscow Saturday 10 May 17:00 Dallas Monday 1 November 24:00 Tokyo Sunday 26 December 04:00 Sydney Thursday 22 February 18:00 Rio de Janeiro Friday 3 July

12 8.3 PREVIOUS GRADE 12 QUESTIONS:

SAMPLE 1: STUDY THE WORLD TIME ZONE MAP AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW:

14 SAMPLE 2: 2.2 STUDY THE WORLD TIME ZONE MAP AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW:

16 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS:

9.1 CITY TIME ZONE Time Earlier Or Time in that Later City (a) New York -5 7 h earlier 05:00 (b) Perth +8 6 h later 18:00 (c) Cairo +2 0 12:00 (d) Los Angeles -8 10 h earlier 02:00 (e) Paris +1 1h earlier 11:00 (f) Rio de Janeiro -3 5 h earlier 07:00 (g) London 0 2 h earlier 10:00 (h) Beijing +8 6 h later 18:00

17 9.2

TIME CITY TIME IN SA DAY DATE

07:00 Alaska 18:00 Wednesday 13 August

06:00 Moscow 05:00 Saturday 10 May

17:00 Dallas 01:00 Tuesday 2 November

24:00 Tokyo 17:00 Sunday 26 December

04:00 Sydney 20:00 Wednesday 21 February

18:00 Rio de Janeiro 23:00 Friday 3 July

18 9.3 PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS

SAMPLE 1:

19 SAMPLE 2: