Bygone Kent May Do Some Little Towards Stirring U P a More General Interest in the History of This Famous

NOTE .

O f this bo ok 0 o ies ha e b ee n i nte d 75 c p v p r ,

and this is

K T BY G O N E EN .

EDITED BY

B A . A R D ST EA D . R I C H , ,

CA NTER BU RY

H . G U LDEN . J O

HUL L :

WI LLI AM A D R W THE H LL PR ESS. N E S CO . , U

L : S I PK I M H H I K CO . L I I . ONDON M N , ARS ALL , AM L T ON , ENT , , M T ED

1 8 2 9 .

nbt eface.

EW counties are so interesting as Kent from

antiquarian , historical , and architectural points of View , and probably no county can surpass the “ Garden of England in these

. ca respects I ts cathedrals , its stles , and its old

o mansions are known far and wide , and the c unty is connected with some of the most stirring and remarkable incidents in our national story .

So wide is the ﬁeld to be covered that the present little volume cannot pretend to do more h than as it were touc its borders . B ut an attempt has been made to give a fairly representative series of pictures of Kent and Kentish life in

“ O lden times ; and it is hoped that Bygone Kent may do some little towards stirring u p a more general interest in the history of this famous

old county . I t should be explained that some little change b has een made in the original series of papers . During the progress of the work through the press some very valuable papers were most kindly

placed at my service , especially by the learned M A . and respected Canon j enkins , . , and by M r .

64308 4 PR EFA CE .

G . . D . L . M Arnold , , of M ilton H all ,

”

A . M . Gravesend ; M r . S . W . Kershaw , , librarian , Lambeth Palace Library ; and M r . A Wollaston K nocker , Town Clerk of Dover . few of the less important papers were consequently set aside to make room for these more important one s To the gentlemen j ust named my best thanks are due , as well as to my old and valued friend ,

M r . F . Ross , a most able and zealous

ide b tha m . S . o antiquary ; and to the Rev . J S , F x l l B M . A . . . o e . A . B Mu s . ; the Rev W J , , . . ; and t o hers , who have so kindly assisted in the f I preparation o the present volume . have also

E. to thank M r . Lamplough for his obliging readiness in undertaking the index . h I I t is , perhaps , as well to add that thoug have undertaken generally to see the several articles I — through the press , have not the time nor in some cases the ability— to verify all the statements contained in papers other than my own . The various writers are , therefore , alone responsible for whatever is contained in their respective articles . R I HA R D TEA D C S . G SC H RAM MAR OOL ,

’ ‘ FO LK ES I O N E Oct . 1 8 2 , 9 . Gontents.

J B T o mas o st I I I STO R I C K ENT . y h Fr

- R ad B . A . K I H P C . B . Ste ENT S LA E NAM ES y , ,

‘ B he R v T A UG US I I N E H I M I I . t e . G e o . S . S . AND S SS ON y

T ac B . A y k ,

' K N o ) II A NT R I ES O F E T . B e T HE R U I NEI C HA I ELS AND C y G .

A n o d . P. M . r l , J ,

A S K E ' I C H O F T HE HI ST OR Y O F T HE C H U RC H O R B AS I L I C A v R B the R e . ano n . . en s M O F LY I G . C C n . A . M N E y J ki ,

CANT ER B U RY PI LG R I MS AND T H E I R SOJ O U RN I N T HE C I T Y .

F Y \V . . O el l B . A . he R ev . o B t n . y J ,

W I I L A M B A R U H T HE K I H A I U Y . B ed e c LL AM , ENT S NT Q AR y Fr ri k

THE R E V OL T O F T HE V I LLE I N S I N T HE D A YS O F K I N G

B Edwa d R I C H ARD T HE SECO ND . y r Lamplo ugh

\V B o se . S u eo n R OY AL ELT I I A M . y J ph p rg

F B T o mas o G REEN W I C H A I R . y h Fr st

T I I M Y I . B ede c R o ss E ART RED CARD N AL y Fr ri k , 0 ’ T H E K I H D I C I EG G E L W I T H E O L D ENT S ALE TS , AND AND E S ,

U Y G S I S. B R . S tead B . A . CO NT LOS AR ST y , ,

’

THE K I G SC H B U Y . B the R ev . . 8 . S de N S OOL , CANT ER R y J i m A A o t a L . b h ,

SM UG G L I N ; I N K EN T

I I W N B . . UG U ENO T I IO MES I K ENT . S Ke s aw y r h ,

D V B V l l E. V o asto n K no O ER CAST LE . y c k e r

I X NDE A .

B Y G O N E K E N T .

1 h i s t o r i c 1k e n t .

Y T H S R O ST B O M A F . 0 portion of England has been the scene of so many important events in the history

O f the nation as the county of Kent . Forming

- the south eastern extremity of the country , and being nearer than any other to the shores of the E uropean continent , it has naturally been the

- landing place of successive invading hosts . I t was on its coast that the earliest event in our national d history was enacte , for B ritain was an unknown

a land to the rest of the world , until J ulius C esar was prompted by the sight of the white cliffs of Kent to cross the narrow channel with his

victorious legions .

Passing over the second Roman invasion , which was prompted by the failure O f the chiefs of the

C a n tii m to send to Gaul the pro ised hostages , it B K E B YG ONE N T.

is enough to O bserve that the Kentish chiefs found themselves constrained to follow the

example of their allies , and submit to the Roman

rule .

8 0 0 Kent , at this time , and for more than years afterwards , occupied a unique position among

the C a n tii the counties , inhabiting no other part of the country , while , during the period of the

Saxon H eptarchy , it formed a kingdom of itself. Roman writers state that the C a n tii were more h civilised t an the other British tribes , and under the Roman rule they made considerable advances m c in the sa e dire tion . Roman bricks , mingled Of d with masonry Saxon origin , may be seen to ay in the lower part of the tower and portions of the

S w an sc o mb walls of Church , near Gravesend , in the foundations of Lyminge Church , and in the remains of the Pharos on the east cliff at Dover . Fragments of Roman pottery may be found even now in the mud of the marshy banks of the d Me way , at U pchurch , and on the ridge behind O the marsh , to the east of the tterham Creek , is a cemetery of the same period , while near Lower

H alstow Church , the remains of the houses which those buried there occupied in life may be traced .

Roman bricks and broken pottery , may be found H I T R I K E S O C N T.

also in the embankment at this place , and many of the former have been worked into the lower

portion of the walls of the church .

The site of the military station of Regulbium ,

from which name Reculver is derived , is now under

water , owing to the constant encroachments of the

sea on the east coast ; but H asted , the historian

of Kent , says that from the present shore , as far as a place called the Black Rock , seen at low water

mark , there have been found great quantities of

tiles , bricks , fragments of walls , tesselated pave

ments , and other marks of a ruinated town . The

only existing traces of , this place are two or three ditches through the marshes , but large quantities of

Roman coins , pottery , and utensils have , at different times , been found there . The Roman

governors established a military station there for . the defence of the channel which then divided Thanet from the mai nland and they had another

a at Rutupi e , now Richborough , to guard the passage of the Stour , then much more important than in modern times . Layers of Roman bricks may be seen between the courses of stones in the walls of Richborough Castle , and some remains of a Roman amphitheatre are said to have been visible sixty years ago , in the ﬁelds , about ﬁve B YG ONE KE N T. h u ndred yards south - west from the ruins of the castle .

The Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Kent was founded by H engist , in 47 5 , and welded by Egbert with the U nited K ingdom of England in 8 2 E . 3. thelbert I the ﬁrst Christian monarch of

this miniatu re .kingdom , is said to have built a palace at Reculver , and this may have been the castle mentioned by some writers , remains being traceable southward and eastward from

S the roofless church . These fragments how that the walls were of Hints and septaria . There O f are no traces of towers . the monastery said to have been founded by Ethelbert not a stone remains , but the magnificent gate of the one founded by Augustine still exists at Canterbury , where also is the oldest parish church in E ngland , that of St . Martin . The unity of England had not long been achieved when the country began to be harassed by the incursions of the Danes . The first descent of these invade rs was made on the island E of Sheppey , in the reign of gbert ; but that was a mere plundering expedition . They came again and again , however , and in constantly increasing 8 numbers ; and in 57 they ventured , for the first

6 B NE EN YG O K T.

' of Kentish men s Ur pr ise d a N orman force on the march to London by issuing from the woods

S w a n sco m b around the village of , a few miles from Gravesend . During the reigns of the N orman and early

Angevin kings , the chief events in the history of

Kent centred in the city of Canterbury . There , at the foot of the altar , in the cathedral ,

Archbishop Becket was assassinated , and there also arose the con fl ict between royal and ecclesiastical authority , which , in the reign of

J ohn , resulted in the kingdom being placed under an interdict . The story of the murder of Becket is so well known that there is no need to tell it

’ here . J ohn s submission to Pandolfo , the Papal legate , was made at or near Dover . E The invasion of ngland by the French , in order to enforce the Papal decree of deposition against J ohn , was thus averted ; but in the following reign a French army , acting in support E of a rebellious movement of the nglish nobles , landed on the coast of Kent , and besieged Dover , which was gallantly defended by H ubert de

Burgh . A French ﬂeet , with reinforcements on

O ff board , was repulsed the coast of Kent , and

- this defeat , combined with their ill success in R HI S TO I C KEN T.

o Linc lnshire , which another French army had invaded , induced the enemy to withdraw . I n the next notable events in the history of

Kent , the actual and the legendary are closely interwoven , but the facts , so far as they can be gathered , so well illustrate the age that they ought not to be passed over without notice . The corpse of a seaman who had been drowned in the Medway was washed ashore near the village of

M inster , in the I sle of Sheppey , on the foreshore

Shu r l a nd of the extensive domain of Sir Robert , by whom directions were given for its interment

in the parish churchyard . The priest refused to

’ comply with the knight s order , upon which the

' latter ordered a couple of his serfs to dig a grave

in the churchyard , and again commanded the

presence of the priest , who , knowing that Sir

Robert was not a man to be trifled with , was

speedily in attendance . H e refused , however , to

offer a single prayer , which so exasperated the

knight that he kicked him into the grave , whereby

his neck was broken . The grave was then ﬁlled

up , and Si r Robert returned to his castle . Reports of this affair soon reached the ears of the

Abbot of Canterbury , who called upon the Sheriff of K ent to set the law in motion against the 8 E E B YG ON K N T.

S hu r l a n d sacrilegious Knight of , with the result

' S osse c ozzz z mtus that the heriff summoned the p , and , presenting himself before the gates of

S hu r la n d d Castle , deman ed the surrender of the murderer . The knight ordered the drawbridge to be raised , and the portcullis to be lowered , and

O n set the sheriff at deﬁance . the summons to surrender being repeated . he sallied out at the

a d o z e n head of armed retainers , and put the upholders of the law to ﬂight .

The Abbot thereupon appealed to the Pope , and the Papal legate in London was instructed to

S hu r l a n d demand justice of the K ing , Sir Robert being at the same time menaced with e xc o mm u n i E cation . dward I . was then preparing for war with Scotland , and the Knight took the opportunity presented by the presence of the royal barge on the coast to wait upon the monarch . What he urged in extenuation of his crime is not recorded ; but he received the royal pardon , and probably cared little for any other consequences . H e had been knighted by Edward for his gallant conduct at the S iege of

C ae rl a ve ro c k Castle , along with another brave

Ha dl o e Kentish soldier , Sir J ohn , who derived

e his name from the villag now called H adlow , HI S TOR I C KE N T. 9

near Tunbridge , and whose castle and estate there afterwards passed into the possession of a

Shu r l a n d family named Fane . The name of still E attaches to a mansion near astchurch , on the

right of the lane leading from M inster to Warden , and the tomb of Sir Robert may be seen in

M inster Church . Whether the person known in history as Wat Tyler was an Essex man or a Kentish man has

b ut never been determined , it is certain that it was upon Kentish soil that the insurrection which he led in asserti on of the rights of man against the exercise of arbitrary and irresponsible power

reached its culmination . After an ineffectual

attack on Rochester Castle , the insurgents E marched to Blackheath , where , with the ssex

men , they are said to have numbered one hundred

thousand . Thence the Dartford tiler sent a

message to the K ing , who had taken refuge in

the Tower , asking for a conference with him . Richard sailed down the river in the Royal barge

for that purpose , but the formidable aspect of the

insurgents deterred him from landing , and he

returned in fear to the Tower . The rest of the

story need hardly be given in detail in this place ,

t being treated indeed in ano her paper . B NE EN T I O YG O K .

ic kl iffe The doctrines of W , which , preached by

J ohn Ball , had no inconsiderable part in promoting this movement of the serfs , were held in some degree by both H enry I V . and his father , the Duke of Lancaster , but the former , on his usu rpation of the throne adopted the view that toleration of heresy was incompatible with the due maintenance of order . H ence the enactment of the law against heresy under which William

S a w tr e e , a London priest , was condemned to death by ﬁre by the convocation of Canterbury . The same law in the following reign was put in force against Lord Cobham , who was regarded as

fo r m id the chief of the Lollards , then become a

” b d able o v. H e was indicted for heresy and condemned to death , but escaped from the Tower before the day appointed for his execution .

Subsequently becoming . implicated in a political conspiracy , he was arrested and hanged as a traitor , his corpse being afterwards burned in execution of the sentence formerly pronounced upon him as a heretic . The tendency towards greater purity of

e r se c u religion continued , notwithstanding these p tions , and , in combination with other and less laudable motives , brought about the religious I I HI S TOR I C KE N T.

reformation of the sixteenth century . The dis solution of the monasteries was not , however , regarded with general approval ; and , with the View of reconciling the minds of the people to this innovation , a commission was appointed to expose the impostures which priests and monks had been practising for centuries on the credulity of their ignorant and superstitious fl ocks . Amongst these was a large cruciﬁx , kept at Boxley , in Kent , and regarded with much reverence , the eyes , lips , and head moving on the approach of its worshippers .

This was broken by the commissioners , and the secret mechanism by which the movements had d been produced were exhibite to the public .

S i The hr ne of Becket , commonly styled St .

T u homas of Canterbury , in Canterb ry Cathedral , was also destroyed , much to the regret of a large section of the people . So great was the - veneration in which the memory of Becket was held that it is recorded that while , in one year , not a single penny was offered on the altar of

God , and only four pounds one shilling and eightpence on that of the mother of J esus , nine hundred and ﬁ fty - four pounds S ix shillings a n d

th shr ine e . threepence were offered at , of Becket These exposures took away much of the odium 1 2 B ONE EN YG K T. that attached to the reforming measures of H enry

V I I I . , and the minds of the people were q uieted by the representation that the king would now be able to dispense with taxes , as the revenues of the abolished abbeys and monasteries would su fﬁce for all the purposes of the State . I t was in this reign that the incidents of the

’ grimmest of Barham . s Kentish ballads were enacted , the scene being the gloomy passage in the cathedral precinct at Canterbury known as the E ” Dark ntry . The old house at the corner of that long , narrow , paved court was then inhabited by one of the canons , whose housekeeper was a E young woman named llen Bean , between whom and her master an illicit connection was more than

n e suspected . O evening a young lady arrived at the house , whom the canon introduced to his friends as his niece , representing that her father had

c o nﬁdin . gone abroad , g her to his guardianship E llen Bean was not long , however , in arriving at a different conclusion , and having , by watching

’ and listening , assured herself of the young lady s

’ frailty and the canon s inﬁdelity to herself, she administered poison to both , fatal results following E in a few hours . llen Bean disappeared , and

was supposed to have been sent away . H er

' I 4 B YG ON E K EN T

as well as in other parts of the kingdom , from the dissolution . of the monasteries . or rather from the social consequences of that measure , the men of that county were not disposed to regard with equanimity the restoration of Roman Catholicism by Mary . The more prudent , indeed , of the nobility and gentry thought it would be soon enough to correct evils when they began to be

- felt , but the warmer blooded among them deemed it easier to prevent grievances than to redress them Sir Thomas Wyatt , some remains of whose castle at Allington may still be found , joined with the Duke of Suffolk and others in a conspiracy to depose Mary , liberate Lady . J ane

o n Dudley from the Tower , and place her the throne . The plans of the conspirators were not well executed , however , and the enterprise was a failure . Wyatt and the duke lost their heads , as did Lady J ane and her

’ husband , and the queen s authority , instead of

u being shaken by the o tbreak , was considerably strengthened by its prompt suppression . During the two following reigns the people of

Kent enjoyed peace , and even the commotions of the Civil War only extended to this county when the strife between King and Parliament had R E HI S TO I C K N T. r 5

nearly reached its conclusion . I n the spring of

1 6 8 . 4 , when the fortunes of Charles I were almost

a at their lowest ebb , the royalists resolved to m ke

a last desperate effort to restore them . Kent was strongly Parliamentarian , but the gentry were , as a rule , on the side of the King ; and Charles being then in extremity , they convened meetings at Canterbury and other places in the county , to test the feelings of the people by raising the cry of “ God and the K ing " The moving spirit of

this movement was a gentleman named H ales ,

who resided in the neighbourhood of Canterbury ,

where he o wned a considerable estate . The avowed object of the meetings was the considera tion of grievances , under cover of which associations were formed , arms collected , and plans laid for a rising for the relief of the King . The meetings were suppressed without diffi culty by the prompt action of Fairfax , who commanded

- the Parliamentary forces in the south east , but the design of their promoters was not aban m do ed . The crews of six ships of war lying at this time

t he in M edway , and who probably had less knowledge of the political condition of the

country than the dwellers in the towns , declared E 1 6 B YG ONE K N T.

i for the King , and , in sp te of the arguments and remonstrances of R a in sbo r o u gh and the Earl of

Warwick , the Lord H igh Admiral put to sea , and sailed for H olland , the purpose of the captains being to offer the command of the squadron to the Duke of York , who was then at the H ague . The Prince of Wales , on being apprised of this movement , went himself to the

H ague , whence he returned with nineteen vessels , W' and anchored in the Thames . arwick avoided

t an engagemen , however , and all the efforts of the princes to create a movement in London I n support of the royal cause proved unavailing . I n the meantime their friends in Kent had mustered at M aidstone , and opposed a bold front to Fairfax , who marched against them as soon as the news of the rising reached him . For six hours the royalists resisted the efforts of the

bu Parliamentary force to dislodge them , t at length they were driven out of the town , leaving two hundred of their supporters dead in the streets , and twice that number prisoners . Those who escaped returned at once to their homes .

There was another royalist force on the move , E however , under the command of the arl of N ew fl port , who , on the day after the sanguinary con ict at I HI S TOR C K EN T. I ;

2 n d Maidstone (J une ) advanced to Blackheath , in the hope of being able to penetrate into London , and strike a blow that might prove a turning point in the fortunes of the royal cause . This plan they were prevented from carrying out by

S ki o n the vigilance of General pp , who intercepted their communication with the city ; and their leader , deeming that nothing could be done in

a Kent , where , indeed , his position soon bec me precarious , crossed the Thames , and led his force to Colchester .

O 1 660 E fl nce more , in , an nglish eet sailed to the shores of H olland to bring over the sons of

NO Charles I . one could have foreseen twelve years before that they would so soon be welcomed

E . back to ngland They landed at Dover , and proceeded to London , where they were received with every demonstration of joy . Four years later , a Dutch ﬂeet appeared in the Medway , and spread consternation throughout the country . A chain had been drawn across the river , and some additions made to the defences of the banks ; but these preparations were made in vain Sheerness

S was soon captured , and the Dutch hips sailed on , breaking the chain , and overcoming the obstacles presented by the ships sunk by order of the Duke I S EN B YG ON E K T.

of Albemarle . Destroying all the shipping in

ﬁ r e - their passage , six warships and ﬁve ships

U no r advanced up the river as far as p Castle , where they burned three English ships of war . I t was expected that they would sail up the

y Thames , and destro all the shipping , and even the city of London , but , owing to the failure of the French ﬂeet to support them , the Dutch ships turned seaward , and after making a hostile demonstration along the coast , returned to their own ports . Kent was not the scene of any other event of

1 68 8 importance in the national history until , the year of the ﬂight of J ames I I . from a kingdom which he declined to govern constitutionally , and which would not be governed after the manner of his father . Leaving Whitehall by stealth , he rode on a dark December night from the Thames

b - y to the Medway , being conducted through y wa s

y by a guide , and crossed the latter river by A les

V V O . O l e c k ford bridge Changing his horse at p , E he rode on to lmley Ferry , near Faversham , where he arrived at ten o ’clock on the following E morning . There a hoy , hired by Sir dward

H ales , lay ready to receive him ; but a strong wind was blowing , and the vessel had no ballast HI S TOR I C K E N T I 9

on board . This omission being supplied at

S hil ne ss , it was determined to sail as soon as the

- tide served , it being then half ebb ; but when the vessel was nearly aﬂoat S he was boarded by the crews of three ﬁshing boats , who seized J ames and his two companions , Hales and another , on

y the pretext that the were Papists , seeking to escape from the kingdom . H ales gave the master ﬁfty guineas , as an earnest of more should he permit them to escape . H e promised ; but , instead of keeping his word , he took the rest of their money , under the pretence of securing i t from the seamen , and then left them to their fate . The fugitives were at length taken in a coach to Faversham , where , on their rank transpiring ,

u i n S i r a m e s O x n d n c a m e m c h c o m m o t o ensued . J e o with a company of militia to prevent the king ’s escape . J ames contrived to send a letter to E London , which reached the arl of Mulgrave , and was by that nobleman read before the H ouse E r of Lords . The result was that the a l of

Faversham was sent , with two hundred of the

Guards , to protect J ames and attend him

wherever he resolved to go . H e chose now to

return to London , but a message was sent from 2 0 B ON E E N YG K T.

O the Prince of range , desiring h im to advance no farther in that direction than Rochester . The messenger missed James by the way , and the latter went on to London . H e found D utch

‘ soldiers guarding Whitehall , and he was commanded to retire to Rochester . H e obeyed , and remained in that city three nights . A t midnight on the third day he left the house at which he lodged , secretly , attended only by his illegitimate son , the D uke of Berwick , and one servant , and went in a boat to a s mack which was in readiness at Sheerness . Thence they sailed for the coast of France , and early on the morning of Christmas Day anchored before Ambleteuse , from which port the fugitives posted to St .

’ Germain s , whither the queen had preceded them before James ﬂed from Whitehall . O f the connection of Kent with more modern

’ history , of Atterbury s plot , of the long residence of the Duke of Wellington at Walmer , and so forth , it is not necessary to treat here .

2 2 B E E N YG ON K T. speak to us of events which written history has ” failed to commemorate . And there can be no

s doubt that thi is true in the fullest sense , and to an extent hardly to be imagined by those who have not thought much on this matter . The name of even the obscurest hamlet , or lone

- - farm house , or tiniest brook , may be full fraught with instruction to him who knows how to read aright .

The ﬁne old county of Kent presents a tt r ac

“ tions to many students , and not least of all to the student of local names , and this for many

. a reasons H ere landed C esar and his Romans , here St . Augustine ﬁ rst preached , and here was the chief settlemen t of the J utes . Then again , the geographica l modiﬁcations which the county

n has undergone , and its proximity to the Co tinent —always the “ shortest and quickest route lend additional interest to the study of Kentish place - names ; to say nothing of the fact that amongst these names are some of the queerest to be found outside Wales and the H ighlands . Witness such philological nuts to crack as

Ly mpne and Lyminge , Reculver , H ardres ,

S w a l te nde n . , and a host of others The present short paper has no pretentions to ’ KE N TI H I - S LA CE N AN/E S . 2 3

being the result of original research , and the writer certainly does not propose to set up as an

“ ” authority . What is here given may be got at by anyone who will take the trouble to study diligently such works as Canon Taylor ’s “ Words E ’ and Places , dmund s N ames of Places , together with the writings of Kemble , Latham , etc . , in connection with a few of the old itineraries ,

using the while a modern ordnance map . and not forgetting to peep into Domesday Book . This article will have served its purpose if it succeeds in pointing out what rich stores of information may be got out of a study of the names to be found on the map of Kent , and in shewing that the subject is anything but dry and forbidding .

