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Relevance of Spiritual Intelligence for the Indian Armed i RELEVANCE OF SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE FOR THE INDIAN ARMED FORCES A Dissertation submitted to Panjab University, Chandigarh for award of Master of Philosophy in Social Sciences, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Advanced Professional Programme in Public Administration (APPPA) By Air Commodore Bhupender Singh Kanwar, VSM Roll No: 4609 Under the Guidance of Dr. Kamal Kant Pandey 46th Advanced Professional Programme In Public Administration (APPPA) INDIANINSTITUTE OFPUBLICADMINISTRATION NEWDELHI 2020-21 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Kama Kant Pandey, Professor, Indian Institute of Public Administration, for his guidance in writing of this dissertation. Despite his hectic academic and administrative commitments, he always spared his valuable time to steer my research work with experienced observations and perspective comments. He had provided his valuable contribution and supervision in all domains of the project since beginning to the end. He has also suggested relevant changes in the report to make it more useful. Without his guidance and encouragement, it would not have been possible to complete the dissertation with quality outcomes in such a limited time. I would also like to thank the IIPA as an institute for giving me this opportunity to choose a very relevant subject and providing the much-needed infrastructural facilities to complete the work. I would like to thank the Course Coordinator of 46th APPPA, Dr. (Prof.) C. Malhotra for creating a very conducive and pleasant environment throughout the course, and also showing a very considerate attitude regarding timelines of various assignments especially the dissertation work. I would also to thank the APPPA office for providing excellent support. I want to thank the IIPA library staff for the kind cooperation and making the required books available. In the end, I like to thank my dear wife, Anupama who was my source of motivation & strength during the entire journey of this dissertation. Date: Air Commodore Bhupender Singh Kanwar Place: New Delhi iv DISCLAIMER The findings, interpretations, views, recommendations and conclusions in the dissertation are those of the author and should not be attributed in any manner to any authority, organization or individual. Date: Air Commodore Place: New Delhi Bhupender Singh Kanwar v INDEX Content Page Number Certificate ii Acknowledgement iii Disclaimer iv Index v List of Tables vi-vii List of Charts viii-ix Executive Summary x-xii Chapter 1. Introduction and Research Design. 1-11 Chapter 2. Review of Literature. 12-23 Chapter 3. Analysis of existing Western & Indian Spiritual 24-41 Chapter 4. The Four Path of Yoga – Jnana Yoga. 42-57 Intelligence concepts. Chapter 5. Karma Yoga. 58-70 Chapter 6. Raja Yoga. 71-85 Chapter 7. Bhakti Yoga. 86-100 Chapter 8. Empirical Study & Results 101-122 Chapter 9. Limitations, Conclusion and Recommendations. 123-127 Annexure - I (Chapter 4) 128-159 Annexure - II (Chapter 5) 160-168 Annexure - III (Chapter 6) 169-175 Annexure - IV (Chapter 6) 176-185 Annexure -V (Chapter 7) 186-198 Annexure -VI (Chapter 8) 199-205 Bibliography 206-212 Endnotes 213-220 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Summary the key points of Spiritual Intelligence. 38 Table 3.2 Summary of Key Themes from the Models of SI 39 Table 4.1 Panch Mahavakyas 43 Table 4.2 Atman & Brahman quality comparison. 140 Table 4.3 Five Pranas. 152 Table 5.1 Gunas and approaches to work 62 Table 8.1 Years of service and frequency. 102 Table 8.2 Religion and frequency. 103 Table 8.3 SISRI 31 Question details. 105 Table 8.4 SISRI 31 details. 105 Table 8.5 Cronbach’s Alpha Jnana Yoga 106 Table 8.6 Cronbach’s Alpha Karma Yoga 106 Table 8.7 Cronbach’s Alpha Karma Yoga Item total statistics 107 Table 8.8 Cronbach’s Alpha Raja Yoga. 107 Table 8.9 Cronbach’s Alpha Raja Yoga Item total statistics 108 Table 8.10 Cronbach’s Alpha Bhakti Yoga. 108 Table 8.11 Cronbach’s Bhakti Yoga Item total statistics 109 Table 8.12 Cronbach’s Alpha All Yoga. 109 Table 8.13 Cronbach’s Bhakti Yoga Item total statistics 109 Table 8.14 SISRI 28 (Yoga) CA Value. 110 Table 8.15 Rank based responses. 112 Table 8.16 Religion based responses. 113 Table 8.17 Years of service based distribution. 113 vii Table 8.18 Service of Responders. 113 Table 8.19 Years of Service based SI Mean. 113 Table 8.20 summary of output. 114 Table 8.21 ANOVA. 115 Table 8.22 Comparison of Religion based SI means. 116 Table 8.23 Comparison of Years of Service based SI Mean. 117 Table 8.24 Comparison of JY, BY, RY, KY ,AY based SI 117 Mean. Table 8.25 Analysis of Q 12. 119 Table 8.26 Analysis of Q 14. 120 Table 8.27 Analysis of Q 20. 