Latitude and Longitude Essential Questions

Home , Imaginary line, International Date Line, Latitude, Longitude (book), Meridian (geography), Scale (map)

Essential Questions • What is the difference between latitude and longitude? • Why is it important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location? • Why are there different time zones from one geographic area to the next? SECTION2 .1 Latitude and Longitude

• Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. Review Vocabulary • time zone: a geographic region within which the same standard time is used SECTION2 .1 Latitude and Longitude

New Vocabulary

cartography longitude equator prime meridian latitude International Date Line 2-1 Mapping Our World •Cartography – the science of map making •Equator - imaginary line that circles the earth dividing it into the North and South Hemispheres I. Directions A. Cardinal directions N,S,E,W B. Primary Intercardinal Dir. – NE, SE, NW, SW C. Secondary Intercardinal Dir. NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW

D. DEGREES 0=N, 90=E, 180=S, 270=W II.Latitude - the distance in degrees either north or south of the equator A. Latitude lines run east and west (parallels) •Equator = 0° latitude •North Pole = 90°N latitude •South Pole = 90°S latitude B. 1 Degree = 111 km (68.8 miles) •Minute (60) = 1.85 km •Second (60) = 31 meters

III.Longitude - the distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian A. Lines of longitude run north and south and are also called meridians B. Prime Meridian - an imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England and represents 0° longitude (1884) C. Maximum longitude is 180° • 180o is also called: International Date Line D. 1 Degree = 111 km at equator, but decreases as you move towards the poles.

IV. Time Zones - Twenty-four (about 15° each) A. Add one hour each going east. B. Subtract one hour each going west.

(How many time zones in U.S.?)

C. U.S. has 6 (Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaska, Hawaii) (25 actual time zones – explain)

D. International Date Line - 180° longitude, an imaginary line that is a change in a calendar day •Travel west – add one day to your calendar (you would lose a day) •Travel east - subtract one day from your calendar (gain a day)

E. Jet Lag – the tired feeling you experience when crossing 3 or more time zones. More of an affect when going from West to East. Give example. F. GMT –Greenwich Mean Time - the place from where all time zones are measured. U.T.C –Universal Time Coordinated Zulu – military G. Daylight saving time – “summer time”

2008 changed length of DST

V. Magnetic North - the north pointed by the compass needle.

86°30′0″N 172°36′0″W as of 2017 A. Magnetic declination – the angle between magnetic north and true north. Glasgow – 100 east Decl. (explain)

SECTION 2.2 Types of Maps

Essential Questions • What are the different types of maps? • Why are different maps used for different purposes? • How are gradients on a topographic map calculated? SECTION2 .2 Types of Maps

• Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. Review Vocabulary • parallel: extending in the same direction and never intersecting SECTION2 .2 Types of Maps

New Vocabulary Mercator projection contour interval conic projection geologic map gnomonic projection map legend topographic map map scale contour line 2-2 Types of Maps •Map projections are made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper. I. Mercator Projection - lines of longitude are parallel to one another A. Correct shape but the areas near the poles are distorted. B. Used for navigating planes and ships II.Conic Projection - made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. A. Less distortion in areas and shapes. B. Used in mapping small areas such as road and weather maps. III. Gnomonic Projections (Polar P.)– projection onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point. A. Distort direction and distance between landmasses. B. Useful in plotting straight line long- distance trips by sea or air. 1. Great-circle routes

IV. Topographic Maps - show the changes in elevation of the earth's surface using lines, symbols, and color. A. Contour line - a line on the map that connects points of equal elevation B. Index contour line - contour line marked with the elevation and are darker. (every 5th line)

C. Contour interval - the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines. D. Contour lines that are close together indicate a steep slope E. Rules of contour lines 1. Close around hills or depressions; hachured lines - show depressions E. Rules of contour lines 1. Close around hills or depressions; hachured lines - show depressions 2. Contour lines never cross 3. Contour lines form V's that point upstream whenever they cross a stream V. Map Scale and legend A. Map scale – the relationship between the distance on a map and the distance on the surface ex: 1cm = 10km 1 : 1,000,000

1 : 30,000

B. Legend - explains what the symbols mean on a map VI. GPS (Global Positioning System) – radio/navigation system of at least 24 satellites. (1973 developed, 1994 official use, 2000 – unscrambled signal, from accuracy of 100 m to 5 m) (Signal is 2.3ft, 95% of the time)

A. Used to determine exact location on earth. B. Must be in contact with at least 3 satellites. •Navigation / Track wildlife •Create maps •Surveying / Hunters / Fishermen VII. Sea Beam – uses more than a dozen sonar devices to detect and measure objects underwater. Ex: speed of sound in water 1484 m/s 10 sec. response time.