B on e The present volume is entitled yg Kent , and certainly a study of our local names will often

“ ” carry us very far back into bygone times . I t is indeed hardly too much to say that if all the written history of the country were lost , a diligent study of the place - names would enable us to piece

together more than a little of the lost records . I ndeed local names often do supply the desired information where no written account at all has come down to us ; whilst it is interesting to note how local names conﬁrm the truth of trustworthy B NE A' EN 2 4 YG O T.

historical records . The earliest inhabitants of

Kent , so far as written accounts go , were of

Celtic race , and their occupation is abundantly shown to this day by the names they have left

e . behind th m To begin with , the very name of

cezm the county is derived from the Celtic , a head , certainly an appropriate name in every way for a f district of its conﬁguration and position . O its rivers there are few which do not owe their

’ a w r names to the same early race . The word ,

" water , appears in Dour , Rother ( Red Water), and Darent , or Derwent as it once was . Stour is

i s (1207 probably a double word from and , which both mean water , whilst the lordly Thames itself

d t r is almost certainly the B r oa Wa e . I n

re M edway , Canon Taylor sees the Welsh word g y

w . or y , water Then Romney is said to be from

' r zrz mm' , a marsh , so that the name Rom ney Marsh means something very like the Marsh

Marsh . I n South Wales there is another

Romney , though usually it is spelt Rhymney .

c u m The very common meaning a hollow , is still represented in Kent In its Saxonized form of W Combe . e have several farms of the name in the county . And here I may say , particularly ,

O f - e that often the most interesting all place nam s , ' A E TI H PL A CE - A J WE 2 N S N S . 5

and the best worth studying , are those of isolated farms and remote hamlets . N ot seldom these places have a history dating back far beyond that

is ~ full of the great towns . Kent of such outlying

s farmsteads and hamlet , as a glance at the

—T e r lin ha m C o n ic ks ordnance map will shew g , ,

S c utt in to n W a dlin Edin s Y o nse e g , g, Rhoads , g , , and hundreds more . But on the whole the proportion of Celtic names is not large in Kent , and this is j ust what history would lead us to expect . What with one —b invasion and another y Romans , Teutons , and — N o r thm e n our Celtic predecessors must have had r a hard time of it , and no wonde they went further westward , and left their lands to others .

Probably hardly ﬁve per cent . of our local names are of Celtic origin, and what we have are in

n nearly all cases the ames of natural features .

' D a m/ 1s R a n l éi zw z Possibly the Latinised and g , e our modern Dover and Reculv r , were Roman attempts to render earlier Celtic names . And

Canon J enkins is of opinion that Lyminge r e p re

I I eol M a m sents the Celtic (Stone Street), the

' O ld form (at L z mm i ng (or (at L ema en ) would mean near the S tone Street , a description which certainly suits the place exactly . E B YG ON E K N T. N otwithstanding an occupation of several hun

ve a r s R m dred , the o ans left behind them few

- traces in the way of place names . Rochester , of course , occurs at once to the mind , as well as

S l m l a Stone Street , j ust mentioned (Latin ), and

Watling Street . Such places as M inster date

only from later times , after the introduction of

Christianity into England . To come to the immediate ancestors of the

Men of Kent , the J utish section of the Saxon

invaders , it is probable that not less than n inety

- per cent . of the local place names are of Anglo

Saxon origin . I f we owe the name of the county

- to the Celtic race , at all events two thirds of the

name of its venerable city , Canterbury , are Saxon .

Cem z To the Latinised form of , Cantium , the

wa n t Saxons added , inhabitants , thus getting Cant

. é r z ware , the men of Kent To this was placed y lg,

C a n t wa r a b r i burgh , thus we get y g, the burgh of ” “ w the men of Kent , or better still the to n of the

” men of the headland . We still have Edward W ” tu Ca n a r . But the most striking thing about Kentish

names , and a thing which the general reader can

hardly fail to notice , is the enormous number of

e e - th m indicating a dens ly wooded country . - 2 KEN TI S H PL A CE NA J I E S . 7

/Z ZH’S fS l a s (Zen s Ma r ts é o/l s There they are , , y , , , ,

el ds ﬁ , and so forth , in bewildering numbers , and

- nearly all of these are Anglo Saxon names ,

(Zen except perhaps , which would possibly be

l t - better classed as C e o Saxon .

ﬁ zrr sts— Let us begin with the Chislehurst ,

Penshurst , H awkhurst , Staplehurst , Shadoxhurst ,

“ and others in plenty . This hurst is . the

- é r st Anglo Saxon y (wood), in a slightly more modern dress . Another wonderfully favourite ending in Kentish place - names is the den j ust mentioned , meaning a thicket , or wooded valley . Let anyone examine the portion of the map of Kent to the south of the railway line from Tunbridge to Ashford , and he will ﬁnd a

den s - perfect swarm of these Tenterden , Halden ,

Smarden , F rittenden , Marden , and so on

’ ' m l l zm z c iéz . Again , scattered up and down the

Ze country , we ﬁnd plenty of names with y for their

“ ” termination . This ley is akin to the modern

O f a lie , and is indicative clearing in the forest

l a id where the wood has been , or the cattle love l i e. to I n these clearings , of course , our Teuton ancestors often built their houses , and thus formed the nucleus of many a village or to wn . So we get

Bromley , Bickley , Swanley , all within sight 2 8 B YG ONE KE N T.

almost of London , with plenty of others more

Idl e VVill e sl e remote , like Calverley , y , y , Tudeley . But we have by no means exhausted the names

- Eat telling of forest land . There is , or

S which means a copse , or gentle lope covered with scrub . These are not as numerous in Kent as they are further west , but we have Knockholt ,

Hi hﬁe ld Calshot , and perhaps others . I n g ,

Ma tﬁ e ld En sﬁe ld , , we have places where the trees

l l ed ( ka r ts had been f e . The peculiar to two or three of the south - eastern counties deserve men

“ [Ea r l tion . Says D r . I saac Taylor , the word is identical with the word Ea r l (wood or forest) we

ﬁnd in such German names as H artz Mountains .

- I n Kent we have Chartham , Chart Sutton , Great

Chart , and Little Chart . We have still left an abundance of such isolated but suggestive

A she nﬁe ld names as Mapleton , Sevenoaks , ,

a k B road O . N ow to what does all this point ? U ndoubtedly to this fact , that a very large portion of the county was once covered with dense forest . This we should know even if there were no written record of the fact . B ut we learn from historical

sources that a very large portion of Kent , Sussex ,

Surrey , and H ampshire was once covered with an

E E N 3O B YG ON K T.

' when the ending z ng' stands alone we have the original settlement of the clan or family , but where there is a sufﬁx (like ll a m ) it marks a ﬁlial colony sent out from the paren t settlement . I n Kent we have these original family settlements at

S illin s Selling , where were found the g , a Vandal tribe , mentioned by Ptolemy , at H arling , where were the H arlings ; and others at Bobbing ,

Stelling , Malling ; whilst offshoots from the parent settlements are met with at H astingleigh ,

Godington , and twenty or thirty more . I ndeed it is said that Kent boasts of twenty - two parent settlements (a larger nu mber than any other county , j ust as might have been expected in a district so early settled) and twenty - nine ﬁlial colonies . A curious variation of the termination

' z u ' O tt in e g is found in Lyminge , g , Sellinge ,

A r in e p g , H awkinge , and a few more . I t is worth while to look for a moment at the very important modiﬁcations in the contour of the county , and see how these have affected the

- place nomenclature . Some portions of the district adj oining the Thames are damp enough for ordinary people even now , but how waterlogged the whole locality must have been formerly may

- be clearly seen by looking at the place names . - l l 1 K E N TI S H PLA CE NA /ES . 3

Marshes in plenty there are , Plumstead , Crayford ,

’

Dartford , Cowling , St . Mary s . There we have

Marsh Street , and such names as Sheppey ,

Chitn e . e ea y , Graveney This termination y (or )

- indicates an island , or land so water begirt as to be practically an island . O f the Goodwin Sands , and the encroachments of the sea on the coast thereabout , nothing need

“ - be said , as every school boy knows all about it . I f any one wants to see “ what the envious siege of watery Neptune can do , let him start at

Folkestone H arbour , and follow the coastline eastwards for a mile or two . But we will rather

' pass on to an instance o r t w o of an opposite

character , that is where the sea has lost ground , as an I rishman might say ; we still speak of the I sle

of Thanet , and everybody knows in a vague sort

of way that it was once really an island , though how or when or why it ceased to be one in any

true sense is known to far fewer people . Yet m ships once entered fro the N orth Sea , near

Sandwich , and sailed along the broad channel

which then separated Thanet from the mainland ,

coming out into the mouth of the Thames , near

a n d ba Reculver . Sandwich (S y y) and Rich

we borough re famous ports in early times , whilst E 3 B YG ON E K N T.

Ebb ﬂe e t was one till a comparatively recent date . I f we knew nothing of all this from history we could still gather much of it from a careful study of local names . Starting from Pegwell Bay and going westward , let us note a few of these names .

To Sandwich allusion has j ust been made .

Ebbﬂe e t is now quite half a mile from any tide ,

D u r l o c k w a fer - l a ke and , meaning , is now over half a mile from the sea . [This is not the only

D u r l o c k in Kent , the district overlooking Folke

' E stone Harbour , on the ast Cliff, is still called the

l ks Ma r shbo r o u h D ur o c . ] Then there come g ,

Marsh H ouse , West Marsh , Stodmarsh , Ash E a Marsh , lmstone M rsh , which must have been named later on , when the great channel had to a considerable extent disappeared . The most noteworthy name , however , is perhaps Stou r mouth , which village is now a tolerably fair before

a m bre kfast walk , say so e ﬁve or six miles , from the sea , but at which place it is evident the river

Stour once emptied itself into the German O cean .

r /z esel Chislet , from the word , shingle , was once a shingle island , j ust as we have Chelsea , anciently

Che se l - e a , also a shingle island . Fordwich , or Fordwick which means “ the bay on the arm of

r me r l t the sea , near Can terbury , was fo v the por K E TI H PTA E - M N S C NA ES . 33

a of Canterbury , and a corporate town . Clearly branch of the great channel ran eastwards to that

O la n ti h - wa place . And then there is g , half y between Canterbury and Ashford , whose earlier

Ol an ti e and perhaps better form , g , shows that in

an former times it must have been island . A worthy inhabitant of Wye , with whom the present

’ c o nve rsin o n writer was g the subject , stoutly refused to believe that Ola n tigh was ever an island , or that the seawater ever came anywhere near the place , but the evidence furnished by the name is too strong for him . Few districts better repay a study respecting its place - names than the far - famed Romney

Marsh . H istory informs us that Lym ne (or

Lympne , as some prefer it) was once a famous — Roman port indeed , next to Richborough , the most important in Kent . I t is to be feared that Lym ne has small chance of ever being a port again . I t is now a mile and a half or two miles

S . from the hore . But this is not all Appledore , now some half a dozen miles from any part of the present coast , was formerly a maritime town , and the name , from Celtic sources , is said to mean “ l ” w ate r o o . p I t is clear, therefore , that an arm of the sea must have extended from Lym n e to D B N E 34 YG O E K N T.

. Appledore , and there are good reasons for thinking that this channel was practically the

- u Lim n e same as that of the now dried p river e .

S When the channel ilted up , both Appledore and

L m ne y decayed , and the newer port of West n H ythe spra g up , which in its turn gave

— it place to the modern H ythe , is to be noted

L m n e that H ythe is not Celtic , like y and

Appledore , but Saxon . H ythe tries hard

to keep itself to the shore , bu t it will have to

15 Of succumb . As a port It now a thing the past , being many hundreds of yards from the sea , whilst West H ythe is more than a w mile as the cro ﬂies . So much for the fringe o f

Romney Marsh . I f we come to the district itself, a glance at the names between the modern M ilitary Canal and D ungeness will S how how comparatively recently much of the district has

become habitable . We cannot do better than fall

“ back upon Canon Taylor again . Throughout the greater portion of the Marsh the local names are purely English (or modern) such as

Fa ir ﬁ e l d e w c hu r c h I vychurch , , B rookland , and N . I n a few of the more elevated spots the names

are Saxon or Celtic , as Winchelsea , or Romney , whilst it is only when we come to the inland - K E N TI S H PI A CE N A M E S . 3, 5 margin of the marsh that we meet with a fringe

L m n e of ancient names like y or Appledore , which show the existence of continuous habitable

” land in the times of the Romans or the Celts . The change in the character of Romney Marsh is shewn , too , by the fact that the river Rother , which now runs into Rye Harbour, to the west of

Dungeness , formerly emptied itself into the sea some distance to the east , or rather to the north of that headland . The Danish or N orse element which forms so conspicuous a feature in the local names of some f o the eastern counties , such as Lincolnshire , is

- not so plentiful in the place names of Kent . I ndeed this county has about as small a proportion as any of the names derived from the N orthmen .

Still we have a few . An interesting instance is

a te f the termination g , which so o ten occurs

o r th a te Ramsgate , Margate , Kingsgate , N g ,

Sandgate . I n Romney Marsh this word

’ ut becomes g , as Romney Marsh Gut , J ew s Gut ,

d n G l o be s e . Marsland Gut , Gut , and so on I n every case these ga tes or gu ts are passages down

tne w a to the sea , and the word originally meant y ’ t one oes. a i g A man s g is still the way he goes . The I ndian word Gka n t is derived from the same B Y ON E E N 36 G K T.

“ root . Deptford is the deep reach , whilst the w i cks — were probably stations of pirates Wick ,

“ Sandwich , Greenwich (the green

“ Woolwich (the hill reach , ) and so on . Walton

“ ” is probably the walled enclosure , and in the

a n sba n k parish of Chartham we have D e s . Characteristic N orse names in n ess (nose)

Shell n e ss abound , like Sheerness , D ungeness , ,

Fo re n ess . , Whiteness , N ess Corner Dungeness

D e n e ne ss D e n e n e ss or g , is perhaps g y , or Danes

I sland H ead . That the N orthmen made pretty frequent settlements along the Kentish coast is certain ; and who knows how of the “ much proverbial seafaring skill and hardihood of the Kentish boatmen and ﬁshermen is due to the admixture of old “ Sea Rover blood in their veins p

Considering its proximity to the Continent , it is remarkable that there is so little of French or

N orman - French in the Kentish place - nomen

l a u r -l e - c t e . H ere and there we ﬁnd a Capel Ferne

Wic kha mbr e a ux or a , but the number of such

. O n instances is small the other hand , it is most interesting to n ote that A ngl o- S ax on n a mes

u n d n té e Fr en enc oast n ea r B ou l o n e abo o g . Com pare the Sangatte , Lozinghem , Wimille , H am ,

8 B Y E E N 3 G ON K T.

E tion . As a witty member of the nglish

“ Dialect Society has said , every man thinks he ” d v n d v can r i e a d er i e. But a large series of disasters in both driving and deriving has taught the present writer to be wary in attempting either , lest haply in the latter art he should tumble into some of the delightful pitfalls into which of yore

Lambar de Pe r a mbu fell dear old , the Kentish lator . Hu tine ﬁ t. ue ano his mi i n g ss o .

Y T HE R EV E Y . B . G O . T A K B A S. C , . HE latter half of the sixth century found E ngland almost wholly heathen still . I t is true that long before that date Christianity had made its way into the island , whether through the preaching of S . Paul , the labours of S . J oseph of

Arimathea and his companions , in answer to the

prayers of K ing Lucius , or by what other now forgotten means , we cannot say . Certain , m however , it is that there were B ritish artyrs , as

A O S . Alban , in the D iocletian persecution ( . . and B ritish bishops present at the Councils of

dic a A . D . A D . S a r Arles ( . ( 347 ) and

A D Ariminum ( . . The next century saw a change . From the stormy shores of the Baltic

E - d the nglish sea kings came own upon the land , now left defenceless by the Roman power ; like the successive waves of an incoming ﬂood they swept across it , driving before them or destroying almost every vestige of what was character

istic all y B ritish and covering the land with their EN 40 B YG ONE K T.

‘ own masterful being , rugged , daring , and withal heathen ; until at length all that was left of the B ritish Church was to be found only amid the

- wild hills of Wales and Cornwall , like drift wood

’ at the water s edge , marking the utmost limit of the advancing tide . For some unexplained reason no effort was made by this remnant to convert their English conquerors to the Faith . Whether their resent ment at their sufferings overcame their Christian a ch rity , or the continuance of a desultory conﬂict gave no opportunity of intercourse , or whether the civil strifes into which we are told they fell e amongst themselv s , was the hindrance , we can only conjecture ; the Venerable Bede , however , reckons it “ amongst other most wicked actions ” in of which this time of distress they were guilty , “ that they never preached the faith to the Saxons E or nglish who dwelt amongst them . The work thus neglected was to be taken up nevertheless by others . We need not tell again

’ - ta e the oft told L of S . Gregory s noticing the group of fair- haired S laves in the Roman market; and of the holy humour with which he punned upon the names of their country and their king , but we pass rather to the fulﬁlment of the sacred A TI NE A ND H I M I 1 S T. UG US S I SS ON 4 ambition which was that day born within the

’ saint s breast . I t was not until some years later that Gregory was able to take steps for the conversion of the E nglish , and by that time the calls of other duties he was then B ishop of Rome— prevented his personally undertaking the mission . As abbot of

. o the M onastery of S Andrew on the C elian H ill , he had had ample opportunity of judging the

o f A worth and work ugustine , the p rior , and him he chose to whom to conﬁde the responsibility of this task .

The band of missionaries , consisting of about forty monks , traversed Provence , stayed for

' o f Le r ins a while in the I sle , and at length , after some doubts and delays , caused by the account given them of the roughness of the English nation , landed in the I sle of Thanet on the 6 th . 7 August , 59 Thanet was then far more entitled to the name

- of isle than it is to day . Bede gives the following

“ description of it : O n the east of Kent is the large isle of Thanet , containing, according to the E nglish way of reckoning , six hundred families , divided from the other land by the River

. Wa n tsum , which is about three furlongs over, E 42 B YG ONE K N T.

and fordable only in two places , for both ends of it run into the sea ; and even as late as the

T w ne sixteenth century , J ohn y says of the stream

“ which insulates it , There be right creditable persons now living that have often seen not only small boats , but vessels of good burden to pass to

Wa n tsum n o w th e and fro upon the , where water ,

s the w especially toward est , is clear excluded ; and there be apparent marks that Sarr, where ” they now go over, was a proper haven . Within this island , therefore , S . Augustine and his company waited until the king should give them an audience , or signify his pleasure concerning them . The condition of things in the kingdom of Kent was not unfavourable for the foundation of the faith , nor for its extension from that centre . E thelbert , the king , had taken to wife Bertha ,

Cha r ibe rt daughter of ; K ing of Paris , who had stipulated at the marriage that she should be permitted the full enj oyment of the Christian religion , in which she had been brought up ;

' Luidha rd , B ishop of Senlis , was therefore present at the Kentish Court as her chaplain , and both E from him and from the queen , thelbert must often have heard something of the mysteries of A S TI NE A ND HI S M I SSI ON S T. UG U 43

’ their faith . M oreover , the K ing s inﬂuence extended beyond the limits of his own dominions ,

— I E FR M T H DOO R O F T HE PT ER ‘ O ST . A G T O E A E R O E T E R . U US N CH H US , CH S — since he held the position of B retwalda, the third who had been advanced to that dignity —and thus exercised some degree of over 44 B YG ON E KEN T. lordship over all the country south of the

H umber .

S . G regory the Great , writing to Bertha , intimates that it was understood that “ an anxious desire had arisen among her people for admission

“ She to the Church , and suggests that ought early to have inclined her husband favourably ” towards her own faith it is therefore most probable that when at last the missionaries came into the royal E presence , thelbert was prepared to give them something more than an impartial hearing ; nor did they , on their part , as they advanced to meet

' re c e ded b him , chanting a pathetic litany , and p y a silver cross and a cruciﬁx painted on a panel , fail to make use of the opportunity afforded them of at once impressing his mind with the beauty and solemnity of the message they had come to bring . The result of the important conference that followed was as favourable as , from a ﬁrst interview , could have been looked for ; the monks were permitted to cross to the mainland and take up their residence in the r o val city of Canterbury ; provision was there made for their sustenance , and leave was granted them to preach and to make converts .

Two buildings , still existing , recall the early

46 B YG ONE K EN T. Augustine singing the holy ofﬁces or preaching to

the heathen ; within which , two centuries earlier , ’ E ere Rome s mpire crumbled to decay , priests and people now nameless to us met to “ sing ” hymns to Christ as God . The conversion and baptism of K ing Ethelbert

not only allowed S . Augustine to seek other and larger centres for his work , but even compelled him to do so , for the multitude was not slow in following the royal example ; but a good foundation having thus been laid , the head of the mission returned to France before proceeding to build further upon it , and obtained episcopal

V ir il ius consecration at the hands of g , Archbishop of Arles . The second church provided for the growi n g community of Christians was also an an c ient

t he British church , desecrated and in ruins ; this

- new made bishop repaired and enlarged , and constituted it the cathedral , or episcopal seat , for his diocese , under the name of Christ Church .

The magniﬁcent pile , which now forms the E metropolitan Church of ngland , was commenced by Lanfranc (1 0 70 the thirty - third archbishop , and has grown under the hands of S U CCC S SIV C occupants Of the see to its present A S TI NE A ND HI M I I S T. UG U S SS ON 47 dignity ; yet it is thought by some to enshrine part of that humbler building which contained the rude throne of the ﬁrst of the long line * of archbishops of Canterbury . T he walls of the crypt proclaim its great age , and it is this part of the cathedral which is said to have come down to us , through all the storms that have more than once wholly or in part wrecked the greater t church above it , as a memorial of the imes of E K ing thelbert and S . Augustine . So rapidly spread the effects of the m issionaries ’ 6 work among the people that at Christmas , 9 7 , less a than eighteen months fter their landing , more than persons were baptized at the mouth of the

M edway , opposite Sheppey . The news of the Of conversion of the king , and the progress of the

work , brought from Rome a crowd of additional helpers , and the outward signs of the victory of the

Cross became more and more evident in the city .

A third ancient church , which had been degraded into a heathen temple , was cleansed and

r e - dedicated to its original use under the name of

S . Pancras , and near it rose a monastery for the

- accommodation of the missionary monks . O ne

religious house they already possessed , for

h o D r B nso n i s the 2 nd e . T e presen t arc hbi sh p ( . ) 9 48 B VG ON E K EN T

E e thelb rt had given up to their use his palace , which lay hard by the new cathedral . The second monastery , destined to be one of the greatest and most famous of abbeys , was seven years in

building , but the founder was not to see its consecration , which took place u nder Laurentius , his companion and successor . I t was at ﬁrst dedicated to the Apostles S . Peter and S . Paul ,

D ii nsta n - but , the twenty third archbishop , added the name of S . Augustine , and this title

. has supplanted the rest . Many have been the

‘ changes in its fortunes ; it has been abbey , royal

’ ina r o hall , and bishop s palace , and now , not pp

r i l p ate y it forms a college of missionary students . I t will be seen from the above notes that the footprints of S . Augustine are to be found all over his ancient city of Canterbury , but his work spread beyond that city , or indeed the kingdom of E Kent . By the aid of thelbert a second see was founded within his domains , and J ulius, one of

’ S . Augustine s first helpers , was made the first bishop of Rochester . The cathedral , built chiefly by B ishop G undul f (1 0 77 - 1 1 0 8 ) was dedicated to S . Andrew , in memory of that monastery at

Rome , whence the ﬁrst company of missionaries came to Kent ; and the majestic ﬁgure of S . A TI N E A N D I I I S III I S I N S T. UG US S O 49

Augustine , bearing the cross staff of an

Archbishop , still stands without the Chapter door . Westward and northward the light spread from

Kent into the surrounding kingdoms , so that even far N orthu mbria for a brief space caught its gleams . With all the questions of ritual and theology that arose between the I talian priests and the British Church , and with the details of their labours beyond the borders of Kent , we must not trouble the reader of the present volume . O n e word o nly will we add as to his claim to the “ E title Apostle of the nglish . I t must be E remembered that not all of ngland , much less of

Great Britain , was touched by his work ; the E nglish never penetrated to Cornwall , Wales , or

Scotland , and these people owe little or nothing directly to the mission of S . Augustine ; moreover his work , or that of his assistants , north of the

H umber , was superﬁcial and shortlived , so that in a few years time it had to be t e - commenced from the foundation . From I ona came a band of devoted men , whose simple lives and burning words brought the knowledge of the Faith to E northern ngland , and who may fairly claim an equal share with S . Augustine in the Apostleship E of the nglish . 0 E V ON E K E N T 5 G .

t The great S . Gregory was called to his res

60 early in 5 , and but two months later his friend and follower , S . Augustine , laid down the

’ weapons of life s warfare . H is body was laid within his monastery at Canterbury , whence S .