120 Table 8.28 Analysis of Q 27. 121 Table 8.29 Analysis of Q 28. 121 Table 8.30 Analysis of Q 31. 122 viii LIST OF IMAGES/CHARTS IMAGES/CHARTS Page Number Image 4.1 Sadhna. 48 Image 4.2 Sadhna Chatushtaya. 48 Image 4.3 Categories of a thing. 51 Image 4.4 Chain of bondage. 52 Image 4.5 Six Primary concepts of Advaita Vedanta 128 Image 4.6 Ajnana characteristics, powers and types 136 Image 4.7 Degrees of reality and three theories of creation. 142 Image 4.8 Three Bodies. 146 Image 4.9 Attributes of Koshas 150 Image 4.10 Panch Koshas. 154 Image 4.11 Bodies, sheaths, states and internal instrument. 154 Image 4.12 Absolute Consciousness and three states. 155 Image 4.13 Traya Avastha- three states. 157 Image 4.14 Three levels of consciousness and levels of 159 reality. Image 5.1 Levels of Karma Yoga. 64 Image 6.1 Types of Samadhi. 85 Image 6.2 Sankhya Yoga. 170 Image 7.1 Apara Bhakti. 96 Image 7.2 Para Bhakti. 99 Image7.3 Triangle of love. 191 ix Image 7.4 Types of Devotee. 192 Chart 8.1 Years of service and frequency. 103 Chart 8.2 Religion and frequency. 103 Chart 8.3 QN 1 analysis. 118 Chart 8.4 Rank based responses. 112 Chart 8.5 Religion based responses. 113 x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - “ RELEVANCE OF SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE FOR THE INDIAN ARMED FORCES” This thesis studies the relevance of Spiritual Intelligence (SI) for the Officers of Indian Armed Forces. Literature review of available research on SI revealed a research gap in study of SI in Indian Armed Forces and non-availability of SISRI (Spiritual Intelligence Self reporting Inventory) scale based on the Indian Philosophy of Four Paths of Yoga namely Jnana Yoga (JY), Karma Yoga (KY), Raja Yoga (RY) and Bhakti Yoga (BY). Most of the current studies, whether in India or abroad, use David king’s SISRI (Spiritual Intelligence Self Reporting Inventory) 24 scale to measure SI. A detailed study of Western and Indian approaches to SI reveals that there are major differences in two approaches. The Western approach to SI is outwardly looking, atomistic, reductionist approach by disintegrating objects into smaller parts to understand their functioning. It is empirical and rationality based on observation of physical world. Indian spiritual quest looks inwards, is holistic systems approach, to understand our true nature through intuition and considers self-awareness to be the beginning of journey of our knowledge. Western approach decouples spirituality from religion and see it as a separate field of science and modern psychology while as per the Indian approach, entire secular and religious knowledge lies within us. Therefore, there was a need to study SI from Indian perspective among Officers of Indian Armed Forces. While Western approach is driven by materialism and aims to improve quality of life in this life through material success, Indian Approach is more comprehensive aimed at solving the problem of suffering in life through making one free from the cycle of life and death and bondage to this world by achieving Moksha through the Four Paths of Yoga. One can choose any of the paths based on his temperament and attributes xi and liberate himself. All the paths are complimentary and a mixed path approach with one of the paths being dominant is the best option. The study employed a mixed research strategy and an explanatory research design. For validation of SISRI scale it used Quantitative as well Qualitative methods. It used Quantitative technique of online surveys to determine level of Spiritual Intelligence of Officers of the Indian Armed forces. This study attempted to study the concepts of the Four Paths of Yoga based on various Indian scriptures like Upanishads, Bhagvad Gita, Patanjali Yoga Sutra and Narada Bhakti Sutras etc to determine the core concepts of these four paths, then converted them into measurable parameters and created a SISRI 35 scale based on these parameters. Based on pilot study questionnaire it was reduced to SISRI 31, which was further reduced to SISRI 28 (Yoga) post Cronbach’s Alpha (CA) score analysis. In this final SISRI 28 (Yoga) scale GY, BY, KY and All Yoga have CA score more than 0.7 indicating good scale reliability, however, RY CA value falls marginally short at 0.656. Therefore, there is a scope to refine RY related questions in future studies to ensure that their CA value is >0.7 to make this SISRI 28 (Yoga) universally applicable. Also, responses from officers of religions other than Hinduism were limited and future studies can aim to get more widespread samples to compare religion based SI scores for this scale. A total of 255 responses were found valid out of 265 responses of a Random Convenience based sampling collected through Google Forms using WhatsApp.
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