Dunstan removed it to the Cathedral . (the 1Ruineb (Ebapels ano ¢bantries of

“rent.

B Y E . M . AR N LD . P G O O . P D L S A , J . , . , . . .

ATHA R NE HO R NE. S . K I , S N the year 1 8 90 I observed a small freehold

property was advertised for sale by auction , and in the particulars of sale it was thus described “ The property comprises a comfortable old fashioned residence in good repair, whilst adjoining and in the rear is an EII CICII I G hapel , supposed to have been formerly occupied by

M onks , and visited by the Pilgrims on their way a to the Shrine of Thomas Beckett .

Attracted by this description , I instructed my agent to purchase it , and having removed the

stalls and mangers from the interior, and cleared

it of manure and rubbish , I proceeded to explore

its history , but found none , and that all

records were silent upon it , with the exception

that M r . J ohn Thorpe inserted the following

- 1 account of its appearance as an oast house in 7 74, 5 2 E VG ONE K E N T

accompanied by a plate . H is work , known as

t l e R o ense 1 8 8 Cn s oma . the f , was published 7

“ O n the right hand of the road leading up to

’ Ma l . e sde n s Shorne S treet , and opposite M r p

e house , stands an antient and fair chap l or oratory ; which , with some additional building , is

- now used as a malt house , and a small tenement erected against the east end of it , inhabited by the maltman . I was informed by an antient and creditable person there that in diggi ng the

- S foundation of the new building or lean to , a tone

cofﬁn and many human bones were disturbed .

O n the north side is a small orchard , which probably was the cemetery to it . This ediﬁce has

‘ not been mentioned by any writer , nor have I been able hitherto to meet with anything relative to its foundation and endowment . After considerable research I discovered that the little building had been suppressed as a chantry under the statute of the I Edward V I and had thereupon probably become abandoned and derelict , that it had been included in a Commission of Queen Elizabeth for the discovery “ of concealed lands , and having been returned by the Commissioners as falling within their powers , was found to be known as the little chapel

54 E VG ON E KEN T.

where it was not too late , to take measures for

a n vho w their preservation , but in the expectation that they would at least keep the memory of them to the fore , and not improbably lead to the discovery of what remains still unknown or obscure in reference to their past history . We are indebted to the painstaking ind ustry of

the late M r . J ohn Thorpe for the means of now reproducing views (as they existed in his time) of several of these our smaller Ecclesiastical Build ings in Ken t .

O CHEST ER R D G E HA PEL O F A L L OU L S R B I C S , established in what was the then narrow lane (upon which it conferred the designation of Chapel Lane) leading to the east end of the

n w then e bridge of Rochester . This chapel is

Cn stonc a l e R z nse mentioned by Thorpe in his mﬁ ,

0 n page I 5 , and was founded and endowed by J oh de Cobham and S ir Robert K nowles . I t was customary at those periods to erect chapels or chantries at or near either end of

important fords or hazardous ferries , and this

w a s All eso l ve n c hapel , which called or Allsouls , seemed to have been designed chieﬂy for the use

of travellers and wayfarers . B y the foundation [G I N E D HA PE D U C L S A N CHA N TR I E S . 5 5 charter the three chaplains who were to o fﬁ c ia te within its walls were to be appointed by the \Vardens

of the bridge , and were to pray for the soul of J ohn

O f de Cobham , and for the souls the benefactors of the bridge , and for certain other speciﬁed

individuals , and generally for all faithful people . E U nder the statute of K ing dward V I . ,

- B R I DG E A PE L R O E T E R O T EA T V I EW . CH , CH S (S U H S )

referred to in relation to St . Katharine ,

“ Shorne , it was enacted that all sums of money and emoluments which by virtue of any assurance had been given or applied , to have continuance fo r ever ; which in any one year within ﬁve years next before the beginning of this present

n parliame t , have been paid , or bestowed , by any

Corporation , Guilds , Fraternities , Companies , N 5 6 E VG ONE KE T.

Fellowships of M ysteries , or Crafts , etc . , toward or about the ﬁnding maintenance or sustentation of any priest , or priests , of any anniversary , or

O bit , lamp , light , or lights , or other like thing shall go to our said Lord the K ing , his heirs and successors for ever to be yearly as a rent charge at the Feast of S t . M ichael the Archangel and the Annunciation of our Lady , etc but it appears that from some cause or other , possibly

in View of some such legislation being imminent , the chapel had already ceased to be used or to

depend upon these stipends . This is shewn by a plea in the Exchequer of the X I X Q ueen E ’ — lizabeth , where the Queen s Attorney General sued the Wardens of the bridge for no less a sum

1 1 8 than £ 5 3, being the accumulations of £ per annum (the stipends of £6 each which used to be

paid to the three chaplains) for twenty - eight and

a half years then last past . The Attorney General contended that the total claim was

forfeited , and due to the Q ueen by virtue of the E above act of dward V I . for dissolving chantries .

u I t did not appear , however, to the j ry that any

service had been performed there , or at all events that any stipend had been actually paid to any chaplain or chantry priest by the bridge authorities R I NE D CHA PE L A N D C HA N TR I E U S S . 5 7

for officiating there , for five years next before the passing of the said act (which Wa s an essential requisite according to the limitatio n therein specified), and so a verdict was given in favour of

S the Wardens . The case hews the tenacity with which the pursuit of the conﬁscated property wa s

- O ften times conducted . The circumstance that E E this xchequer suit by Queen lizabeth , against the bridge Wardens was lost in consequence of the defendants being able to shew that the priests ’ stipends had not been maintained during the

1 period of ﬁve years before the session of 547 , induced me to investigate the suppression of the adjacent parish church of S . Clement , within — which parish the bridge chapel was situate a suppression effected by the Statute 2 and 3 O f the

1 same King , cap . 7 .

The enactment , which has not , I think , been printed , but which I have. consulted in the parliamentary rolls at Westminster, after reciting

’ that S . Clement s was so small that the parish had had no incumbent for some years , in consequence of which the K ing had lost his ﬁ rst fruits , or tenths , and the inhabitants had no chu rch ministrations ; proceeds to enact that the parish of S . Clement be united to the parish of S . EN 58 E VG ONE K T.

N icholas , and that William Harrison , the then present incumbent of S . N icholas , should be the incumbent of both parishes , and all payments were to be due to him , while he was to pay the

- ﬁ r st . K ing his fruits and tenths The furniture ,

etc . , was to be appropriated to S . N icholas , as the B ishop of Rochester and the Ma yOr of Rochester should arrange .

' ‘ These circumstances seem indirectly to corroborate the accuracy of the line of defence set up by the wardens . That the chapel was not extra parochial is clear from the language of J ohn de Cobham , the

“ founder , addressed to the B ishop . Therefore I , the said J ohn , desiring by the divine mercy heavenly treasure , and knowing that naked I

’ came from my mother s womb , and naked shall I return unto the dust of the earth ; and that we

S hall reap alone that which we have sown ; have established a certain perpetu al chantry in the chapel next the bridge of the city of Rochester , within the parish of the parish church of S . Clement’s in the same city situate The view annexed is that supplied by Thorpe , but the chapel has since been cleared by the recent but praiseworthy action of the B ridge Corporation , K UJ NE O CHA PE L S A N D GHA N TKJ E S . 5 9

m and this at the instance , I believe , of y brother , M r . Arnold , the B ridge Clerk , to whom the Kent Archae ological Society is indebted in its X V I I . vol . for several very interesting papers bearing upon the bridge and its estates .

AW R D E N L E. S . L ENC E LO C SO

t This chapel at Alling on , higher up the river

- M edway , is situate towards the south west limits of the parish , and was formerly called the Free

a Chapel , or Chantry , or H ermit ge of S . Lawrence

La n so l e Lo n so l e de g , otherwise g , and so designated probabl y from being near to if not

s l erected upon L o n g o e H eath . The owners of the Castle and Manor O f

Allington seem to have been the general , if not

a the const nt , patrons of this chapel , and the farm attached to the chapel was known as the

H erm itage Farm in the time of Thorpe .

I t may be interesting to mention that J ohn ,

S o uthﬂe e t Bishop of Rochester , issued from ,

2 2 nd b 1 2 2 under date Septem er, 4 , a commission to enquire whether this chapel was really in

Aylesford or in Allington , since the right to the

O a . fferings made at it , on the Vigil and Fe st of S Lawrence (its patron Saint) was in dispute B ON E EN 60 YG K T. between the Vicar of Aylesford and the Rector of

Allington .

E L I NG HA M HA PEL R I N D S B R Y S U . C , F

to Esl in ha m I n reference the Chapel of g ,

. O H ugh de St Clare , Lord of the M anor , btained from Bishop G u n d ulph a grant of a F ree Chapel within that Manor . This ﬁrst structure perished , and the chapel was rebuilt in the time of J ohn

(the second B ishop of Rochester of that name , who

D was consecrated Bishop of Rochester A .

D 1 1 and between that year and A . 44 he dedicated

“ it in honou r of S . Peter , the chief of the apostles , and conﬁrmed all the privileges which

n dul h B ishop G u p had granted to H ugh de St .

Clare in respect of it . The chapel is stated by Thorpe to have been a massive stone building with Gothic windows ” and iron bars . I t seems to have been about thirty feet in length by about twenty feet in width , and stood east and west on the side of the yard south of

- the dwelling house , and was used as an oast

ull d d w n e . 0 house , but becoming ruinous was p

1 2 in the year 7 7 , and a new oast erected near the spot . There are now no traces of it above the surface .

E E 62 B YGON K N T. the parish and the parishioners ; upon which

’ occasion it was ordered hy the Archbishop (i n t er a l i a ) that owing to the distance , the privileges of baptism and burial were to be obtained at the chapel , but marriage was restricted to the parish c hurch . I t is singular that both the parish chu rch and this chapel were dedicated to S .

Margaret .

O f I n reference to the mention Chrism , it should be added that it appears to have been customary for parish Churches in the D iocese of Rochester

ixd. to pay a Chrism Due of , as distinguished

vi from the Chapels which paid only d . yearly . E By an , piscopal ordination of the Vicarage , of

th 1 2 2 ﬁ nd the 4 December 9 , the vicar was to

“ c a ell a n o s u v ide lic it duos p celebrantes , num in

e t ecclesia de Darenth , alterum in Capella de

H elles . N othing O f the Chapel remained even in

’ Thorpe s time , but the Tower ; the walls of the main structure having been then many years since removed , and the materials converted to other

“ uses , which , he adds , has been generally the fate

” O f of these disused ediﬁces . this Tower I have reproduced the north - east view which he has left us . R I N E D CHA PE L AN D H A N TR I 6 U S C E S . 3

R Y A R Y AT T H E HANT O F . LTO N C S M M I ,

EX T R AV E N D N G SE .

This chantry was founded by Aymer de Valence , E arl Pembroke , owner of the Manor of M ilton , who lies buried in a place of remarkable honour on the north side of the Choir of Westminster Abbey a distinction which he probably owed to the

circumstance that his father was half- brother to

K ing H enry I I I . t B ishop H amo de H ethe , by an instrumen

1 1 2 2 at dated April 5 th , 3 , his palace at H alling , ordained at the instance of the Earl Aymer (who was patron of the Chantry)and of the secular priests

“ residing at it , among other things that they should be for the future ‘ Regulars ’ who should receive

and keep a certain rule , and who , in celebrating divine ofﬁces for the souls of the

Mo n tc he n sie E family of , and of the arl himself,

S his wife , etc . , hould especially commemorate him and the founder . And that of the priests who should be the ﬁrst placed in this Chantry should be appointed by him , the said Bishop , one of whom adjudged most ﬁt by him for this purpose should be appointed Provost or Master , whom the

rest should obey as their superior, and on his

e death or removal the brethren , within thre 64 B YG ON E KE N T

months after the vacancy , were to choose for a successor another priest who had professed the

Of rule the Chantry for one year , and after being

in c o n presented to the patron , or if he was at an ve n ie n t distance , to the steward or bailiff of his estate , he was to be admitted as Provost by the

B ishop of Rochester . And the B ishop also granted that they should

have an altar in the Chapel of the Chantry , and a competent burial place for themselves , but for no others whatsoever , and that no one but themselves should administer the sacraments of the Church therein (and that with bells , in a becoming manner) and without prejudice to the M other

u Church , and he willed they sho ld possess the same for ever , freely , peaceably , and quietly , saving all episcopal right to him and to the Church of

” Rochester . I n the list O f the be n e ﬁc e s of the Bishop of the

R e R o 1 R e c to r D iocese ( g . ﬁf 4) the v and this chantry are enumerated together as Ecclesia de

Me l to n e cum Cantaria ibidem . There was no

‘ O f . chantry within the Church , but this chantry S Mary was within a few hundred yards distance of

- it , to the north west . NO exterior indications of the chantry are n o w R N ED CHA PE L A D A UI S N CH N TR I E S . 65

visible , but the walls are enclosed in the Barracks of N ew Tavern Fort . The foundation was suppressed and alienated in the latter part of the reign of King H enry V I I I .

F W R N T HE R EE HAPEL O . A E E AL L N C G . F C S L , H I

This Libera Capella Sancti Lau re n tij in

” Hall n y g, is another of the suppressed chantries E under the operation of the dwardian statute . I t appears to have been an ediﬁce of fair antiquity , being built with rough stones , and was ,

Thorpe says , from his earliest memory in a ruined condition , without roof or timbers , but had then for some years past been converted into a

dw e llin ho use workshop and g , and inhabited by a wheelwright , the chancel portion being the house . I t was at that time plastered over and whitewashed . The chapel is mentioned in the

R e R a g. ﬁ as being in the collation of the bishop .

At a distance of a mile is the parish church , and near to it the remains of the ancient E piscopal Palace ; close to , and connected with

’ which , was another chapel for the Bishop s use .

O D E HA PEL D C ,

in the parish of Luddesdown , was originally , I believe , the parish church of a separate parish of 66 B YG ONE KEN T.

“ Toxtn s its own name , and as seems from the

' R o en si s ﬁ , it was accordingly subject to the yearly

Chrism of ninepence to the B ishop of Rochester . The origin of its nonuser is now lost in the

O z bscurity and ma e of years , but it was ultimately annexed to the Rectory of Paddlesworth , by

t 1 66 1 s . instrument dated the March , 3

The view O f the ruins given in Thorpe is not

S correct , ince there is no reality of any erection by squared stones or ashlar work , as there portrayed , but the structure is of ﬂint chalk and rag rubble work , with an exterior coat of plaster much indurated and hardened by years of

- exposure . The nave is about thirty six feet in length and the chancel eighteen feet , and now so surrounded by a dense underwood and brushwood as to be scarcely accessible .

MAPL E M B SCO .

This little building , like the one last mentioned , was formerly the church of a rectory , down to a

S - comparatively late period , ince it was only united

D 1 6 8 A . to the adjoin ing parish of K ingsdown in 3 , or thereabouts .

’ D r . H arris writes (as quoted in Thorpe s

“ n stoma l e V al o r n e s C R . ) Will de g tenet de D . R I NED CH A PE L S A N D CHA N TR I E 6 U S . 7

m e die tat man e r is Ma l e sc am e in capite in de p p , by the service of “ ﬁnding a halfpenny for an O ffering whenever he should hear mass at

a l sc a m M p e p .

The length of the building was ﬁfty - one feet by

- a width of twenty one feet , and the engraving

A D supplied shows how the ruins appeared in . .

1 68 7 .

R I O F M A PLESCO M B R 1 68 . U NS CHU CH , 7

R K O E LEY N o w R X LEY . S , U This ruined building is said to stand near and X just above the I I I . milestone on the road from

London to Farningham . I t appears that Cardinal Pole united it upon

1 the occasion of his visitation , in 5 5 7 , to the parish of N orth Cray .

’

The little church building , which in Thorpe s time , was entire , then stood in the corner of a 68 B ON E EN YG K T.

garden , and had been converted into a barn . The southern (p riest ’s) entrance had been enlarged , and ﬁtted with a pair of barn doors , allowing a width of space for a waggon to draw through .

“ I t was then called Church Barn , in order to distinguish it from other barns upon the same farm . I n the chancel portion he mentions that there

“ then remained two confessionary stalls , with mitred arches and seats in them , and nearer to the east end on the same side the receptacle for the holy water , by which it is clear that he meant the usu al Sedilia and Piscina .

L N T E LU L I G S O N . These ruins are alleged to have anciently formed the church of a distinct parish , though ,

Tex tn s R en si s according to the of , doubt is cast on the claim , since it is shown to have paid to the mother chu r ch of the D iocese only the chapelry a Chrism of S ixpence ye rly . The fabric had a length of thirty—seven feet by sixteen feet and a half, and was measured as well as was possible , owing to the briars and nettles , by

M r . Thorpe himself. H e considered the circular

7 0 E VG ONE KE N T

HA T NEW I T PEL OF . O HN A H HE C S J , ,

EA T AL L NG S M I .

The following account is taken almost totidem v Cn st ma l e R a en se er éi s from the o f .

e whithe e whe de N , commonly called N , from its situation on the banks of the M edway (the termination of the Saxon word hithe signifying a small port or haven for embarking , and landing , loading , and unloading goods) is a hamlet in the above parish .

I n the street stands an ancient chapel , which

’ was dedicated to S . J ohn , but was in Thorpe s

- time already converted into a dwelling house . The structure seems to have been a free chapel for the beneﬁt of this hamlet , situate at a good distance from the parish church but the founder

n and endowments are unknown . O the general suppression , the lands annexed to them were granted to different persons and uses . I n the augmentation of the Vicarage of East

Malling , in the time of Archbishop I slip , dated

1 6 at Charing in the year 3 3, mention is made that

Lo rk n J ohn y , then vicar , and his successors , should receive all oblations or offerings of what kind

“ er c i ie t soever given to the said chapel , p p insuper vicarius p r e dic tu s e t sui suc c e sso re s R I NE D CHA PE L S AN D CHA N TR I E 1 U S . 7 vicari i in dicta ecclesia ministrantes c u n c tis temporibus in futurum omnes e t o m n im o das oblaciones tam in dicta ecclesia pa r o c hial i quam in capella Sancti J ohannis apud Ne whithe in

a r o c hia . p dicte ecclesie constitute , etc This building , together with a small piece of ground on the south side , which seemed to have been the cemetery , became in course of years the property

PE W H H E T M I . A L O F s . O HN NE I T E A ALL G CH j , , S N

T w isde n . of Sir Roger , Bart The chapel then stood in a small square at the back of the

e O f S houses , on the south sid the treet , from

whence were two passages that led to it . The

east window had been taken out , and the space

worked up with stones , etc . The west window

also appeared a ruin , as in the drawing taken from

’ - M r . Thorpe s book , and the old door case , which 2 E V N E E 7 G O K N T.

from the stonework was a Gothic one , had been

' a taken away and modern one put in its place . The window on the north S ide was likewise a

Gothic one , belonging to the chapel , but being too

- large for the dwelling house , had been contracted . and the upper mitred panels plastered over . The length of the chapel is stated to be thirty one feet and the breadth twenty feet . The draw

- A D . 1 ing was taken . 7 7 7 , and shews the north west view of the chapel .

R T M E S O N . O f this little church there are no remains above the ground level , and the living has become a sinecure rectory . The church , when existent , was dedicated to S t . Giles , and it stood at the north - east corner of a wood known as Chapel

Wood , about half a mile to the east of Green

Farm , now occupied by M r . J ull , which wood has since been grubbed , and the dismembered remains O f the walls are even now continually dispersed by the ploughshare . M erston , which adjoins

Shorne , was (judging from its name) probably a place of more importance than is now apparent .

Taking M ere as equivalent to Sea , it would read

\ S e a to w n Vater or , in relation to the sea water K I N ED H A PE L A D H U C S N C A N TEJ E S . 73 which here ﬁnds entrance from the Thames

M outh . The parish for all practical purposes is

absorbed in Shorne .

AD DL E W R T H P S O .

These ruins again , as in several earlier cases , are those not so much of a chapel as of a

Tex tn s parish church , if we depend upon the

R of en si s. The walls in Thorpe ’s time were entire excepting a breach on the north side , made wide enough for farm carts to enter for shelter from the weather, and for the reception of ploughs , harrows , and other implements of husbandry , which was

“ ” then , he adds , the only use that was made of it .

H T H E SWA N SC O M B S T . A RY S HA R EEN PEL . G I , , M C

S w a n sc o mb This chantry , in the parish of , was E erected in the reign of dward I I I . , and dedicated to Almighty God under the invocation of the

“ Blessed Virgin Mary , in which the D ivine O fﬁces S hould be daily O ffered for the health of

’ the K ing s soul and of J ohn Lucas of S wa n ne s

” compe while they lived , and afterwards for

“ ’ substr a c ti fue r imus their souls , cum ab hac luce ,

fo r and their ancestors , and for the souls of all the E E 74 E VG ON K N T.

S 1 0 0 faithful departed . The ite was feet square , and the endowment was 2 0 acres of pasture in

S wa n sc o m b parish , of which , as above mentioned , the village of Greenhithe formed part .

F T R Y I N T H EM B U R Y T HE HA PEL O S . A E P , C M

E ER C EM T Y .

I n this parish we have , for Kent , the very unusual circumstance of the distinct and separate building of the chantry within the limits of the

“ churchyard of the parish . I t was known as the ” Chantry of St . Mary in the Cemetery , and was founded by J ohn Culpepper , in the reign of E dward I I I . The structure was in length thirty feet , and in width eighteen feet , and its roof was covered with lead . I t remained intact until the general suppression of such chantries in the 1 Edward V I

’ s e e dil u ll e d when it was p y p down , and its materials converted into cash , while the lands forming its endowment were sold to different persons . Richard H ill was the last incumbent of the

D chantry (A . . and it appears that as such he received a compensatory life pension of

6 1 d £ 3s . 4 . upon being sent adrift .

N o remains now exist , and no view of the chantry appears to be extant . R I NE D CHA PE L AND U S CHAN TR I E S . 7 5

’

E L ER S T . A ME H Y CU S S ANTR . R V , J C Leland is quoted as writing that there was a neglect chapel owt of the churchyard , etc . This chapel , it seems , stood at a small distance west of the renowned Parish Church , and was dedicated to

St . James , and a H ermit was appointed to

fﬁ c iate . O . in it K ing Richard I I , in the third year of his reign , granted to Thomas H amond , the then H ermit of this chapel , the right of collecting d alms for its rebuilding, I t was then state that the old chapel had been instituted for the burial of persons whose bodies were found upon the sea shore , a fate which unhappily overtook this

u ancient , though reb ilt , structure , which perished by the like encroachments of the insatiable sea.

’ B A R T H Ew T R D S T . M OO O L O S . S ,

The well - known Lazar H ouse at the east end of

’ Rochester , known as St . Bartholomew s , Chatham , was not an isolated establishment of that character in the locality , for in the opposite (the west) extremity of the City of Rochester stood a similar institution .

’ This second St . Bartholomew s was at the top

“ of Strood H ill , at a spot called The White Ditch , on the south side of the present highway there , 6 E E E N 7 VG ON K T. and doubtless the appellation of White arose from the natural appearance of the chalk sub - soil upon

r excavation . The hill long etained , and perhaps still retains to this day , the name of Spittal H ill .

O f Wo ldha m We ﬁnd in the will Thomas de ,

B ishop of Rochester , amidst other bequests was

“ the following , I tem , lego leprosis de Alba fossa v is v iiid er s n n el . . The p o of this hospital apparently comprised a Sisterhood as well as

B rethren , and probably therefore received patients of both sexes . I n the same way at Pilton , “ T e i he Devon , we ﬁnd Adam g , under date the

2 E A . D . 1 0 4 dward I I I 35 , gave a tenement in that place to the B rothers a nd Sisters of the Leper

H ospital of the Blessed M argaret O f Pilton . We can unfortunately now procure no view of any part of this suppressed foundation . Referring

’ sho uld dd to St . Bartholomew s , at Chatham , I a that to the west of the N orman Church the nave extended sixteen feet , but in this and in the last century the nave has been much more extended in a westerly direction . I t is noteworthy that at the western entrance of the City of Canterbury (upon the same high road from London) existed the similar hospital for lepers of St . N icholas , one mile from the west gate

78 E VG ON E KE N T. I t was probably a chapel attached to S cot

Grove , since the latter was anciently accounted as

“

m . a anor H asted speaking of it says , there was once a chapel belonging to this estate , the foundations of which are still visible in a wood called Chapel Wood , and Thorpe says that in

1 6 August , 7 9 , its foundations were visible , and that he had seen them .

HAM F AWK .

tn R n 1 6 m Tex s o e si s . M ention is ade in the f , p 3 , of a chantry of St . Catherine in the parish church ,

Fau kham 1 2 but Sir W . de , in 74, founded another within the parish church in honour O f the Blessed

Virgin Mary , and for the good of the souls of himself and of his successors , which he endowed with ﬁve marks of yearly rent in pure and

ﬁft - ﬁ ve perpetual alms , to be paid out of y acres at

S c o tb ur S o uthfle e t y , in , and this foundation was 8 A . D . 1 2 confirmed by the bishop in 7 . St Catherine ’s seems to have been a chantry under the j urisdiction of the Archdeacon of Rochester , 6 S . 1 R e R o ince it is so recorded at p 3 g. fi , by the

K r in a w h m name of Cantaria Stae ata ae de F k a . t l Cn s onz a e . The view given by Thorpe in his , p

1 1 6 , was taken by his express instructions , in the R I N ED CH A PEL S AND CHA N TR I E U S . 79

1 6 year 7 9 , and it shews clearly the outline of this ancient chantry , though his reference to it is curt .

“ There was another chantry . dedicated to S t

Catherine , but by whom founded is uncertain , and he seems to regard the ruined building as possibly other than St . Catherine , but H asted ,

“ O f writing later , says , the foundations the ancient

M ansion H ouse of Fawkham are yet visible . What remains of the building seem to have been h ” t e walls of the chapel .

O ENTO N HAPEL YL E R D A R H C S S O S . C , A F P I

C o se n to n S ir Stephen de , Knight , was with

E f arl av r . S O C e o c k King dward I at the noted iege , in Scotland , and was there made a Banneret by

h s the King for i good service . At this period it would seem there was a chapel

C o se n to n . at Manor dedicated to St M ichael , with a Chantry in it founded by Sir Stephen .

1 1 2 I t further appears that in 444, September ,

2 ( 3 H enry V I . ) he released by deed the Master and Brethren of the H ospital of the Ne w e r k at Strood from the O bligation of ﬁnding a Chaplain to celebrate yearly in this Chapel of St . M ichael , and it would seem that they in return released all privilege of providing such Chaplain , and all 8 0 B VG ONE KE N T

claims connected with it , though this last and complimentary release seems to have come somewhat tardily , since it was not executed till some eleven years later , and then at Strood on the

1 0 th O . ctober , 34 H enry V I

1 8 8 Thorpe , writing in 7 , says no vestige

S O f remained to point out the exact ite the chapel .

T N T N HA PEL Y L E R D O T G O S O . T I C , A F I n the same parish of Aylesford also stood the

S Chapel of Tottington , the exact ite of which

Thorpe had the good fortune to discover , and he ascertained its dimensions to have been thirty - nine feet in length by twenty - two feet six inches

t . in wid h The structure stood east and west ,

- and was also , like the last mentioned chapel , dedicated to S t . M ichael .

After the suppression , it seems to have fallen into disuse , and the natural forces of nature , assisted by the acts of men , speedily completed the ruin .

HA M O B HAM B R Y O B C U . C ,

The chapel here was doubtless a free chapel , but it must not be confused with the Q ua n da m perpetuam Cantariam which Pope U rban

“ a r o c hial i the V I . authorised , in p ecclesia de A D CHA TR 8 1 R UI NED CH A PEL S N N I E S .

C o beha m , which the parents of J ohn , Lord

Cobham , had chosen for their own interment , and in which latter chantry ﬁve perpetual Chaplains ,

“ forming a College , should serve in D ivinis for eve n

6 E . This latter foundation of the 3 dward I I I ,

A D . 1 62 . 3 (so amply furnished and endowed by

- the piety of J ohn de Cobham), continued till the

reign of H enry V I I I when , foreseeing the approaching dissolution , the Master and Brethren aliened it to George Brooke , Lord Cobham , who had interest with the K ing , to protect the transaction , and so it happened the property in the suppressed chantry when thus sold to him was by express words exempted from the destructive opera

S tion of the tatute of the 3I st year of that king , and again from the statute for the suppression of

E . 1 . 1 Chantries , dward V I , c 4. I n the course of making some recent searches in connection with the

’ St . Katherine s Chantry , Shorne , I ascertained the existence at H atﬁeld H ouse , H erts , of two Rolls of the accounts of the Masters of this College , t em . p . H enry V I I

Sir William B rooke , the son of George B rooke

de Cobham , by his will left the . property to trustees , under which i nstrument , and by the aid G 8 2 B ONE E N YG K T.

E of an Act of Parliament of the 39 lizabeth , an entirely new foundation was created and the Wardens of Rochester B ridge brought into connection with it , and this latter foundation in its general outlines has continued with better fortune than its predecessor till this day .

C o bha mbur Returning to the free Chapel of y ,

O f there is , I believe , no trace the building now remaining , but in the list of Collations of B e n e ﬁc e s appertaining to the B ishop stands

” h o bha mbu r recorded t e libera capella de C y .

R T R T ED M N D THE AR TY R A FO D S . U D , M . This is another chantry the building of which disappeared , according to Hasted , at the general “ E suppression . I t was situate on ast H ill , and overlooked the parish church and churchyard , both of wh ich lay in the town below , but although the building itself was destroyed and its materials sold , the ground around it was continued as a burial ground , and so remains to this day . The advowson of this chantry was vested in the

6th Priory of Dartford Convent , in the 4 y ear of E V dward . , indeed it was given to the N uns at the period of their ﬁrst endowment . The other chantry at Dartford was within the parish I RCOUVEJ D CYXAI Z EI I I VLAUD CYZ AI VZ YLDESZ 8 3

n church , and was fou ded by a former Vicar , m l . ta a i as . S e tt Thomas de Dartford , A H p , in

D 1 8 A . . 33 .

I t was well endowed , and at its suppression in

1 5 5 3, Robert Bacon was its incumbent , and was 6 pensioned o ff at £ per annum .

I t was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin , and id x i . paid the Vicar yearly , and was usually called

the S ta mpe t t Chantry .

’ I n the list of the B ishop s be n e ﬁ c e s

“ 1 4 1 ) it appears that the separate Cantaria Sti Edmu n di de D e r tfo r d was under the jurisdiction

“ of the Archdeacon , while the Vicaria de

D e r tfo rd e t Cantaria ibidem de S ta mpe tts were not . E ’ N o remains of S t . dmund s Chantry are extant .

H R EM ND EN O S O .

“ The Cantaria a n n un c ia t io n is Beat ae Ma r iaa

Ho r se m o n de n in , to follow the words of the old record , is the last of the three chantries dependent on the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon , and though it does not fairly come within the scope of this paper, as not being contained in an independent

S ediﬁce (ince , as was most frequent and far more

th convenient , a chantry was located within e 8 E V NE E 4 G O K N T.

parish church), it is yet interesting as a rare instance of an elective advowson i n Kent . Thus

G r o ve hur st the founder , Robert de , by deed of the

th 1 8 4 J uly , 33 , provided that on the ﬁrst vacancy

“ the parishioners who should be present at the usual time of mass on the next Sunday , being six in number, should nominate a priest to be presented to the chantry , to which there was apparently a house of residence assigned , with the obligation of celebrating daily .

A D STO N E HA PEL O F O R PU S HR ST M I C C C I I , E l in arl Street , with its adjacent bui ding , was a work of much importance .

The revenues of the fraternity were ample , and not only did their chaplain act as chantry priest in their own chapel , but they also maintained out of their revenues a priest to celebrate in the

’ O n parish church of All Saints . the suppression , the Corporation , by the sale of the community vest

ments , church plate , etc . , were enabled to purchase this property of the Crown , and it is now the receptacle o f the tubs and casks of a brewery , against which misappropriation its massive walls and beautiful traceried windows offer a silent but ineffective protest .

El ghetcb of the 1bistorg of the (t hat ch JE or astlica of l ymi nge.

B Y TH E R EV A N N . . R EN K . . C O N M A C S . J I , HE Church of Lyminge , dedicated originally ” if to St Mary the M other of God , and on its refoundation by St . Dunstan having the double

. E Ea dbur title of S M ary and S . thelburga (or g its ﬁrst fou ndress , possesses a historical interest which very few of the Saxon foundations can equal , and none certainly surpass . Bound up inseparably with the life and history of the saintly E Queen , the only daughter of thelbert and

Bertha , and the widow of the martyred K ing

E O f dwin N orthumberland , the earliest lines of its history are traced in those of her own , and from the mention of the place i n the early charters as a royal possession , and her subsequent choice of it as the scene of her conventual life , we may reasonably conj ecture that it was from Lyminge

C a te o f K n Wihtraed A . D . 6 6. h r r i g , 9 “ + Go sc el inus w tes I n the C u c o f L m n e w c e o n s to the ri , h r h y i g hi h b l g A c s o the ueen Et e u a is no w n to be u ed bu t t e e she is r hbi h p , Q h lb rg k b ri , h r E h l bal d an d Ethel w ard are i n e d ur A . D t e c all ed Ea b g ( . lik r m anne r c o n trac ted i n to Eadba ld and Ead wa d . THE CH R CH F L YM I N E 8 U O G . 7 that S he took her eventful journey to York as the

E A c c o m betrothed of the unfortunate dwin . d a n ie . p by S Paulinus , and with his aid , she brought about the conversion of her husband and his subjects , whose romantic narrative is given us

. He a thﬁ e ld so fully by Bede The fatal battle of , in which the K ing fell , and his army was almost destroyed , broke up the great work of conversion , whose success had been so sudden and brilliant .

The widowed queen , with her only daughter and the two sons of her husband by his former marriage , took refuge in ﬂight , and reaching Kent

a in safety with her faithful chapl in , Paulinus , asked of her brother Eadbald the gift of the ancient R park and villa of Lyminge , a oman foundation of

She importance , out of whose materials built — her monastery and nunnery a double foundation according to the Benedictine usage of that - early day— and received the veil from Archbishop

u 6 H onori s in the latter end of the year 33. Lyminge became thus the second monastery and (with Folkestone) the ﬁrst nunnery founded by E M the Saxons in ngland , and as ontalembert , in “ ’ O ” “ his Moines d ccident , observes , forms the link of conn ection between the two great centres E ” of Catholic life in ngland , Canterbury and York . 8 8 Y E B G ON KE N T. But she founded her nunnery not for herself

Mild re tha Mil t r u de alone , but for her niece or , 6 who succeeded her as Abbess in 47 . But who , s ? it may be asked , was thi M ildred Certainly not

. the far greater saint of Thanet , who lived a generation after . And how in any case could she E have been the niece of thelburga , whose only recognised niece was the only daughter of her ? only brother K ing Eadbald The only means of reconciling the statements of the chroniclers with the pedigree of the Kentish kings is the assignment of her origin to that unlawful marriage

Eadbal d - of with his step mother , which caused so grave a scandal in the early church of K ent , and which led to the suppression of the names of both mother and daughter in the genealogies . The fact that this M ildred was b u ried in the same

e E grav with thelburga , and the confusion occasioned by the attempt to identify her with her later namesake , led to that controversy between the inheritors of their respective relics , the monks of S . Augustine and the Canons of S . Gregory in

Canterbury , which continued smouldering until the rival foundations and the bones of contention were mingled together in the ruin of the dissolution . The Danish invasions had in the

0 E E 0 E VG ON K N T. the most conspicuous feature of the chancel and south wall of the nave , which are the undoubted work of Dunstan . I n these we ﬁnd irregular

- herring bone work , with bonding courses of

O Roman bricks and ﬂat stones , with ccasional courses of large blocks of stone , and the widest jointed masonry (if it could be called such) that

h O f can possibly be found . The c aracter these walls is unique , and indicates the extraordinary rudeness O f the Saxon work of the Transition period , which it represents . A portion of the south wall of the nave is built upon a fragment of

’ Ethe l bu r a s the north wall of g Church , and exhibits a masonry of the closest kind , almost

- resembling a mosaic work . T his formed part of

O f the outer wall the original church , enclosing the remarkable apsidal remain which contains the

- burial place of the Q ueen , which is now clearly disclosed , a fragment of the outward plastering being even now visible This interesting remain

1 8 was discovered in 59 , and is an object of the greatest interest to the many visitors of the

church .

1 0 8 I n 5 , Lanfranc , in order to endow his new

foundation of S . Gregory at Canterbury with

relics of sufﬁcient importance , bestowed upon it R H F L YM N 1 THE C H U C O I GE . 0 those of Ethelburga which were disinterred by

R a d ul fu s the priest of the place , , and received with great pomp by the Gregorian Canons . With the body of the queen there was found also the body of her niece , and upon this began the great conﬂict between the religious of the rival foundations . A remarkable unpublished treatise

G sc l i n us A D 1 of the Augustinian monk o e ( . . 0 9 7)

u s gives the early history of the controversy , and describes the translation of the relics . The destruction of the burial place is still distinctly traceable in the different masonry and mortar

n used for restoring the wall , against , and i deed under which , it was constructed . Lanfranc , who is said to have imported square stones from Caen

- for building his manor houses , raised upon the ancient foundations of the monastic buildings a palace which both he and the successive archbishops occupied in succession with their other numerous

- 1 2 manor houses in Kent and Sussex . I n 7 9 , Archbishop Peckham held a grand court at the

A n l a Ca mer a or de Lyminge , and received there E the homage of Gilbert de Clare , arl of

Gloucester , who came with a great retinue to take

O the oath of feudal bedience to the archbishop .

Archbishop W i n c he l se y and his successors up to 0 E V O E EN 0 G N K T. the time of Courtenay occasionally resided here ;

o ve r ho use d but the last , ﬁnding himself , and seeing the necessity of having a residence rather of the

O military than the civil type , btained permission from the king and the priory to pull down some .

of his manor - houses in order to build the Castle

of Saltwood , the stones being chieﬂy reserved for

the nearest churches or chapels . I t is to this reserva tion that we are indebted for the present

massive tower , whose stones become larger as

they approach the top , indicating the fact that the builders had come to the larger blocks of the foundation when they arrived at the upper portion

of the work . The arms of Card inal M orton and Archbishop Warham on the sides of the western door lead to the conclusion that the work extended

1 8 6 1 2 from about 4 to 5 7 , in which latter year the

last benefaction towards it is mentioned . The body of the church underwent a considerable

change at a somewhat earlier date . An ancient

Pr e e n e north chapel (probably added by William , the rector in 1 40 4) appears to have been utilised

for the completion of a north aisle , which is separated from the nave by an arcade of great

u lightness and bea ty , a very ﬁne specimen of

m ‘ Tudor work . This improve ent was most

94 B YG ONE KEN T.

property taken by a commission held at Lyminge , on the occasion of his brief attainder . The

O f stained glass window the chancel , the work f O . the late M r Gibbs , of Bedford Square , representing the Nativity , the adoration of the shepherds and of the Magi , is designed in its lower tier to illustrate the humiliation of Christ , the upper portion exhibiting the Saviour enthroned in glory , surrounded by the Apostles , while the crown of the arches contains the E symbols of the vangelists .

The manor , which originally was one of the largest in Kent , extending over Romney Marsh , and to the borders of Sussex on the south , and in the west covering several parishes in the weald , was surrendered by Cranmer to the crown , together with the advowson of the rectory and

Vicarage of Lyminge , with the ancient chapelries of Stanford (afterwards including Westenhanger) and Paddlesworth . The last still forms a part of the rectory of Lyminge , though it constitutes a separate parish . The entire estate was granted

A u h r . c e by K ing H enry V I I I to Sir Anthony , the M aster of the J ewels , who was killed in the siege of Calais under Queen Mary . I t passed to his elder son , whose only daughter was married M E THE CH UR CH OF L Y I N G . 9 5

- to Sir H umphrey Gilbert , the half brother of Sir

Walter Raleigh , then to the second branch of the

A uc he r s (of Bourne Place , in B ishopsbourne), and from them through the Roberts and Taylor families to the Lord Chancellor (Lord

Loughborough), from whom it was purchased by the family of Price .

I t is now held by the trustees of the late M r .

Kelcey . The advowsons which were granted separately , by a deed now preserved in the

British M useum , and signed by Cranmer himself, passed through the same successive ownerships , but were separated from the manor in 1 8 5 3. The living is a rectory and a Vicarage , and had until recent times a double succession , the rectory having been bestowed as a sinecure on many persons of great eminence in the church . Among

M ur im uth these may be mentioned Adam de , the

G a uc e lin u s O historian , Cardinal de ssa , the X X nephew of Pope J ohn the I I . William de

C usa n e ia , keeper of the king s wardrobe ,

A udo m ar u s o de R py , Archdeacon of Canter

o f bury , Philip M organ , B ishop Worcester, and others . The ancient charters relating to the

O f monastery and church , most them originals , 0 E 9 E VG ON E K N T.

n and fourteen in umber , are to be found in the H arleian and Cotton collections in the

B ritish M useum , and in the Library of

Canterbury Cathedral . They are published in

the Saxon Chartulary of Kemble , and extend 68 6 from 9 to 9 0 .

8 E V N E K EN 0 G O T.

” timber answers it this is , in sober truth ,

“ a liberal education . The poetic attractiveness of old Canterbury extends to regions far beyond our own country .

Across the Atlantic , from the shores of that new

b ut world whose history is of yesterday , our American cousins come in search of the ancient

c and the pi turesque . We know those enterprising

“ travellers go everywhere : they must do everything . B ut no place charms them more than the sleepy old city that lies in the hollow of the Stour valley , between the hills of S . Thomas on the west and S . Martin on the east . And — ’ hither, too , ﬂock all manner of tourists the Arry from Margate , the business man from town , artists and amateur photographers galore , clerics of every degree and every shade of theological

O pinion , Royalty i tself.

H istory , it is said , repeats itself ; and the nineteenth century tourist is , for the most part ,

a but a new edition of the medi eval pilgrim , who hurried to the tomb of the famous martyr , devout in the veneration of relics , or anxious in the search for health . I n these days the point of interest is mainly aesthetic and antiquarian ; but in those Old times the motive of the pilgrimage CA N TE R B R PI R I M U Y L G S . 9 9

E was chieﬂy a religious one . ither the pilgrimage was undertaken as a penitential exercise or as a pious duty ; or, as in very many cases , the pilgrim was suffering from some obstinate complaint and

’ came to worship at S . Thomas s shrine , in the conﬁdent expectation that the saint would work a r miracle and estore him to health , as he had restored so many . Every schoolboy knows that Thomas a Becket

1 was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1 70 . Before that momentous event took place there was hardly anything to mark off Canterbury Cathedral from any other of the great Benedictine churches of N orman foundation . I t is true that the great church of Canterbury could trace its history back to St . Augustine , and to times even prior to him . From the ﬁrst , its ecclesiastical jurisdiction , its privileges , its authority had been considerable , Lanfranc and Anselm had shed a — glory over the chair of S . Augustine names that could never pass into oblivion . But still , all these were circumstances intangible in themselves , and incapable from their very nature of awaking a ny great popular enthusiasm . The martyrdom of l a l . S . Thomas of Canterbury changed this

The dispute between H enry I I . and the proud 1 0 0 B NE EN YG O K T. prelate who had been so strenuous for his rights and privileges , had culminated in the tragic deed of that December evening , when the four knights brutally murdered the Archbishop within the sacred walls of the cathedral itself. Visitors to the cathedral are shown the actual spot in the “ Martyrdom —the name ever since given to the north transept of the nave , the scene of the — murder where Becket fell . They descend the steps by which the Crypt is entered , passing beneath the very arch under which , the day after the murder , the dead body of the archbishop was carried from before the high altar, where it had rested for one night , to its burial place at the east end of the Crypt . I n less than three years

Becket had become a saint , duly canonised by

Pope Alexander I I I . ; and four years after the murder , the king himself in the humble dress of a poor pilgrim knelt at this tomb in the

n Crypt , and the and there submitted to do penance by scourging at the hands of the assembled monks and bishops . And now the fame of the miracles which were beginning to be wrought at the tomb , gradually spread far and wide . What those miracles were we are not left simply to ourselves to imagine .

1 0 2 B NE EN YG O K T. in the Crypt— that tomb w hich was the scene of

S O many miracles , and which is represented so often in the three windows mentioned above . At

1 2 2 0 length , the seventh of J uly witnessed the grand ceremony of the “ translation " of the precious bones to the gorgeous shrine destined to receive the holy relics in the Trinity Chapel a above . Magniﬁcent was the celebr tion of this great function . D uring the space of the two years before it took place , proclamation had been made throughout Christendom of the forthcoming festival , and preparation was made for the reception of those who would be drawn to it from all parts . The young king H enry I I I . , the aged

Cardinal Archbishop , Stephen Langton , he who had wrung from J ohn the great Charter of E nglish liberty , H ubert de Burgh , the Arch

o f Pa n dul f bishop Rheims , Primate of France , , the papal legate , were the most distinguished of

’ those who took part in that day s glorious ceremony .

Thus to the original Festival of the Martyrdom ,

2 th December 9 , was added the Festival of the

th Translation , J uly 7 , destined to be more popular still , as occurring in summer time , when , of course , travelling would be better and pilgrimages could be undertaken with less peril and greater A N TE R B R PI L R I M C U Y G S . 1 0 3

ease . Thus , too , a fresh impetus was given t o that swelling tide which ﬂo wed from all parts of — England and of Europe o f those who Came

“ The o b ss u ma t fo r to see h ly li f l r yr k ,

m at o en w en t at t e w c Th at the h h h lp h h h y ere Si k . E m From all parts of ngland , from N ormandy , fro

B rittany , from France came pious pilgrims . B ut best known to us are those that travelled along

the London Road . I t is this road to the shrine

’ O f which is the scene Chaucer s great poem ,

“ The Canterbury Tales . Foreigners would

wend their way along the Sandwich Road , having e m land d at that port ; other pilgri s , from the west E of ngland , as well as from abroad , would have

landed at Southampton , and followed the rough

track which led from thence to Canterbury . B ut

’ ' it is Chaucer s pilgrims , it is that company of all sorts and conditions of men which assembled on that April day at the Old Tabard I nn at South

wark , and which he has immortalised the

knight , the yeoman , the prioress , with her

attendant nuns and three priests , the monk , the O friar , the merchant , the xford Scholar , the

lawyer , the squire , the ﬁve tradesmen , the cook ,

‘ r e at c l o thie r the shipman , the physician , the g of

Bath , the parish priest , the miller , the reeve , the 1 0 B ' VE E Y . N 4 G O K T.

u manciple , the apparitor of the law co rts , the

: seller of indulgences , and the poet himself i t is

these over whom our imagination loves to linger . H ow we wish that the poet had told us more of that old world which has passed away never to return that he had let us see more of that life so utterly

different from this hurry - scurry of existence which

d fe w we call life to ay . We can gain but a

tantalising glimpses here and there . The action of the poem occupies one day ; in

other words , the pilgrims take a whole day to go

from London to Canterbury . But long as this

time may seem to us , i n these days of the Boat E t xpress , which , running be ween London and

Dover , reaches Canterbury in less than ninety — minutes yet even so the poet is romancing . As

’ a rule , in Chaucer s time it took three or four days to accomplish the j ourney ; but practical conditions of time and space do not trammel the

n poet . The motley company start from Lo don

a re at dawn . D eptford and Greenwich reached in an hour or two by noon Rochester standeth — here fast by and so the j ourney is continued

“ “ through S ide n bo u r n e and Boughton under

Blee . T he road now becomes a succession of

hilly steeps and sudden dips . The pilgrims are

1 0 6 B ONE EN YG K T.

Of to the shrine , and which he has left so interesting and entertaining an account . H ere also

n o w is still shown a crystal , set in a maple bowl ,

S but formerly adorning , it may be , the very hoe of the martyred saint . The leather of the shoe

S itself has long ince disappeared , but we know it was for centuries religiously preserved , and when E presented for rasmus and his companion to kiss , it still contained the crystal . Successive generations of pilgrims must have stayed a few moments here that they might venerate so sacred a relic .

J ust before the city itself is reached , the road E takes a sharp turn to the ast . At the corner of the road stands the ancient church of S . Dunstan , also founded by Lanfranc . H ere it was that one

’ celebrated pilgrim ‘ to Becket s tomb— already mentioned— H enry I I —having ﬁrst dismounted at the hospital of S . N icholas , changed his royal robes for the plain tunic and cloak of the pilgrim , and so walked barefoot to the scene of his voluntary humiliation . The band of pilgrims would enter by the West

Gate . At that time Canterbury was like the

“ ” — - ate d z H omeric Thebes seven g now , alas , this west gate is the only one which has survived / 1 0 CA N TE R B UR Y PI L GR I /lI S . 7 the positive mania for destruction which seemed to possess the worthy civic authorities of the last century . The company would pass along the H igh Street— each individual anxious to secure lodgings for the night they were to spend in the city . There was many a hospitable roof ready to

I R T O R M A T A A E A E R B R Y . N N S C S , C N U shelter them ﬁrst and foremost the great monastery , of which the Cathedral formed part ; then the Abbey of S . Augustine , so long its rival in fame and power then the houses of the friars ,

” “ ” “ Black , Grey , and Austin as well as the various hospitals of S . Gregory , S . Lawrence , E 1 0 8 B YG ONE K N T.

S . J ohn , S . M argaret , and S . Thomas . This last , founded about the beginning of the thirteenth century expressly for the recept i on of poorer pilgrims , cannot escape the notice of the observant

- visitor of to day , standing , as it does , by the

E S . astbridge , on the south ide of the H igh Street

I n addition to these , there were inns and taverns and hostelries without number . But , most famous of all , there was the inn standing at the south - west corner of M ercery Lane The

“ Chequer of the Hope , with its Dormitory of the H undred Beds . H ere , according to the

S u l e m e n anonymous poet , the author of the pp ” “ — tary Tale , the Continuator of Chaucer (for it will be remembered that Chaucer does no more than bring his pilgrims up to the city)—the twenty nine pilgrims of the “ Tales put up for the one night duringwhich they would remain in the city .

When al l thi s fr esh fello wship we re c o me to C an te rbury

w ta s ad an d m A S e ave ea d to o e e e . y h h r f r , ith l gl rry

T e to o t e I nn an d o d ed t em at midmo rro w I t o w h y k h ir , l g h , r , A t Chequer o f the Hop e that many a man d o th k n o w

T e o st o f Sou wa that w t t em went as e ave h ir h th rk, i h h , y h

ea d to o e h r f r ,

T at was u e o f t em al l o f ess an d eke o f m o e h r l r h , l r ,

O da n ed t e d n ne w se ere t e to c u c wen t r i h ir i r i ly h y h r h ,

tua s as he o un d in to wn an d fo r n o ne o t s n t Suc v c e e . h i l f , h r

E K E 1 1 0 B YG OIV N T.

ﬁtted up for worship , and so much , alas , of the

- old stained glass , the ﬁgures and the designs of which set the pilgrims disputing in the manner so

” amusingly narrated by the Continuator .

a bal staff uo t the to o n an d e se a a e n He bea et d e d . r h , q h , l r k

T o u fail e st uo t the m e t ou ast n o t we th m n d h , q h ill r, h h ll y i ,

I t i s a S ea t o u c a n st see w t a c to o e p r, if h , i h pri k f r

wn his en em an d t o u the s o u e T o push ad o y hr gh h ld r bo re .

Peac e uo t the o st o f So ut wa l et stan d the w ndo w , q h h h rk , i

az ed gl ,

G o u an d do o u O e n e see met hal f amaz ed . p y r ff ri g , y h Eastward up the nave the pilgrims would — move , and so reach the north transept the

“ Martyrdom . The spot where S . Thomas was killed would be pointed out to them ; and the wooden a ltar , set up to mark where the martyr fell ; and the broken sword - blade belonging to one of the four knights who had murdered him . Thence they would go to the Crypt— to the spot where stood the ﬁrst tomb , where also a most sacred relic awaited their veneration—part of the

’

t S . mar yr s skull , set in ilver I t was here , as E he tells us , that rasmus saw the celebrated

’ - hair shirt , which the monks found on Becket s

body when they stripped it after the murder .

The choir was next visited , where still more and more sacred relics were exhibited by an CA N TE R B UR Y PI L GR I M S . I I I

attendant monk , and devoutly kissed by the pilgrims . To many a pilgrim , no doubt , would be shown the costly vestments and ornaments and vessels of the sanctuary , a list of which still

: exists chasubles , copes , tunics , dalmatics , and ’ albs , almost without number ; crosses , chalices , and patens ; mitres and pastoral staffs ; rings and precious stones , and sacred books . O nward and upward still they would go , mounting the steps leading to the Trinity Chapel on their knees , till at length they stood before the

S S great hrine itself. The hrine consisted of two parts , the stone pedestal with arches , and the shrine proper ; the latter encased in a canopy of wood , which could be raised at any moment by pulling ropes suspended from the ceiling . Round the lower part of the shrine , the sick and inﬁrm thronged and pressed . There was healing virtue in the very stones on which the body of the saint rested . We can but faintly imagine the overpowering emotions of those who had travelled many a weary mile , as at length they found

’ S themselves laid at the foot of the martyr s hrine , when health and happiness seemed to lie once more within their grasp . The feelings so created , when the very depths of the soul were stirred , 1 1 2 B N E K E YG O N T.

were sufﬁcient , we cannot doubt , to work a

n complete cure in some cases of ervous disorder .

Then , last of all , the canopy was raised , and the gorgeous ark , the shrine , was displayed to view .

What a sight it was , glittering in gold and " precious stones Specially remarkable , rivetting all eyes , was the wondrous ruby , which had been given to the original tomb in the crypt by Louis

V I I . of France when he came as a pilgrim . The — — gem so the legend ran which had at ﬁrst been refused by the king , had leapt of its own accord from the ring in which it was set , and fastened

“ itself to the tomb , as if a goldsmith had ﬁxed i t there . Can we wonder that religious piety in that simple age was profoundly stimulated by p - Ol d such marvellous tales The pilgrims , the rhymster tells us ,

o T o ma s in suc w se as t e c o ut Prayed t S . h h i h y h A n d sith the h o ly reli c s eac h m an wi th his m o uth

a o o d m o n the n am es to d an d tau t K i ssed as g ly k l gh . After the pilgrims had feasted their eyes on all this wealth and splendour, while they were still under the spell of so much that was grand and mysterious and holy , they made their offerings . and so went thei r way ; to give place to others — who were following close upon them as

I I 4 E VG ONE KEN T

w visited , or friends and old acquaintances ould be looked up .

Past for ever is the age of such things . I t concerns us not now to discuss whether “ miracles

“ do or do not happen . Certainly now no

S ' miracles happen at the hrine of S . Thomas

1 8 The end came in 5 3 , when , i n the September of that year , the tomb was destroyed . N o record exists describing its actual destruction , and hence — some doubt lingers not about the fact , it is true

but about the manner . M ost probably the

” bones were burned and scattered to the winds .

As for the gold and silver and precious stones , and all the valuables , H enry V I I I . exercised his

z royal prerogative to sei e them for himself. N othing now remains but the vacant space where once the shrine stood . The pavement still gives evidence by the marks upon it of the rough and - ready way in whi c h the smashi n g of precious

o n— e relics went whil the depression in the ﬂoor , worn by the toes of those who knelt upon the step above , alone marks the scene of so many prayers and supplications and vows and thanks givings b rbe the 1ken i h W il liam l am a , t s

Etntiquarg.

B Y FR EDER C K R o ss I , ENT occupies a foremost position among the counties of England in regard to c a ntiquities and historical asso iations . I t was

Ca n tii the , the Celtic inhabitants of Kent , who opposed so vigorously the landing of J ulius C aesar near upon two thousand years ago , and whose country afterwards constituted a portion of the

Roman province of Britannia Prima . I t was here

th in the 5 century , after the departure of the

Romans , that Vortigern and H engist contended for the empire in two pitched battles , resulting in the conquest by H engist , the loss of four thousand natives on the battleﬁeld , and the establishment of the Saxon K ingdom of Kent . I t was here where S . Augustine planted the banner of the

r e - Cross , and established the Church and

B ishopric of Canterbury , on the spot where there had been a Church and Bishopric of the Apostolic

Age , which had been trampled out by the 1 1 6 B YG ONE K EN T

paganism of the J utes and Saxons . And ever S ince has Kent been the scene of important and

I n often tragical events history , politics , social

O f upheavals the serf claims , and , above all , of signiﬁcant incidents of an ecclesiastical character .

u Th s there is in the annals of Kent , and in the castles , abbeys , and towns of the county , an abun dance O f material to occupy the pen of the historian and topographical antiquary ; and it was ﬁtting and appropriate that the ﬁrst published county history should be that of Kent .

General topographical writers , who have

2 n d included Kent , there have been from the century downwards , a series of geographers , topographers , and annalists , some fairly correct , b others fabulous and a ounding in miracles , such f . O as , says Fuller , it is difﬁcult to digest these

Ptolemy was the earliest , who was followed by

Antoninus Pius , whose works are invaluable as records of the past . The writings of J ulius

C wsa r and Tacitus are scarcely worth mentioning as topographical works— and much the same

Po m o n iu s may be said of Strabo , p , and other copyists . Then followed the M onkish Chroniclers , amongst whom Bede and G ir aldus C a mbr e n sis stand out prominently ; and Geoffrey of

E E 1 1 8 B YG ON K N T.

x x i e a r e the x v j . y of his Regne dedicated to K ing

E . 1 . dward V I by J ohn Bale , 549 The I tinerary

” of J ohn Leland the Antiquary , published from the original M S . in the Bodleian Library , by

M A 1 - 1 2 . . 1 0 . Thomas H earne , , 7 These works have served as the foundations of all subsequent antiquarian and topographical researches . Ralf

’ “ t B rooke , who printed Leland s N ew Yea es

” “ Gifte , says to Camden that he has done it to the ende that the world may know with whose

S plumes you have feathered your nest , and to how who was the ﬁrst author of the new born

’ ‘ B ritannia , he whose name is clean rased out or you who have taken the ty tl e and whole credit to yourself. H e was a learned man , and the author of some other works , and died in the year

1 2 5 5 . The Tudor age sees the birth and labours

— 1 0 6- 2 of the three great antiquaries Leland , 5 5 ,

Lambar de 1 6- 1 60 1 1 1 - 1 62 , 5 3 , and Camden , 5 5 3,

who, discarding the miracles and fables of monkish E chroniclers , based the annals of ngland on a

sure foundation of fact , and taught writers that

the history of towns , counties , and limited

l s ocalitie , with descriptions of their peculiarities f . O and ancient remains , are deserving of record WI LLI AM L AM B A R D E . I 1 9

La m ba r de these writers , , the second in date , less rugged than Leland , and less polished than C amden , will occupy our attention for a few

“ ” “ paragraphs . I am now , says Camden , come

La mba r d e to Kent , a county which William ,

a a person eminent for piety and le rning , has described so much to the life in a complete h volume , and who has withal been so appy in his searches , that he has left very little for those that come after him . I here gratefully

u acknowledge that his work is my fo ndation .

Let this be observed for the honour of Kent ,

“ says Kennet , in his life of Somner , that while other counties (and but few of them) have met with single pens to give the history and de sc r ip tion of them ; ours has had no less than four writers to celebrate the glories of it (1 5 70 ) ” Lambard , Somner, K ilburn , and Philpot . Archdeacon N icolson hopes he may be allowed “ to enlarge the ‘ catalogue adding

’ L am bar de s Perambulation of Kent , was indeed the ﬁrst account that was published , which was not only highly applauded by Camden and other chief j udges , but gave the hint to many more men of learning to endeavour the like services for ” their several counties , further observing that B YGONE KEN T twas not well approved by the gentlemen of the

‘ Roman Communion , notably Reiner , Antiquary

’ of Canterbury , who censures it as a work under taken with a design to expose the lewdnesses and debaucheries of the inhabitants of the monasteri es of that county , in describing whereof (he thinks)

. many things are Spitefully misrepresented . D r . N icholson adds to the list of Kentish historical writers the names of J ohn N orden , whose

“ ‘ Survey of Kent remains in M S . J ohn

“ Weaver , whose Funeral M onuments were chieﬂy collected in the dioceses of Canterbury and

’ “ o - R chester , Taylor s H istory of Gavel K ind ,

’ ” c i r c a 0 Gillingham s H istory of Canterbury , I 39 ,

’ “ ’ S o m n r s Tw n e s . e J ohn y Canterbury , W

“ ” ’ “ S urvey of Canterbury , Spott s Canterbury

’ “ B a tta l s A n ti uita te s R utu ioe Archdeacon y q p ,

' ’ ” ff n Edm B e de n ham s R o e sis . . Textus , etc

La mbar de s b The were originally, as far ack as their recorded genealogy goes , a H erefordshire

“ de L a mba r . family . Thomas , Gent , of Ledbury ,

S who died early in the ixteenth century , was

La mba r de father of William of the same place , whose son J ohn settled in London , served

1 1 1 the ofﬁce of S heriff in 5 5 , and died in 5 54 ; having married J uliana , daughter and heiress of

1 2 2 B YGONE K E N T

a a d 1 6 8 1 6 8 residence of the L mb r e s until 4 . I n 3 he married I sabella , daughter of Sir J oh n Garrard ,

Baronet , and had issue , with two daughters ,

si n e r ol e . Thomas , who died p , and William

B e e c hmo u n t S e venba ks William , his son , of , , married Magdalen H umphrey , and had issue

Mul to n Thomas , his heir, and S ir , Baronet , who

1 8 died in 7 5 . Thomas , his son , who died in

1 745 , was father of another Thomas , who died in

1 6 M ul to n 1 7 9 , whose son , , was born in 7 57 , and

1 8 6 died in 3 , and was succeeded by his elder son ,

B e e c hm o u n t 1 6 William , of , who was born in 7 9 , a nd E had issue by his wife , H arriet lizabeth , daughter of S ir J ames N asmyth , Baronet ,

Mul to n 1 8 2 1 , his heir, born in , who married in

1 8 8 E 4 Teresa Livesay , daughter of dmund — Turton , and had issue J ohn , Bell , William ,

E . dmund , and another son and daughter Besides

' — whom William L a mba r de had o the r issue six

u sons and ﬁve da ghters .

Lamba rde William , the subject of this sketch , was the son of Alderman J ohn Lamba r de of

London , the purchaser of the Manor of West

1 Combe , by Greenwich , in 5 53, where his son chieﬂy resided , and where he wrote most of his

1 6 r e sum works . H e was born in the year 53 , p WI LLI A M L A M B A R D E 1 2 . 3

ably in London , and was bred to the legal

’ profession , having been entered at Lincoln s I nn

1 6 in 5 5 , and distinguished himself early in his career , by the publication of two or three legal works , promising to become eminent in law , had he not turned his attention more particularly to h the study of historical topograp y , then in its infancy , when he took up his residence in Kent .

N evertheless he attained a high degree in law , having been elected a Bencher of Lincoln ’s I nn in 1 57 8 ; in 1 59 2 a Master in Chancery ; in 1 59 7

Keeper of the Rolls in Chancery Lane ; and in

Keeper of the Records in the Tower . I n 1 579 he was appointed a J ustice of the Peace for the County of Kent , in which capacity his well grounded knowledge of the laws and customs of Kent proved of great use to himself and his brother justices .

‘ ’ A t Lin c o l n s I nn he studied under La wrence

N owell , who was famous for his profound know

o f - ledge the Anglo Saxon tongue and antiquities , from whom he imbibed that taste for antiquarian learning which has rendered his name so famous

1 6 in the history of Kent . I n 57 he founded a hospital at Greenwich for twenty poor persons , male or female , with an original allowance of six 1 2 B E EN 4 YG ON K T.

shillings per month , afterwards increased to

ﬁfteen shillings , and a yearly allowance of a chaldron and half of coals p r e fe r e n c é in appoint ment to be given to aged , maimed , or blind ,

e persons impov rished by casualty , afﬂicted with

S incurable ickness , or burthened with a large

“ family . H e denominated the hospital The E College of Queen lizabeth , and placed it under the charge of the Master of the Rolls and the

’ D rapers Company . I t is said to have been the ﬁrst institution of the kind founded by a

Protestant . — H e was a staunch Protestant a protestor

Po ist against monkish tricks and miracles , and p superstitions in general thus in the Perambula

” Mo n tin de n e tions , in speaking of , he states that w the Friars there , ithin memory , had an annual procession in which “ one berayed like a dive] met the holy brethren and attempted to carry off the cross , but was put to ﬂight by the sprinkling

“ of holy water , and thus forsooth , the virtue of holy water in putting the divell to ﬂight is conﬁrmed at Mo n tin de n e by a demonstrative h argument ; which , if it be so , t en greatly was St . Paul de c e ave d in sixth of his epistle to the E phesians , where he goeth to arme us from toppe

E E 1 2 6 B YG ON K N T.

“ the jade persisted in goi n g to Boxley w Abbey , and nowhere else , here it was left , and rendered the Abbey a famous place of pilgrimage .

L a m bar de E ae , says the nglish Cyclop dia , was one of the most accurate antiquaries of his day , and in all respects a man of learning and

” worth .

W e stc o mbe 1 60 1 H e died at his residence , , in , and was bu ried in the parish church of Greenwich ,

O n with a monument placed over his remains . the rebuilding of that church his remains were

removed to Sevenoaks Church , which had

- become the burial place of his descendants .

“ The M emoirs of L a mbar de were published

’

X . I . . . in Vol . , N o L I I , of N ichols B iblio Topog 8 1 . B rit . , 7 7 Works

A PX A I O NO M IA risc is A n l o r um , sive de p g 68 Le ibus . 1 g Libri , etc , 5 ; with Map of the

Saxon H eptarchy , Translation of a collection of

Saxon Laws , made by his College T utor,

’ Whel o c s Lawrence N owell . Reprinted in

1 6 edition of Bede , 44. B ishop N icholson styles f the translation false and af ected . “ ‘ A ’ Perambulation of Kent , collected and

in ea r e 1 0 and written (for the most part) the y 57 , WI L LI A M L A M B A R D E I 2 . 7 now increased by the addition of some things which the Author himself hath observed since

1 6 that time , 5 7 . The ﬁrst history of any separate

d th 6 . r 1 0 county The 3 and 5 editions , 4 and

1 6 6 s 5 , contain the Charters of the Cinque Port , a nd 1 8 2 6 the edition of , is preceded by a sketch

’ of the Author s life .

D ic tio na r ium Angli a to pogra phic u m e t his t o r ic u m : an Alphabetical Account of the chief E places in ngland and Wales , with Portrait of the

1 0 . Author, 7 3 This work , intended for a general E Survey of ngland , was written before the

’ ‘ ’ appearance of Camden s Britannia , upon the publication of which work he relinquished the undertaking , and it did not see the light until

1 7 30 .

Ei r e n a r c ha Or , the ofﬁces of the J ustices of

8 1 su bse the Peace ; in two books , I 5 , several quent editions up to

“ B o r sho lde r s The Duties of Constables , ,

8 2 T thin m n 1 . e . y g , etc , 5 Several times reprinted ,

1 6 up to 37 .

A r c hio n , or a commentary on the H igh

C E 1 1 . ourts of Justice in ngland , 59 (the R evol t of the lDil Ieins i n the Days of

thi ng 1Richaro the ﬁ econo.

W B Y ED A R D LA M PL OU G H .

E H I N D the mail - clad baron of the fourteenth

century , in costly panoply , with emblazoned surcoat and crested helmet— the advertisements of his chivalric rank— there rose a dramatic

m e diw val background , with a fortress frowning over fertile acres , in which toiled some scores of sturdy peasants— the men whose sweat sustained the profusion and pride of the barons , and furnished them with pikemen and archers , when

’ clarions blared , and the K ing s standard was carried over the borders of Scotland , or over sea to France .

To such men as those Wiclif preached , and in his free gospel there was a divine ring of free humanity that touched the soul of vassal and peasant , and increased their interest in the — rumours that reached them from beyond sea o f

A r ta ve lde - Van and Dubois , with the white hoods

e r and at th i back , the lion of Flanders ﬂeeing

1 0 E VG ONE EN 3 K T.

j ustice . Parliament declared the exemptions valueless , and threatened the confederates with punishment . The ruler made the laws ; the villein was the source of his wealth . Among the peasantry moved a priest , J ohn Ball , who loved to take for his text the couplet ,

“ W en Adam de ved an d Eve s an h l p , ” Pray who was the gentleman ?

The villeins admired the text , and agreed with the sermon , but the Archbishop of Canterbury clapped ' the popular preacher into prison at

Maidstone . The following examples of the preachi ng popular with the peasantry are interesting and instructive . J ohn Balle S e yn te Marye prist gr e te th wele

b dde s alle maner men , and y hem in the name of t he Fa d ur Trinite , and Sone and H oly Gost ,

m an l c ke to e d r t r e w the stond y g y in , and helpeth

h t r e w the t r e w t e and schal helpe yowe . N ow r e ne th w s g pride in pris , and covetise is holde y ;

l e c he r e l o to n e and y with outen shame , and g y with

e n v e r e n e th t r e so n e outen blame ; y g with , and

sl o uthe se so n e . is take in grete God do bote , for

t m e . now is y , Amen R E OL T F THE I LE N 1 1 V O V L I S . 3

I a kke Myl n e r asket help to turn his myl n e

’ aright . H e hath grounden smal smal the K ing s sone of heven he scal pay for alle . Loke thy Myl n e go a r yght with the four sayles and the

s t a dfas n ss r ht post stand in e t e e . With yg and

m ht w ll e m ht with yg , with skill and with y , let yg

r ht sk l w ll e r ht help yg , and y go before y and yg

m l n m ht e . before yg , then goth our y aright And

m ht r ht w ll e S k ll e if yg go before yg , and y before y , ” l n d ht then is our my e mys a yg .

1 80 I n J anuary , 3 , Parliament made a spirited attempt to curb the extravagance of the Court .

N evertheless , in the autumn of the same year increased subsidies were demanded . I n reply they stigmatised the demand as “ outrageous and

insupportable . The fatal capitation tax was then resorted to . I t demanded three groats per head for every male and female who had come to the age of ﬁfteen years . I ndulgence was extended to the poor of some districts , the tax being graduated , so that while the mass of the people paid one groat each , the rich paid sixty groats per head . Government required the money with the least possible delay , and accordingly farmed the tax . Probably the indignant peasantry would have revolted against the imposition under any 1 2 B ONE E N 3 YG K T.

circumstances , but when hired collectors added insolence and extortion to oppression , the rising was sudden and furious . The ﬁrst amount came short of the calculation . Commissioners were appointed to investigate the collection , and demanded further payments . The people , sullen and brooding , refused to pay . Commissioner Thomas de Bampton tried conclusions with the

F bbin s E u o . delinq ents of g , ssex H e and his ofﬁcers they chased out of B rentwood . The

Chief J ustice of the Common Pleas , Sir Robert

B eal knass , was deputed to deal with the rebels of

Kent . H e was denounced as a traitor to K ing and Kingdom , and also retired in haste before the raging mob that spread through the country , carrying as ensigns the heads of the j urors and clerks of court , elevated on long poles . The insurgent leader was a priest known only by his n om de gner r e of J ack S traw . The Lord Treasurer ’s mansion was then visited

by the enraged peasantry , and was found to contain an ample provision of meats and liquors

Sir J ohn having , in his capacity of Prior of the

K nights of St . J ohn of J erusalem , summoned a

- chapter general of the order , and generously

provided for their entertainment . Afte r con

1 B Y NE E N 34 G O K T.

by S ir S imon Burley as his bondman , although the poor fellow swore he had lived over a year and a day at Gravesend . Sir Simon had been content

u that the unfort nate man should languish in prison , although he placed upon him a price of three hundred pounds of S ilver .

When the insurgents poured into Canterbury ,

J ohn Ball is said to have called for the , death of the archbishop , but that prelate had ﬂed to

London ; they had , however , the satisfaction of

u pulling down his ho se . They terriﬁed the monks and residents ; exacted from the mayor and aldermen an oath of ﬁdelity to the K ing and commons , and advanced upon London after hewing off the heads of three wealthy c i t i zens .

They carried with them the governor , Sir J ohn

’ N ewton . The K ing s mother had been making a pilgrimage to Canterbury , and was surprised by the peasantry . She and her ladies were allowed to proceed on their j ourney , after being saluted with kisses by a few of the rude fellows .

Concentrated at Blackheath , strong , they dispatched S ir J ohn N ewton to the K ing , with complaints of the national mismanagement , the assu rance that they were acting for his

’ the Majesty s honour, and a demand that Arch ’ A E VOL T OF THE I L LEI N 1 V S. 5 5 bishop of C a n te r bu r v should render an account of

’ his administration of the revenue . Sir J ohn s children were retained as hostages for his ﬁdelity , and he was naturally anxious to conciliate the

’ King . Richard understood his subject s peculiar position , and as a temporising policy was the he most likely to serve his interest , accordingly returned a gracious answer to the peasants , promising to see them on the morrow . The villeins received the royal message with great satisfaction .

H e appeared before them on the following day , but on the river in his barge . H e was welcomed with a tremendous cheer from men

e massed on the banks at Roth rhithe , with two banners of St . George and sixty pennons stream ing over their tumultuary array . The cry of welcome carried terror into the hearts of K ing and courtiers , and his barge was immediately E turned back , the arl of Salisbury excusing the King from landing by asserting that the peasants were not formed in proper array to receive him .

Stung to sudden fury by their disappointment , the army surged upon London , tearing down abbeys and fair houses , if Froissart may be P credited . rison doors were beaten in , and the 1 36 B YG ONE KEN T liberated felons swelled the ranks of their

’ deliverers . They invaded the Archbishop s palace at Lambeth , made a ﬁre of his furniture , and committed the chancery records to the

ﬂames .

London Bridge barred their advance , but they

i had sympath sers within the gates . The bridge fell , and , once within the city , they were hospitably entertained by the people . A few houses were sacked , a number of Flemings slain , and the

’ D uke of Lancaster s palace , the Savoy , was assaulted. I ts . defenders were killed , and the ’ building burnt . They found the Duke s liquor so m uch to their taste , that thirty of their men perished in the flames , overcome by intoxication . E e ven in rage and desperation , and d spite their ranks being swollen by idle and dissolute persons , they maintained the integrity of their intentions , and finding one of their number in the act of appropriating a silver cup . they flung man and cup into the river together . They destroyed the house of the H ospitallers in Clerkenwell ; and

“ their common question to all comers was , With whom holdest thou ? ” and woe to him who made

“ other reply than , With K ing Richard and the

- Commons , for on the instant his head rolled in

I 8 E V NE E 3 G O K N T.

ress , and with it those doomed objects of their resentment , Sir Robert H ales , the treasurer ; the

Archbishop of Canterbury , the chancellor ;

’ William Appledore , Richard s confessor ; and

- four of the tax farmers . Short and bloody work

’ was made with them , and the Archbishop s head , with the hat nailed on , was carried on point of lance to London B ridge , and there stuck up . ’ n Again the K ing s mother fell into their ha ds , and , after some rough salutes , was carried off in a n fainting conditio by her attendants .

At M ile - En d the more reasonable of the villeins presented their demands : The abolition of bondage ; the reduction of the rent of land to fourpence the acre ; the free liberty of buying and selling in all markets ; a general pardon for past offences . Richard readily , and with courtly

n o t grace , agreed to these immoderate demands , and promised to supply the peasants with royal banners , u nder the protection of which they were to march hom e ; with the exception of two or three persons from each village , who were to wait for the royal charters , in the copying of which thirty clerks were occupied the whole of the night . T he young King sought his mother at her R E V L T F TH E VI L LEI N 1 O O S . 5 9

i n house , the Wardrobe , Carter Lane ; and on the following morning , after attending mass at West

Sm ithﬁ el d minster , rode through , with sixty horse in attendance , and held a conference with

Wat Tyler , who had men at his back . Wat is said to have repudiated the charter granted on the previous day , to have demanded the abolition of the game or forest laws , with the i pr vilege of taking ﬁsh in all waters , and the free dom of chase in park , forest , and ﬁeld . Against him was also levelled the accusation of plotting the massacre of the royal retinue , and the seizure of the K ing , in whose name he proposed to govern the nation .

’ O n Richard s arrival the rebel leader rode up to him so close that the horses touched , and ,

ﬁdel it pointing to his followers, boasted of their y , . declaring that they would not depart without the

’ ’ King s letters . Richard s life was unquestionably

in the hands of the villeins , but he maintained his temper, and exhibited unfaltering courage .

According to Froissart , Tyler exhibited unbounded

insolence , and demanded the life of one of the

royal squires ; whereon Sir William Walworth

drew near with twelve horse , and reproved his

S insolence . To him the doomed man made tern 1 40 E VG ONE KEN T

reply , but was butchered the next moment by the

. doughty M ayor , whether by thrust of sword or blow of mace matters not . E nraged by the death of their leader , but obviously unprepared to slay the K ing , the

insurgents clamoured loudly , and stood to their arms , when Richard rode up to them , exhorted

them to accept him as their leader , and concern themselves no further about the traitor who had

- fallen . Some believed the boy K ing , and followed

’ him ; others , distrusting his Majesty s intentions ,

withdrew from the press , and made for the

country . Arrived at I slington , the insurgents

1 000 - a t - found men arms awaiting them , under the

command of S ir Robert K nowles . A scene of

confusion followed . Some turned to ﬂy , others

’ fell on their knees , imploring the K ing s pardon , and doubtless others stood to their arms to

strike a last blow for life or vengeance . K nowles

was impatient to charge , and a bloody tragedy would probably have been enacted had not Richard wisely resolved to let the peasants depart

in peace . H e contented himself with proclaim ing death to any strangers remaining overnight i n

. O the city nce dispersed and powerless , the

peasantry could be punished at leisure .

B NE E N 1 42 YGO K T.

ﬁrst stuck a clump of ghastly heads , including

’ Wat Tyler s , over London B ridge . At Billericay and S udbu ry those obstinate sticklers for lib erty struck ﬁercely against his arms , and sealed their devotion to the cause in which they were engaged

- by streams of peasant blood , before they submitted

’ to the K ing s grace . After this Richard was able to complete his progress through the kingdom ,

s restoring tranquility , and gathering up the charter wrung from him under the cruel compulsion of peasant force . J ohn Ball , Jack S traw , and

W e st bro o me were among the leaders who suffered

L utte ste r Westbr o o me execution . and are reputed to have pretended to the title of K ings of N orfolk and S uffolk ; but the peasants have no voice in history , the story of their revolt is bequeathed to us by the pens of their enemies , and doubtless absurd rumours , and the ravings of intoxicated

slaves , have been recorded as the studied

S tatements of the leaders . m The Commons , in sum ing up the causes of the revolt , were j ust to the unfortunate peasantry , and imputed their action to the burthens cast upon them by the lengthy wars , the rapacity of

- c o ll e c te r s tax , the extortion of the purveyors , and the outrages committed by the numerous bands of R E OL T OF THE I LLEI N 1 V V S . 43

O utlaws that infested the country , and preyed upon the poor . They were so far in sympathy with the people that they were with great difﬁculty induced to grant further taxes ; but on wringing the concession from them , Richard pardoned the o villeins , of whom , acc rding to H olinshed , he had put 1 50 0 to death during his progress through the country . The popular notion that Richard acted so very wisely in his dealings with the peasantry , who

- were certainly loyal to the boy king , looking to him as the redresser of their wrongs , is hardly borne out by the tone of his address to them , when he felt himself to be once more safe ” Rustics ye have been and are , he is reported to

“ a have said , and in bond ge shall ye remain not such as ye have heretofore known , but in a

” condition incomparably more vile . l 1Rogal E tham.

W P R EON B Y OSEPH S U G . J .

—~ f su a . lzi r l e Pity the fall o c h go o dly pile S y . HE precise date of the ﬁrst erection of a palace at Eltham is involved in some obscurity . The work is generally , and doubtless correctly , attributed to Anthony Bek , B ishop of

1 2 8 1 1 1 Durham from 3 to 3 . Most writers on the subject agree , too , in suggesting the year 1 2 70 as possibly the one Which saw the completion of the buildings , th us adopting the opinion

“ L a m bar de expressed by , in his Perambulation

: of Kent , as follows

P r K i ng H enr ie the third (saith M at . a ise) to ward the latter end e o f hi s r ei n e e t a R o a C stmas as the m an n e g , k p y ll hri ( r t en was at El t/z a m b e n ac c o m an ed w t his ueene an d h ) , i g p i i h Q No bil itie : an d thi s (belike) was the ﬁ rst wa rmi n g o f the h o use ” I m a c a it a te t at the B s o had ﬁ n s e his w rk (as y ll ) f r h i h p i h d o e .

I t is more likely , however , that the B ishop had W not even begun his work , as I ill endeavour to show . First , it will be necessary to mention a few facts in the career of this remarkable man .

1 2 0 H e was born probably about the year 4 , his

1 6 E V NE E N 4 G O K T.

1 2 The latter , before his death in 9 7 , made them over to Anthony Bek , as trustee for his little

natural son , but the covetous bishop defrauded

the orphan of his inheritance , and by some legal

a ter trick made himself master of the property , f

E . which , as I take it , he built ltham Palace From the foregoing it will be seen that Eltham could not have been granted to Bek by William

’ de V e sc i until after his brother s death in 1 2 8 8 ; therefore the Christmas Feast of 1 2 70 must have

’ been held , not in Bishop Bek s palace , but in

- W the manor house hich doubtless preceded it .

w as Further , it is unlikely that the B ishop able to misappr opriate the manor before the decease of

V e sc i 1 2 William de in 9 7 , or that he commenced building before he was certain of possessing the estate . This would bring the probable date of the

I 00 erection of the building to about 3 , and would also dispose of the statement that he bequeathed it

u E 1 2 0 . to Q een leanor , for she died in 9 H owever this may be , it is known that the B ishop made the

u palace his favo rite residence , and breathed his

1 1 last there in I 3 . Th ree years before that date the palace was honoured by what appears to be the ﬁrst royal E visit . dward I I on his arrival from F rance L T M 1 R O YA L E HA . 47

E with his bride , I sabella , brought her to ltham , where they remained for about ﬁfteen days await ing their coronation . I t was not until after the decease of Anthony E Bek that ltham became , properly speaking , a royal residence ; indeed , it is evident that the

’ B ishop s legatee was Queen I sabella , not Queen

E E . leanor . With the reign of dward I I the history of the palace begins , which , if completely

- z told , would fill a fair si ed book . I can therefore only select the most important events , of which a e few of minor inter st , though not unworthy of mention , may first be briefly summarised . E ltham was the scene of three royal births , the

ﬁrst being that of Prince J ohn , second son of

E 1 1 6 E dward I I in 3 , who was created arl of Cornwall but was better known as “ J ohn of E ltham , and whose tomb is in Westminster

Abbey . Two princesses also were born here ,

namely , Philippa , daughter of Lionel , Duke of

c 1 Claren e , in 35 5 , afterwards Countess of March , E and Bridget , seventh daughter of dward I V . , in

1 8 0 4 , who became Prioress of Dartford . These

’ E I V s three infants , and also Katherine , dward . E sixth daughter , were christened at ltham .

E a . dw rd I I I , when a boy , was partly educated 1 8 E V NE E 4 G O K N T.

’ O f G r ifﬁ n here , Grifﬁn , the son Sir of Wales , being one of his companions . Three royal e brides were brought to the palac , whence , after a short stay , each went forth to her coronation ;

1 E they were ( ) I sabella the Fair , wife of dward

. 2 I I , as already mentioned ; ( ) I sabella of Valois ,

' ’ I I s - Richard . child queen ; and (3) Elizabeth E Woodville , married a year previously to dward

. E I V dward I I I . held at least three Parlia

E 1 6 ments at ltham , on the last occasion , in 37 ,

1 8 6 creating his grandson Prince of Wales . I n 3

Richard I I . here received a deputation from both

H ouses , opposing his intended invasion of France ,

1 and in 39 5 held an important council , of which further mention will be made . The festival of

s Christma , with the splendour which in those days characterised its observance by royalty , was often celebrated here ; notably by the D uke of

8 1 8 1 . 1 Clarence in 347 , Richard I I in 3 4, 3 5 ,

a n d 1 8 6 . 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 , H enry I V in 4 , 4 5 , 4 9 ,

1 1 2 . 1 1 . and 4 , H enry V in 4 4, H en ry V I in

8 2 1 2 E . 1 . 4 9 , dward I V in 4 , and H enry V I I I in

1 1 1 2 1 2 . 5 5 , 5 3, and 5 5 Passing now to those historical matters which deserve to be treated of more fully , and taking them in chronological order , we commence with

1 0 E V E 5 G ON KEN T.

betwee n t s t me an d su e man and danc es an d c a o s. hi i pp r, y gr r l

The o un Lo d de C o uc was t e e who to o a ns to s ne y g r y h r , k p i hi in his danc n an s n w w I i g d i gi ng h en eve r it as his tur n . c an n eve r r elate ho w ve ry h o no u rabl y and mag n i ﬁ c ently the

n an d ueen o f En an n n eav n ki g q gl d r ec e i ved K i n g J o h . O l i g ” E t am he we n t to Lo n do n l h , ,

8 th where , in the Savoy Palace , he died on April

a d of the same year . N ext ye r o Coucy was

i marr ed to the princess , but unfortunately they did not live happily ever after, their romantic attachment ending twelve years later in a separation .

at The last days of Edward I I I . were spent E ltham and S hene , where , broken down in health and spirit , and worn out with his active life , he was left almost alone , deserted by his friends .

H e died at Shene in 1 37 7 . E Richard I I . was at ltham , keeping Christmas ,

1 8 6 in 3 , when there came to him Leo , K ing of

“ Armenia , under pretence , says Stow , to reform peace betwixt the kings of England and

France ; but what his coming proﬁted he only understood ; for besides innumerable gifts that he received , the king granted to him a charter of a thousand po unds by year during his life . H e was , as he afﬁ rmed , chased out of his ” kingdom by the Ta r tar ia ns. R O YA L E L THAM 1 5 1

“ 1 I n 39 5 , Richard , having lost his Good Queen E Anne , summoned his council to ltham , partly to broach to them his intention of marrying

I sabella of Valois , and partly to lay before them a petition from Guienne , asking that that province , which Richard had conferred upon the D uke of

Lancaster , might remain an appanage of the

E d lib rat nglish crown . While the council was e e

r o issa r t ing , J ean F , the famous chronicler and

O u poet , was at the palace , waiting for an pport nity to present the king with a volume of his poems .

H e relates at length the doings of this parliament , b as told him y Sir Richard S turry . The Duke

O of Gloucester pposed the petition , and

To Sho w that he go vern ed the ki ng an d was the gr eatest in the c o unc as so on as he had d e ve ed his o n o n an d saw il , li r pi i t a man we e mu mu n at it a n d t at the e ates and o ds h t y r r ri g , h pr l l r ’ we e d sc uss n it in sma a t es he u tted the n s c ambe r i i g ll p r i , q i ki g h r,

o o wed b the ea o f D e b an d e nte ed the a at E t am f ll y rl r y, r h ll l h , w e e he o d e ed a tab e to be S ead an d t e bo t sat d o wn h r r r l pr , h y h to d n ne w e o t e s we e d ebat n the bus n ss W en the i r hil h r r i g i e . h d u e o f Y o ea d t e we e a t d n ne he n t m o ed e . k rk h r h y r i r , j i h

O n the Sun da the w o e c o unc we e o n e to Lo n do n y, h l il r g ,

exc e t n the d u e o f Y o who e ma n ed w t the n and p i g k rk, r i i h ki g,

sir R c a d Stu : t ese two i n c o n un c t o n w t sir T o mas i h r rry h , j i i h h

Pe c m e n t o n ed m e a a n to the n who d es ed to see the r y, i g i ki g , ir

bo o I ha r k d bro ught fo him . The kin g ask ed m e

‘ ’ what the boo k treated o f : I r epli e d Of l ove " He was pl eased

w t the an swe an d d ed n to seve a ac es ead n a ts i h r , ipp i r l pl , r i g p r 1 2 B NE E N 5 YG O K T.

a o ud fo r he ead and s o e F en c e ec t we and t e n l , r p k r h p rf ly ll, h

ave i t to o n e o f his n ts c a ed sir R c a d C redo n to g k igh , ll i h r , c a to his o a o an d made m e man ac no w ed men ts rry r t ry, y k l g

fo r it .

While at Eltham in the follo wing August the king was informed of a plot against him , headed by the Duke of Gloucester ; who d soon afterwar s was seized and conveyed . to

Calais , there to meet his death .

1 8 The historic quarrel , in 39 , between the

D ukes of N orfolk and H ereford , when in the

’ king s presence each accused the other of treason ,

- a t E occurred , according to Froissart , ltham

Palace . The king decided that on September

i 6th e , at Coventry , they should settle their diff r e n ce by mortal combat ; but when the time arrived , having changed his mind , he forbade the duel to proceed , and sentenced both combatants to banishment , H ereford for ten years , and N or folk for life . Before one year had passed ,

’ however , H ereford returned to claim his father s estates , and gained possession , not only of his

o ssa t is o ten nac c u ate as to deta s an d e en i n the ac c o un t o f Fr i r f i r il , v t s t an sac t o n h e m a es t ee m sta es c a n No fo an d He e o d hi r i k hr i k , lli g r lk r f r s ec t e b t e ea e t t es o f Ea Ma s a an d Ea o f D e and re p iv ly y h ir rli r i l rl r h l rl rby , m nstead o f o n We m ust pl ac i ng the sc e n e o f the c o mbat at El th a i C ve try . n o t t e e o e ac e to o m uc e anc e o n his state men t t at the ua e , h r f r , pl h r li h q rr l ’

See S a es ea e s R i c /z a r d I ] . to o k pl ac e at El th am . h k p r

1 E E 54 B YG ON K N T.

’ trusty squire , having received H enry s plight , pronounced that of J oanna in these words

‘ I A n to ne R ic z i i n the n am e o f m wo s u ad , i , y r hipf l l y,

oan na the dau te o f C a es ate n o f Nava e J , gh r h rl , l ly ki g rr , duc ess o f B eta n e a n d c o u ntess o f R c m o n d ta e o u h r g , i h , k y ,

H en o f La n c aste n o f En an d a nd o d o f I e an d to ry r, ki g gl l r r l , be m usban d an d t ee o I A n to n e i n the S t o f m y h , h r t i , piri y sa d ad t ou m t o t i l y, pligh y y r h

I n 1 4 1 2 . the king kept his last Christmas at E “ ” “ ltham , being , as H olinshed puts it , sore

sic kn e sse vexed with , so that it was thought

o t withsta n d sometime that he had beene dead . N ing it pleased God that he somewhat recovered

a a in e Chr istmasse his strength g , and so passed that with as much joy as he might . V H enry . , while keeping Christmas here in

1 1 - 1 4 3 4, was alarmed by a rumour that the

Lollards were assembling in arms , intending to seize his person . The report was probably false , but it caused a sudden removal of the court to

Westminster , and led to the execution of some

1 1 forty Lollards . I n 4 5 , on his return from the

o n e great victory of Agincourt , the king stayed E night at ltham with his prisoners , the French O noblemen , among them the D ukes of rleans

and Bourbon , who were subsequently again

1 0 E VG O E E N 5 N K T.

. 1 1 6 lodged there I t was here , in 4 , that H enry E received Sigismu nd , mperor of Germany , who

S was conducted to the palace in great tate , and

y magniﬁcentl entertained . The O bjects of his visit were to establish peace between England and F rance , and to enlist the aid of H enry in putting an end to the ecclesiastical dissensions of the time .

- E The boy king H en ry V I . stayed at ltham on his return from Paris , where he had been

“ crowned K ing of France ; and after his

bea u tiﬁe d marriage he restored and it , with other 6 . 1 0 palaces , in honour of the queen I n 4 , after his capture by the Yorkists at N orthampton , E H en ry was brought to ltham , and allowed to indulge in hunting and other sports , which , though he was a prisoner , and his wife and child

he . fugitives , seems to have greatly enj oyed I V By Edward . the palace was repaired and enlarged , the principal work being the rebuilding

- of the banqueting hall , and the placing of a stone bridge across the moat instead of the wooden drawbridge . Both these remain to the presen t day . The reasons usually given for crediting

Edward I V . with . the erection of the H all are

I ( ) the style of its architecture , which corresponds

1 8 E V E 5 G ON KEN T.

“ r e i n e whose g , says the same writer , this house ,

n ée r e ne sse G r een ew i c é e by reason of the to ,

hath not bée n e so greatly esteemed : the rather also for that the pleasures of the e mpa rke d

r o u n de s g here , may be in manner as well enj oyed ,

G r een wi c é e the Court lying at , as if it were at this house it selfe .

N evertheless . excepting Prince Arthur , all the E children of H enry V I I . were educated at ltham ,

1 0 0 where , in J anuary 5 , the great scholar Erasmus was introduced to them by his friend

M r . Thomas M ore , afterwards Lord Chancellor . “ m When they ca e into the great H all , they saw w the hole train of the young Princes . I n the middle stood Prince H enry , then nine years of age ; foreshewing the signs and tokens of majesty , a greatness of mind supported by a singular ” E humanity . After the visit , rasmus composed a long poem in praise of England and the royal family , which he sent to Prince H enry , and so commenced their frequent correspondence .

H enry V I I I . , though generally preferring

Greenwich , spent Christmas here on three

1 1 - 1 6 occasions , the ﬁrst of which , in 5 5 , was

O n marked by un usual splendour . the

Ev e C Christmas , after vespers , ardinal Wolsey K O VA L EL TH A M 1 . 59

took the oath and ofﬁce of Lord Chancellor , in

had place of Archbishop Warham , who resigned .

- When Twelfth night came , a grand entertainment was given in the great hall . Among the state papers at the Record O fﬁce is one giving an account of this masque , which , if only for its quaint spelling , is worth quoting . A castle of timber having been prepared and , as H olinshed “ wo n der o usl ie has it , set out , Master William Cornish and the children of the chapel performed

“ the sto o f T ro l o us and Pan do r c hl i n ar l l ed all so ry y r y y p y ,

K allkas and K r ss d i n ar ll ed e a wedo w o f o h o u in y y p y lyk r, blake sarsen et and o the r abel ements fo r sec h e mater ; Dyo med and the Greks i n ar l l ed e men o f wa e ako rd n to the p y lyk rr , y g * nt n o r o r s A t w k m d l a d an d d o o n an e t o o . e ec e o e i p p f r h y p y , harr u i e e a d tr d an d mad an o t at st an e kn ht o d [. . h r l ] y y h 3 r g yg s wer c um to d o batall with [th o se] o f the sayd kastell o wt wec e ssud men o f a ms w t un c h n S ers ed to do h y 3 r i h p y g p , r y eets at the barr er s i n ar l l ed i n wh hthe saten an d ree n f y , p y yg g y saten o f B r e s n d w t en sa sen et an d wh ht sa sen et gy gl ly i h gr r yg r ,

n an d the sate n c ut th er o n . To the sayd 3 me o f arms ente ed o t e m en o f a ms w t e we un s an d r h r 3 r i h lyk p , in ar l l ed i n sc l o s o f eed sa sen et an d el o w sa sen et and p y p r r y r , w t s ee s mad sar ta n stroo ks and a te t at d o o n w t i h p r y f r h , i h n ak d swerds faw ht a a e bata ll of 1 2 stro oks an d so y g f y r y , d e ar t d o f f r T n t f h u u n o o s. e o u o t e aste sse d a e p y h k ll y q y ,

an d w t her 6 l ad es w t s ec h s a te the dev es o f M r . i h y , i h p y f r y

’ ' The sto w as e den t C auc e s Tr oi l us a n d Cr essi da a e a ry vi ly h r , l rg ly ’ t ans at o n o f B oc c ac c o s Fi /ostr ato r l i i . ‘l‘ B ruges ? E E N 1 60 B YG ON K T.

K o r n c he an d a ter t s d o o n m nstrel l s i n ar ll ed in o n y f hy , 7 y p y l g

a me nts and bo n ets to the saam o f saten o f B re s wh ht g r gy , yg an d ree n un the wa s an d to wr s o f the sa d aste a ed a g y , ll y y k ll pl y m n T en c am o ut o f the aste 6 o ds and el o dyus so g . h k ll l r ge ntyl l men i n parell ed in garments o f whyght saten o f B regys an d e n bro wd r d w t c o un ter f t stu o f Fl and rs ma n gr y , y i h y f y ki g, as br o c h s o uc h s s an s a nd sec e an d al l so 6 lad es y , y , p g h ; y i n ar el ld i n 6 a m en ts o f r ht saten wh ht an d ree n set p g r yg , yg g y , * w t H an d K o f el o w sate n o nted to ethe w t o nt s i h y , p y g r i h p y ’ n l l T es 6 a m en ts fo r l ad es wer o f the K n s o f K o l e go d . h g r y y g

w r a r Al l so the sa d l ad es eed s i n ar l l ed sto o n e e d . r , ly p y y y y h p y

s ll d o f damas as we as w t wo v n ﬂa l l o wi th l o o go k , ll i h y t go d f damaske etc —t en o o ws an ac c o unt o f the ex en d tu e , [ h f ll p i r ]

“ O n the conclusion of these performances , the

“ banket , says H olinshed , was served in of two

l e n t i e e ve r ie hundred dishes , with great p to bodie .

O n Eve E 1 2 the of piphany , 5 4, at the end of

the Christmas holidays , the king and queen

Lo n l a n d received g , , Bishop of Lincoln , who had come to explain to the queen the plans of Christ

’ W o l se s Church College , y new foundation at

O . 1 2 xford The festival in 5 5 , because of an E epidemic i n the city , was held at ltham with

“ ' only a few guests , and was named the Still o Christmas . I t was on this occasi n that Wolsey presented the king with the lease of Hampton

’ The n t a s o f the n and ueen a et d ea o f He n s t o u the i i i l ki g q , p i ry ; h gh sec o n d l etter had rath e r freque n tly to be al tered

1 62 B ONE E N YG K T.

as the future husband of Mary Queen of Scots , and was subsequently proposed as a suitable con E E sort for lizabeth . vidently the object of this interview was to ascertain his prospects in that

E z direction . li abeth , as she was wont to do with her admirers , appeared to encourage him , all the while scheming how to utilise his devotion for her political ends . Three years later his weak mind gave way altogether , and he never recovered his reason perhaps disappointment had something to

do with it . I n this reign the palace was usually occupied

by S ir Christopher H atton after which time , with

the exception of one visit of J ames I . in May and

1 6 1 2 J une , , and one of Charles I . in N ovember,

62 1 . O n 9 , it was abandoned by royalty the

- O 1 6 passing of the Self denying rdinance , in 45 , E E the arl of ssex resigned his commission , and retired to Eltham H ouse (as the palace was n ow

1 1 6 6 called), where he died on September 3th , 4 . I n 1 650 the property was sold by Parliament

- to Maj or General Rich . According to the survey

1 6 taken in 49 , the buildings consisted of

One a r c a e o n e eat a t t -six rooms and ofﬁc es f i h p l , gr h ll, hir y

be ow sta s w t two a e c e a s an d above sta s i n l ir , i h l rg ll r ; ir , ’ ’ o d n s c a ed the K n s s de 1 the ueen s S de 1 2 an d l gi g ll i g i , 7, Q i , , R O YA L EL THAM 1 63

’ the P nc e s s de in al l 8 o d n - o o ms w t o t e ri i , 9 ; 3 l gi g r , i h h r n ec essary small ro o ms thirty-hve bays o f build

8 ms t w t o n e n s c on ta n n in two stor es about o o e c . i g , i i g [ i 7 r , ] i h

nwa d c o u t c o nta n n an ac r e an d o n e a den c a ed the i r r i i g , g r ll ”

A bo n Sout o f the Man s o n a so o n e o c a d . r r, lyi g h i l r h r All this was sold for the estimated

O n 2 2 1 6 6 value of the materials . April , 5 , Evelyn “ went to see his Majesty ’s house at E ltham , both Palace and chapell in miserable

’ de st r o d ruines , the noble woods and park y by

Rich the Rebell .

The restoration of Charles I I . did not bring about the restoration of the palace . S ir J ohn

Shaw , to whom the estate was granted by the king , proceeded straightway to demolish the

u buildings , which were really in s ch bad repair as ll to be uninhabitable . H appily they were not a destroyed ; the great hall , which somebody happened to remark would make a good barn , was spared for that purpose " Such was the base use to which the noble building was put for many years . At last , in

1 8 2 8 , after nearly two centuries of neglect , the roof showed signs of giving way , and the hall was only saved from demolition by order of the

00 . Government , who expended £7 on its repair

Smi rke e , the celebrated architect , superintend d E 1 64 B YG ONE K N T.

1 8 - the operations . I n 5 9 a dwelling house was erected against the eastern end . The hall itself, which had until then continued to be used as a barn , was cleared out , and since then it has been carefully preserved .

The moat , which varies in breadth from ﬁfty to one hundred feet , is still spanned on the north by

- E the three arched bridge built by dward I V . , w but , excepting the portion belo the bridge , it is now quite dry . Before crossing it , there is seen on the right hand a picturesque wooden house , which , if it be not the actual building , occupies the

“ ’ ” site of my Lord Chancellor s lodging, as shown

1 in a plan of 50 9 . Portions of the wall withi n the moat are yet visible , and in the enclosure , incorporated with the modern residence , are some

n remains of the a cient kitchen and buttery . There are also a number of subterranean passages , now used as drains .

The hall , however , claims our chief attention .

I t is built principally of bricks , faced with stone . I ts outward appearance is not remarkable ; i indeed , if it were not for the w ndows , it would almost justify the misnomer of “ K ing J ohn ’s ” E Barn , which the people of ltham for many Th u f years applied to it . e architect ral ef ect was

1 66 B YG ONE KEN T.

u no rich hangings decorate the bare , ro gh walls

z the windows , all ungla ed , are sadly mutilated ;

- and the roof, the best preserved portion , is almost hidden by the huge unsightly framework raised to support it . Yet , while we deplore the damage done to the building in the days of its degradation , we must not forget that , but for its adaptability to w the purposes of a barn , it ould have been totally destroyed more than two hundred years ago . (Br eenwi c h Jf ai r .

B Y THOMAS FR OST . H E pleasure fairs of our towns and

villages are diminishing year by year, both in number and attractiveness , under the combined inﬂuences of legal enactments against them and the facilities now enjoyed for a higher class of entertainments than those which they provided . At the rate at which they have of late years been disappearing , the next generation will know them only by the pictures of H ogarth , Rowlandson ,

S e tc hel and , and the contemporary descriptions of

H one and others . The fairs of Kent which had survived the changes O f the last ﬁfty or sixty years have been swept away by magisterial edicts under the b powers conferred y the Fairs Act . I t may be well , therefore , to present a picture of one of the

most famous of them , while there are yet living

some few persons who can recall its chief features .

Let it be Greenwich . There were really two pleasure fairs held at 1 6 8 B YG ONE KE N T.

E r e s e c Greenwich , at aster and Whitsuntide p tivel y , but for the purpose of this paper they may be dealt with as one . The earlier fair was the

O n pening eve t of the year with the showmen , the

- stall keepers , and the proprietors of the drinking and dancing booths . The portable theatre then owned by Richardson , a notable character in his way , always occupied a prominent position at both fairs , and many actors who afterwards became favourably known to the frequenters of the London theatres acquired their early experience on its boards . I t is known that

E VVa llac k O dmund Kean , J ames , xberry , and

Fauc it but i t Saville , were of the number , cannot be said positively that those stars of the theatrical world ever appeared under a canvas canopy at

Greenwich . There , however , were certainly seen , in the palmy days of the fair , J ames Barnes , afterwards famous as the pantaloon of the Covent

C a r tl itc h Garden pantomimes ; J ohn , the original

' M az e a representative of pp ; N elson Lee , well known to a later generation as the enterprising manager of a metropolitan theatre , as well as

’ Richardson s successor ; J ohn Douglass , after w o f t ards lessee the Standard , the larges theatre in London ; Paul H erring , the

1 7 0 E VG ONE KE N T practised on N elson Lee by an eccentric panto mimist named Shaw , who , in addition to oddities of mind and manner, possessed but one eye .

1 8 1 Towards the close of the season of 4 , this young man ’s freaks became so remarkable as to raise a doubt as to whether he was perfectly sane , and , in the in te r e sts of the theatre , he received his dismissal . When the company was being formed for the following season , an application for the vacancy was received by letter from one Charles Wilson , who stated that he had been engaged as

u H arleq in at the Theatre Royal , Birmingham .

u Lee engaged him , but did not see him ntil he presented himself at the theatre on Easter

. O Sunday , at Greenwich There was then bserved a remarkable resemblance between the new

H arlequin and his predecessor , extending to every feature except the eyes , and even they

’ were the same colour as Shaw s . I t was soon discovered , however, that the eye , which had

z made a puz le of the identity , was a glass one ;

“ and Wilson , charged with being Shaw , acknowledged the deception . Lee overlooked it , and experience seems to have made the panto mimist a wiser man in the future . Menageries and circuses enj oyed a large share R EEN V H R G I I C FA I . 1 7 1

of the patronage of the visitors to the fair , and in

’ connection with one of the former - Wo m b we ll s

’ — W o mbwell s the original , for George Wombwell — was then living a terrible catastrophe occurred there rather more than ﬁfty years ago . The attractiveness of performances with lions and tigers by women had brought so much money into E the coffers of H ilton and dmunds , that H elen

’ W o mbw ell s Blight , the daughter of a musician in

” r ol e band , was induced to undertake the of

lion queen , in rivalry with M iss H ilton and

M iss Chapman (now . M rs . George Sanger).

n She U fortunately , had not sufﬁcient command of he r temper for the successful exercise of so dangerous a vocation . While performing with the animals at Greenwich Fair , she applied a ridi n g- whip she was carrying to a tiger which

n exhibited some refractoriness . The e raged beast immediately sprang upon her , seized her by the throat , and dragged her to the ﬂoor of the cage .

The keepers endeavoured to beat off the tiger , but the unfortunate young woman was dead before she could be rescued . H ilton ’s menagerie passed into the possession

1 8 2 of Manders in 5 , and when the show came to w Greenwich that year , it was ithout a lion 1 2 7 B YG ON E KE N T. — performer , Tom N ewsome brother of the late circus proprietor of that name— having j ust before terminated his engagement in that capacity some

n what abruptly . O one of the fair days an athletic negro , in the garb of a sailor , accosted one of the musicians , and asked whether employ

u S ment co ld be found for him in the how .

Manders was communicated with , and the negro

S was invited to enter the how , and see the

“ governor . H is appearance led Manders to

“ ” - offer him the vacant position of lion king , which he accepted with so much seeming conﬁdence in his power to control the animals , that he was , at his own request , allowed to enter

’ the lion s cage , in which situation he displayed so much coolness and address that he was engaged there and then . This black sailor was the famous

Macomo , who travelled with the menagerie for several years , realising to the uttermost the expectations raised by his ﬁrst performance with the beasts .

S After the hows of one kind and another, the most prominent fea tri re s of the fair were the large booths devoted to refection and dancing .

There were sometimes a score of these in the fair, the principal being the C ro wn and Anchor and

1 74 E VG ON E KE N T

pass without some disturbance . H alf a century ago , when the respectable portion of society was so frequently scandali z ed by the wild freaks of certain scions of aristocratic families , a party of

’ these young men visited Richardson s theatre , and annoyed both actors and audience by throwing nuts at the former , and talking and laughing

z loudly throughout the performance . A do en years later the show was wrecked by a party of soldiers from Woolwich , the riot originating in a practical j oke played by one of the party upon a man in the crowd . This being resented , the soldier assaulted him , and on his retreating up the steps he was followed by his assailant . Nelson

Lee interposed , and was himself assaulted , upon which some of the company bundled the aggressor down the steps . H e returned , supported by a number of his comrades , and a ﬁght ensued on the

- exterior stage . The defenders were over matched , however, and retreated into the auditorium or jumped O ff the platform and ﬂed . The soldiers then began destroying the front of the theatre and smashing the lamps . Fortunately these were

c o n ﬂa r atio n not lighted , or a terrible g might have been the result . Lee exerted himself bravely to prevent the destruction of his property until a R EEN WI H I R 1 G C FA . 7 5

rope was fastened round him , with which the rioters were about to hoist him to the top of the

z front , when a do en constables arrived and rescued him from his dastardly assailants . The latter ﬂed , but several of them were captured , and probably would have been dealt with as severely as they deserved to be if Lee had not withdrawn from the prosecution in the expectation that compensation would be made by the ofﬁcers t of the regiment , as the recorder had sugges ed , but he never received a penny . Richardson ’s—4 m rather J ohnson and Lee ’s theatre appeared at this fair for the last time in

1 8 2 t wo 5 . Wombwell had died years before , his ﬁne collection being then divided , in conformity with his will , into three equal parts , which he bequeathed to his widow and two E nieces , M rs . dmunds and M rs . Day . The fair had been declining for several years , though its decadence was not perceptible to ordinary observers , who saw no diminution of the crowds before the principal S hows and thronging the

avenues , and as many shows as had been seen in

earlier years . But the showmen and the keepers

of booths and ~ stalls did not ﬁnd their receipts at

at f i The all proportion e to the number o vis tors . 1 0 E E E 7 VG ON K N T.

growth of population swelled the crowds , but the m iddle classes no longer patronised the shows ,

n and it had become i f r a dig. to be seen in the a dancing booths . The r ilway and the steamboats

b ut brought a larger number of visitors , they were chieﬂy of the class for whom the showmen found reduced charges to be a necessity , without a commensurate increase in the number of patrons . The decadence of the fair proceeded more rapidly during the last few years of its existence .

’ By the absence of Richardson s S how it was shorn

1 8 of half its glory , and its abolition in 5 7 left little cause for regret . The proprietors of portable theatres found it more to their advantage to locate them for two or th ree months in a town which was as yet without a permanent temple of

u Thespis , than to set them p for three days in the suburbs of London . The tenting circuses followed their example , and the opening of the Z oological Gardens to the public did much to cause the travelling menageries to be comparatively neglected Greenwich Fair had , in short , outlived the age for which it had provided a

O f welcome means relaxation and amusement , and its end did not come at all too soon .

1 0 E VG ONE E N 7 K T.

the chaplain of S t . Trinity to pray for his soul , 6 8d ’ s . . to Robert K uke , Vicar of St . Mary s , and other legacies . Agnes , his mother , was a most devout woman , and it was at her knees that he imbibed his religious sentiments and depth of

. 1 devotional feeling Robert Fisher died in 47 7 , leaving his widow with J ohn and three younger sons to educate and bring up ; she afterwards married a man of the name of Wright , to whom she bore issue three sons and a daughter , named E lizabeth , who afterwards became a nun at Dart

i n e diﬁ c a t io n ford , Kent , for whose her half brother wrote two treatises on religion when in

1 8 the Tower . I n 4 3, J ohn was sent to Cam

u B A 1 8 bridge , where he grad ated . . 4 7 , and M . A .

1 49 1 ; was chosen Fellow of his college and

- D D . Proctor in 1 49 4 made . and Vice Chancellor

1 50 1 ; Lady Margaret Professor of D ivinity

1 50 2 ; Chancellor of the U n iversity 1 50 4 ; H ead

’ of Q ueen s College 1 50 5 ; and Master of Christ 6 Church College 1 50 . Whilst the young student was passing through

S the successive teps of his collegiate career , other important events of historic interest were taking E place . K ing dward the Fourth had passed away , leaving his crown to his youthful son , 1 THE M AR T YR EB CAR D I NAL . 79

E dward the Fifth , who , with his brother, the

Duke of York , was murdered by their uncle , the

D uke of Gloucester . Then followed the short nightmare reign of Richard the Third , which terminated at his death on Bosworth Field when his corpse was thrown across a horse and carried away for burial , whilst his crown , which was found in a bush , was placed on the head of

H enry , Duke of Richmond , the ﬁrst of the

Tudors . The new K ing established his court at

Greenwich , placing at the head of his household

his mother, Margaret , daughter and heiress of

- - J ohn , Duke of Somerset , great grand daughter

of J ohn of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster , and relict E of dmund Tudor , who had been created Duke

- of Richmond by his half brother , K ing Henry V I .

H e was thus the representative of the Red Rose ,

and , from motives of policy , soon after his E accession he married lizabeth , daughter of

E . dward I V , representative of the White Rose ,

and so , in the person of their son , H enry V I I I . ,

united the Roses , and put a ﬁnal end to the disastrous contentions amongst the descendants

E . of dward I I I , which had been caused by the

usurpation of H enry I V .

Margaret , now Countess Dowager of Richmond , 1 8 0 B ONE EN YG K T.

was a most amiable , pious , and devout lady , spending her days and nights in prayer , and hearing mass , in fasting , maceration of her ﬂesh , and in charitable deeds , spending her wealth in

n works of philanthropy , and promoti g the spread of education . She spent her life , according to

- the light of her age , in self abnegation and the performance of her duty to God ; and if ever woman deserved canonisation , that woman was

Margaret Beaufort , Countess of Richmond . I t chanced that when F isher was Proctor , he was sent on business of the U niversity to the Court of

O G reenwich , where he btained an introduction to

Countess Margaret , who was struck by his edifying conversation , his unassuming manners , and his piety , and in consequence constituted him her confessor and spiritual adviser , and subsequently her chief, indeed sole , director i n matters secular as well as spiritual . U nder his

S he 1 0 advice , founded at Cambridge , in 5 3, a

v D i inity Lecture , and the following year a preachership for six sermons to be preached

El . yearly in London , Lincoln , and y Many other objects of charitable , educational , and religious character were also carried out by her , at his suggestion , by far the most important being

1 E N 8 2 B YGONE K T.

as H enry V I I I . , Fisher became his friend and counsellor in all matters relating to religion and the Church .

When H enry was young , he was a good

Wic liﬁte Catholic and hater of heresy , whether or Lutheran , looking up to the Pope as his

’ spiritual superior and the V ic ege r e n t o f Christen dom ; and so he remained until he became enamoured of the fair Anne Boleyn , when , as is well known , because the Church threw obstacles in his way of getting rid of his wife Katherine , a pious daughter of the Church , his affections became alienated from the Pope , and , by gradual steps , he threw off the Papal yoke , plundered the

Church of its wealth , and assumed for himself the h headship of the C urch of England . I t was in the interval that , in his ardent zeal for theological distinction , he produced a book , which he pro fessed to have written , against Luther , entitled

A sse r tio Septem S ac r am e n to r um Adversus Martyn Luther ’ The manuscript was sent to

Rome , and circulated among the cardinals and

bishops , causing considerable sensation by its learning and ability , and was deposited in the Library of the Vatican as one of its chief

treasures . The Pope granted plenary indulgence THE M A R T R ED CAR D A 1 8 Y I N L . 3

to all who should read it , and a College of Cardinals was called to consider what title should be accorded to the Royal writer for so signal a service to the Church . The Apostolic ; the

O rthodox the Faithful ; the Angelic ; and others

J O HN FISH E R . Fr om Me o r t r a i t O H ol b i n ( p y e . )

were suggested , and ﬁnally that of Defender of

” the Faith was adopted . I t is tolerably certain that H enry was not the author of the book : he may have suggested it and laid down the outl i nes of the arguments , but he had neither intellectual capacity nor sufﬁcient learning to have written it 1 8 E V N E EN 4 G O K T.

and it has been conj ectured , from internal evidence and other circumstances; that the real author was Fisher, and this most probably is the truth , as he was one of the few who were capable of writing it , and it would be naturally to him his quondam tutor and spiritual adviser— that the K ing would turn for assistance in the production of the book .

u I n his writings and sermons , Fisher ever p

a n held , as indubitable truth , the supremacy of the

Pope above all earthly potentates , and declaimed vehemently ‘ against the Lutheran and all other heresies as the spawn of ‘ hell and it was his bold and conscientious adherence to these principles that alienated him from his master , and caused his overthrow and death . The ﬁrst breach occurred on the divorce question , he telling the

K ing , when asked his opinion on the marriage , that

“ th ere could be no doubt of its validity , since it was good and lawful from the beginning , and ” could not be dissolved without sin , and he appeared before the Legates Campeggio and W Wolsey , to plead for the Queen , hich he did with great boldness and eloquence .

1 2 H e still further displeased the K ing in 5 9 , by vigorously denouncing in Parliament the Act for

B NE E N 1 8 6 YG O K T.

treason to speak against h is marriage with her .

Fisher was called upon to take this oath , and on refusal to do so without some modiﬁcation of it , w was cast into the To er , but was liberated on promising allegiance to the K ing and his heirs by his new marriage , declaring , however , that “ his conscience could not be convinced that the marriage was not opposed to the laws of

God . The K ing was now determined , at once and for ever , to get rid of so pestilent a subject , and issued a commission to try hirri for high

’ treason , specially for his denial of the K ing s

- supremacy over the Church . Solicitor General Rich deposed that the prisoner had said to him

I believe in my conscience , and assuredly know by my learning . that the K ing neither is E ” nor can be head of the Church of ngland , admitting , however , that this was said to him privately and conﬁdentially , when he went to him from the K ing , who wished his candid opinion on the question , and assuring him that whatever he might say should not be made use of to his detriment . The aged bishop , then 7 7 years of age , defended himself with great dignity and ability , but a packed jury found him guilty , and he

was condemned to death . THE M A R T R ED AR D I L 1 8 Y C NA . 7

H e was sent back to the Tower , where , notwithstanding his venerable age , he was treated with the greatest indignities , and subjected to great privation and suffering . I n a letter to

Cromwell , still extant , he writes I beseech you to be good , master , in my necessity ; for I have

u 14. 383223312321 . a. " N eed of neither shirt nor other clothes that are necessary for me to wear , but that be ragged and rent shamefully . N otwithstanding , I might suffer that if they would but keep me warm . But my diet , also , God knoweth how slender it is . And now , in mine age , my stomach may not away but with a few kinds of meat , which , if I want , I decay forthwith . 8 B E E 1 8 YG ON K N T.

O n the morning of his execution he was

’ - awakened at ﬁve o clock , and , when told the time ,

“ turned over , saying , Then I can have two hours more sleep , as I am not to die until nine . At seven he rose and dressed himself in his best

“ apparel , observing that this was his wedding day , when he was to be married to death and it

“ was ﬁtting to appear in becoming attire . H e met his fate with the greatest ﬁrmness and composure , and when his head was stricken off, the executioner stripped the body , and it was left naked on the scaffold until the evening , when it was taken by the guard to All H allows ’ Church yard , and buried in a grave dug with their halberds , but was afterwards exhumed and buried in the Chapel of St . Peter ad Vincula , in the Tower . The head was placed over London B ridge for

“ be c o m fourteen days , the features , says H all , ing fresher and more comely every day . Thus died this good and famous Kentish bishop .

the When the news reached Rome , K ing ,

” “ “ whom it had been proposed to style the angelic , was stigmatised as a foul miscreant and diabolical

“ murderer , and branded as the N ero , the Domitian , the Caligula of England A short time before

’ his execution , the Pope sent Fisher a cardinal s

(the lkentish Eialects, ano “begge anb

i he 010 Gount (Blossarists. l ew s , t g

Y R . TEAD B A . B S , . ,

WO friends are rather inclined to ﬁnd fault with the writer for including in a volume

“ on Bygone Kent a short paper on the di a l ec ts

O n e of the county . sees no connection between “ E “ " bad nglish and things bygone , whilst the other ﬁnds nothing worthy of special notice in the

“ - h folk speech of Kent , he supposes t ey talk E nglish in Kent , j ust as they do all over the country . N ow these two persons well represent two great classes in their attitude towards provincial dialects . Large numbers of people ’ — even O f the so - called educated classes regard

“ Oa d E n l i s/z these dialects as simply g , and so

’ not worth t roubling one s head about . What they say is in effect this — the sooner railways and Board Schools knock all that sort of thing out

n of existence the better . O the other hand the uneducated or half educated , who have never been much out of thei r own district , are unable to see D I E 1 1 THE K E N TI SH A L C TS . 9 any g reat difference between their own dialect and E ordinary received nglish . They suppose that all their own peculiarities of grammar, vocabulary , and pronunciation O btain as a matter of course all over the country . An amusing instance of this was furnished in Kent itself some three or four years ago . The Kent Glossary , by Messrs . Parish E and Shaw , then just issued by the nglish

Dialect Society , received a long notice in the e columns of one of the leading K ntish weeklies . The writer expressed his unbounded astonishment that some of the commonest words in his o wn vocabulary should be set down as mere provincial E — words , and not ordinary nglish that they are in E fact totally unknown to millions of nglishmen .

H e ended by saying that if a l l tdi s tu r n ed out to — Oe c or r ec t he was evidently more than a little doubtful about the correctness of Messrs . Parish

’ —it and Shaw s statements would be news , and amazing news , to most people . Like M onsieur

J ourdain with his prose , this young man had been talking a dialect all his life without knowing it . N ow nothing is more certain than that provincial English is for the most part not Oa d

E ol d E nglish but nglish . Local dialects are , in h fact , as compared wit the received or literary 1 2 B ON E EN 9 YG K T.

tongue , in the position of poor (and despised) relations . U nder circumstances that need not be

u dwelt pon here , one of the many provincial forms ” c ou r t Or E of speech became the standard nglish . The favoured dialect was that of the South M idlands (though at o ne time it looked as if that f of the N orth would come to the fore). O course the cou rt dialects soon came to be regarded as

“ ” En the only good glish , and ﬁne folks began to — look down u po h the poor sister dialects dialects every whit as good as that of the South M idlands —which soon found themselves stigmatised as

” ’ “ bad English . As Tennyson s N orthern

" l o o m Farmer says , the poor in a p is bad , and naturally the English of the poor is set down in ” a l o o mp as bad En glish . Amongst these poor unfavoured dialects which did n ot become court E — nglish , was the dialect of Kent for there is a dialect of Kent , notwithstanding the incredulity of

n - the you g newspaper man j ust alluded to , and it is

a s as well worth studying its sister dialects . U nluckily but little attention has been given to

- the Kentish folk speech until very lately . For years there was an ominous blank after the name of Kent in the English Dialect Society ’s annual lists of what was being done in the way of dialect

1 B N E K E 9 4 YG O N T.

the words previously given by Lewis , and added n to them some hu dreds more . Both collections have been with i n the last few years r e - issued by E the nglish D ialect Society . And under the auspices of the same Society has lately appeared a far more important work , A dictionary of the

Kentish Dialect , by the Rev . W . D . Parish and the Rev . W . Frank Shaw , alluded to above . A

“ copy of this , now the Authority on the subject ,

s Pe e a nd together with copie of gg , Lewis , Ray ,

“ I n w t the Ayenbite of y , ought to be in every public library in the county .

' Before noting its peculiarities it may be well to show how the Kentish dialect is related to the

E v rest of the nglish pro incial dialects . Leaving E out the Lowland Scotch district , the nglish dialects of this island may be all grouped under one or other of three great divisions , which may be called respectively the N orthern , the M idland , and the Southern . These three leading forms have obtained from very early times . A line drawn obliquely across England from Morecambe Bay to j ust belo w the H umber may be taken as roughly separating the N orthern dialects from the

M idland varieties ; whilst a very irregular boundary line between the M idland and the THE E TI H D I A LE C T 1 K N S S . 9 5 Southern forms of speech runs from a little below E the Wash to near B ristol . ach of these three great divisions has certain well - marked peculiari ties o f pronunciation . The late learned Dr . A . G . E llis , whom the present writer was privileged to know , and to assist to some extent , devoted many years to the investigation of the different forms of provincial pronunciation . Those who wish to see what he did , should consult his truly marvell ous work on Early English Pronunciation (Early E nglish Text Society), especially his Part V E O n . this whole subject , D r llis was far and away the greatest authority . As test words by which the great divisions of dialect (whatever their varieties) may always be distinguished , he took the words

“ some house . I n the N orthern dialects these

oo hooS e words are always s m , in the M idland “ oom forms they appear as s house , and in the

“ South as sum house . Kent , of course , belongs

“ ” to the sum house district . f Coming now to the good old county itsel , the

E S t labours of D r . llis went to how that though he folk - speech is fairly uniform over the whole of

t wo Kent , yet distinct varieties may be observed ,

. E viz , the N orth Kent and the ast Kent varieties .

There might even be said to be a third form , for 1 0 9 E VG ONE KEN T. a small portion near the western boundary of the

E u county resembles ast S ssex in its dialect . The line dividing the north Kent from the East Kent

a forms is not very cle rly ascertained , but it would seem to be roughly a line drawn from about Staplehurst through Canterbury round to

Sandwich , with a little fringe round the coast , perhaps as far as H ythe , to include the boating and ﬁshing population , whose dialect seems to agree in some respects with that of N orth Kent E rather than with that of ast Kent .

Taking the county as a whole , the pronunciation is marked by many peculiarities , a few of the w more important of hich may be given .

1 d té té i s té a t . The use of for the initial ; , ,

Mer e di s da t der e té , etc becoming , , ; in the

n o t l middle of a word is a ways so sounded , though f n r der and f a r den (farthing) are

common enough .

2 u s a 0 . The e of for the short in a vast

— ta s a t number of words ﬁ (top), p (spot),

’ t 0 p a cl e (pocket). With many speakers t he

a a a /z becomes even , or , and it is quite a common thing to hear such a sentence as

utt t a é n ta é p i p (put it on the top). This is a

Ke very strikingpeculiarity of the ntish speech ,

1 9 8 E VG ONE KE N T

makes the letter into two syllables thus Oil l

’ Oc e - n l Oié l m a il becomes , or , becomes

’ m a - n l m eé l steel stee - a l y (or , ) , , and so forth .

8 n e . O of the best known characteristics is the

w O — N ow emOer w a c a n c w z l l a e use of for , y , g , t ttl w i si w i es . ,

But some do ubt seems to have been expressed E by those whom D r . llis consulted as to whether

O w the contrary use of for obtained in Kent . I t is , however , quite certain that this usage , though

i rapidly becom ng obsolete , is still to be met

O ld with here and there . An man living near Westenhanger said to the present writer with a “ C hearty laugh , I have a cousin omes here sometimes and amuses us all . H e calls this place

‘ ’ V a n r e ste n h ge . H e lives in the veskit district

”

w . you kno , he added , by way of explanation I t turned out that this cousin came from near V V i n ha m g . (The worthy old fellow who was so

’ much amused with his relative s V e Ste n ha n ge r

w er w ea l saw nothing funny in his own y , [veal] ,

w i ne a r and g . ) I t is worth noting , too , that even

Ven ts in his own district people speak of Postling , t Wen s . instead of , or roads And the writer has heard a Folkestone ﬁsherman call a friend V e l la r d — c c k n e ism ﬁ (Wellard). But this o y as it may be E I H E 1 TH K EN T S D I A L C TS . 9 9

— ’ “ called everyone will recall Dickens S a miv e l Veller —is rapidly dropping out of use in most parts of the county . Before leaving the pronunciation— and we have indicated but a very few of its p e c ulia r itie s ﬂ t w o general characteristics

vowel may be pointed out . First the sounds are

i m u r e almost without exception remarkably p , or

' d c d d z m i l e u n e i e . rather , The in , for instance , is a sort of cross between the short e and the short u mel é w a l k Pau l a é sl , or . is neither clearly p

i sl — nor p , but a peculiar half way , so to speak ,

a esl between the two , p , which must be heard to

' ’ ' 2 . a 0 oz z 2 00 be appreciated The for , for , for , and so forth have been already noted . The

. second great characteristic of the -Kentish provincial pronunciation is a very remarkable clipping out or j umbling together of syllables , which renders the dialect at ﬁrst very puzzling to a stranger . I t rarely happens that three or four consecutive

c om l ete words . are uttered p ; some one or more

“ " portions are sure to be left out : A e paes tiw

“ u u - ooz ér i z does duty for half past two , g for

S a td S e td gooseberries , y (or y) for Saturday ,

“ “ ” Eshf (or Eshfd for Ashford bar for

- barrow . At the railway stations morn p e yp NE 2 0 0 B YG O KEN T.

sc ursh stands for morning paper , , w ith a

sou on 72 very faint pp of an at the end , passes for excursion . S uch a rapid jumble as

“ “ m o illgo o be r r n e ez (l) for mine will go better ” than his , may be constantly heard from the street boys . The effect of all this is very striking , - and teachers know the diffi culty there is sometimes in getting children to read W ithout slurring over

- or dropping two thirds of the syllables . Thus the sentence collision between ourselves and ” the natives now seemed inevitable , will sometimes.

c liz h- - se l n - be read something like this , twee nate

“ ” - - n e vl now see , with a faint ﬁlling in , so to speak , between these strongly marked syllables .

O f the m gra mar little need be said here , but

u a few curio s turns of expression may be noted .

a re Double negatives extremely common , and

’ ” such phrases as no more you don t , no more I ’ ” didn t , are everywhere heard . Then we get

’ “ ” “ n o t you didn t ought to , for you ought , he

’ “ ” a n d don t dare , for he dare not , so forth .

“ ” “ ” the The next to the last , for last but . one ,

is one of the commonest of phrases . As plurals

’ n estl e astes sl z es s a . we get (nests), p or ﬁ (posts), etc

“ B a bel to any extent . (or beent), for is not

still survives here and there , though it is evidently

2 0 2 B YG ONE KE N T.

A and probably other species as well . very short ” “ w and handy word is lew , hich is much better E “ than the ordinary nglish sheltered . I t lays

” l w e . , it lies in a sheltered position Culverkeys , c o l ve r ke s c au ve r ke s y , or y is Kentish for cowslips , though a native of Charing called these flowers

“ ” l s aw/ s ho r se b uc k e . s e The word , pronounced

saeer es , is used in a vague way to denote any part

of England more than a county or two away .

' H e comes from the she e r e s or he s gone to

she e r e s live somewhere in the , seems delightfully

vague in a country possessing forty shires , but it

seems to satisfy the good folks of rural Kent . A very extraordinary expression is to make

m k n . a e ea es old bones , for to live to old age To

l ol a at all seems a difﬁcult matter , but to make

bones seems a truly puzzling feat . Yet the phrase is found all over Kent and some of the

” neighbouring counties . Kentish ﬁre , for long

and hearty cheering , is so well known that it need

E el n ew l c r ck . a not be dwelt upon ﬁ for , , a large

m a éa eoeé e/z a er earthenware pan or dish , y g for f ,

c a ter a sl a n t askew , for or , with scores of others

’ N a l a mz e e l e are good Kentish words . z éo or y

éoa r a e , deserves a passing word . I t signiﬁes an

intermittent brook , of which many exist in the E 2 0 THE KE N TI SH D I A L CTS . 3

county . Similar springs are met with in or near

' z se s the Yorkshire Wolds , and are there called g p y

L a tae o . (g hard , as in g ) for a division of the

M fu me county , and , a common Stelling

M innis) seem peculiar to this part of England .

A l eg (or tag) is a sheep of a year old ; a hurdle

w ttl e A m er a . is called a p y , mouldy , decayed ,

l tter e . and , cross , peevish , are very common

’ Te r r ill /e t te r bl , of en pronounced , is almost invariably the word used to intensify the meaning .

’ ’ ’ ” t e r bl te r bl l o ikl H e s bad , dat aint y ,

’ ’ ’ t r bl dere s a e many rabbits bout here .

' ’ ” “ ’ There s no bounds to him , means there s no saying what he may do . O n e might go on culling these interesting words and phrases from the Kentish glossaries to almost any extent . D ip where you will into

them , and you can hardly fail to light upon some racy old word or form of speech which bygone " Kentishmen used , but which , alas is now either

wholly obsolete , or on the way to becoming so .

w - w H ow many nowadays , especially of to n d ellers , would understand such a sentence as this given by Lewis I took up the libbit that lay by the

ha iste r sole , and hove it at the g that was in the ? " po dde r gr o t te n I took up the stick that was 2 0 B 4 YGONE KEN T.

lying by the pond , and threw it at the magpie

' - l et . z bé sea l that was in the pease stubble Yet , .

' ’ ’ lz a z ster oa a er e r ottefz g , p (p as , beans , etc . ) g or gm tl en (stubble) were formerly good Kentish words , if they are now all but forgotten in many parts of the country . A glance at some of the old K entish proverbs or proverbial sayings given by Pe gge must conclude this imperfect paper

A n o f C a es k ight l ,

A en t eman o f Wa es g l l , A nd a Laird o f the No rth C o untree A yeo man o f K ent

W t his ea R en i h y rly t, W ’ ill buy em o ut all three. This is one of the best known of these proverbial sayings . Learned men have disputed as to the origin of the curious phrase “ N either in Kent nor

Christendom . Dover ﬁgures in a good many of ”

e . thes old sayings Dover a den of thieves , is as uncomplimentary to that town as

’ Wh en it s dark i n D ove r ’ I t s da al l the wo d o ve rk rl r,

“ ’ is the reverse . As sure as there s a dog in Dover is at any rate more picturesque than the

“ “ common as sure as a gun . From Barwick (Berwick) to D over is equivalent to saying

’ (the k ings ﬁ cbool , Gl anterbnrg.

B Y TH E R EV . I D EBOTHA M M A . . S S . . J , “ H ER E is no question that this old school (a school which has the among cathedral schools of being known by initials , for

” K . S . C . are sufﬁcient to identify it) has of late years attained a position , if different in degree , at

’ least no less distinguished , than at that period which is said to have been one of the times of its

v iz - greatest prosperity , . , during the head mastership

O D . D . 1 0 of the Rev . smund Beauvoir , , from 7 5 to

1 7 8 2 . I n the very incomplete “ M emorials of the

I 1 8 6 I school which compiled and published in 5 , cannot consider that I recovered more than a very fragmentary account of a foundation which has contributed quite an average quota p 7 0 V a l l i

’ to the list of En gland s men of learning and distinction .

“ - J ohn j ohnson , the well known author of The U nbloody Sacriﬁce mentioned in his

’ 1 1 6 K ings School Sermon , in 7 , four men of THE K I N ’ CH L S S O O CA N TE R B R . 2 0 G , U Y 7 eminence as having received their education at

v iz . the school , , Bishop White of Peterborough , El Bishop Gunning of y , William Somner , the

El . antiquary , and Dean Spencer of y There I was no question as to the three last named , but could nowhere trace the connection of Bishop

White with the school . I abstained from saying

“ in the Memorials that the then auditor , M r .

Finch , declined to allow me to see the cathedral

records (although Dean Alford , with his ready

courtesy , had given me full permission to consult

them) without the usual ofﬁce fees , which would of course have added seriously to the cost I of publication . Besides , added the auditor , do not know what use might be made of the

information . As if any use of such facts would be prej udicial to anybody ’s interests This refusal is the principal cause of the incompleteness of the A work . search in the records of Canterbury Cathedral would most likely bring to light at least

a few eminent names , as connected with the school , I in addition to those which are now known . was

enabled , however , to recover some names of men of learning and ability prior to the date of the

existing school register (the earliest known ,

begun by Dr . Beauvoir on his appointment as 2 0 8 B NE K E YG O N T.

' “ head - master in from Masters H istory of

’ Ha ste d s Corpus Christi College , Cambridge ; H istory of Kent N icholls ’ Literary Anecdotes and from various manuscript collections in the Bodleian and B ritish M useum

Libraries .

I u - When cons lted the former head master , to I w whom shall al ays feel that I , in common with

r . many othe s , owe so much , the late Rev George

Wallace , during the compilation of the M emorials , he gave me , with his usual ready kindness , much valuable assistance and information , partly from notes which he had made , partly from his own early experiences and recollections . H e added , with c “ his characteristi love for the past Remember , I shall not be satisﬁed unless you trace back the origin of the school to Theodore of Tarsus .

‘ As will be seen on a reference to page 7 of the work , an attempt was made to give effect to his wish . And there can be little reasonable doubt

’ that , although the existing K ing s School is well known to owe its origin to H enry V I I I . , who founded it soon after he had dissolved the

’ monastery of St . Augustine , a school has existed continuously in connection with Canterbury

Cathedral from the time of Archbishop Theodore .

2 1 0 E K E B YG ON N T.

M hin s n itc o and myself. I happened to be in Canterbury on the day he entered upon his duties

- as head master , and met him coming down the

’ N orman staircase after his ﬁrst morning s school .

At the same moment the idea struck us both , that , so far as we knew , no one had ever attempted to recover any history of the school , and that yet

“ ” there must be a history . Why , said he , “ should not you write it ? ” H e then and there invited me to visit him for a few days , during which time I collected all that I could collect

’ from the documents b e was then able to place before me . M uch kind assistance was also received fro m many known and unknown to me but it is to the k nowledge and recollections of the

e late Rev . George Gilb rt , Prebendary of Lincoln , and Vicar of Syston , that the most valuable information of all is due .

1 8 1 8 8 u I n my own time , 43 to 4 , not so m ch as the name was known of any head - master earlier than M r . N aylor . The names of the later head - masters are as follow

1 O D . D . 0 . . 7 5 Rev smund Beauvoir ,

1 8 2 M A 7 . Rev . Christopher N aylor, . .

1 8 1 6 D D . Rev . J ohn B irt , . .

8 M A 1 . 33. Rev . George Wallace , . ' ’ TH E R I N CH L A N TE R 2 1 S S O O C B R . 1 G , U Y

1 8 Mitc hin s n D . o . C . L . 59 Rev . J ohn , 8 1 . D D 7 3 Rev . George J ohn Blore , . .

1 8 8 6 M A . Rev . Thomas Field , . .

’ D r . Beauvoir and M r . Naylor had been King s

Scholars , but , till the election of M r . Field to the

’ - 1 8 86 head mastership in , no old K ing s Scholar

1 . I had been so elected for 04 years believe D r . Mitc hin so n was always desirous that an old K ing ’s Scholar should succeed to the head

mastership , and he has lived to see his wish

- 1 realised . M r . Talbot , head master from 745 to

1 0 7 5 , had a future Lord Chancellor (Lord

Thurlow) under his care ; D r . Beauvoir had the

early education of Lord Chief J ustice Tenterden .

’ I t is in Dr . Beauvoir s time that the school was said to have reached the most prosperous

condition it had then known , and it was at that time the resort of many boys of old county

families . B ut although that connection ceased

about a century ago , the reputation of the school for sound scholarship has certainly increased very considerably since that time , and successive — — masters especially in the last half century have each in his turn rendered essential services to the school . At the death of M r . N aylor at an

1 8 1 6 advanced age , in , the number of boys in the 2 1 2 B ONE EN YG K T.

- school had fallen to twenty six . U nder D r .

B irt , his successor , the number rose rapidly , but he also left but a small number of boys on his presentation to the Vicarage of Faversham and election to the head - mastership of Faversham

1 8 School , in 33. M r . Wallace , a master of much energy , ability , and tact , raised the school again

- to a number exceeding a hundred . Twenty six years of steady and conscientious work told on him , and through him on the school ; though , on his presentation to the Rectory of Burghclere , in

E 1 8 H ampshire , by the arl of Carnarvon , in 59 , the number had not fallen to anything like the

x e tent of former reductions . To him the school

owes its present Schoolroom , which replaced the old and effete building , where , however , many sound scholars had been educated . But the old building was rightly condemned on sanitary

grounds , and these alone , though there were

many others would have amply sufﬁced . I ndeed

had M r . Wallace done no more than this , the

’ thanks of all interested in the K ing s Scho ol would be due to him for this most essential

service . I n some points be thoroughly understood the

character of boys , in others less clearly . For

2 1 B Y NE E N 4 G O K T.

far wrong . Wallace always made an enquiry into broken windows , but he had the discernment to do all he could to prevent gratuitous breakages .

Mitc hin so n D r . , who succeeded him , sound

Churchman as he is , is not a more sound

Churchman than was Wallace , and no boys could have been more thoroughly grounded in the

- Church Catechism , the thirty nine Articles , and religious knowledge generally than by

Mit c hin so n r Wallace ; but D r . was a younge man at the commencement of his time than Wallace was , and a more accomplished scholar . Wallace had been educated at Charter

Mitc hin so n house , under Russell ; at D urham , E ’ under lder , one of Russell s best boys ; and Russell used to say that he thus looked on him as a grandson ; and he thought most highly both of his ability and his attainments . H e further procured a considerable augmentation in the

’ value of the K ing s Scholarships and Exhi

’ - bitions , built a new head master s house , and greatly added to and improved the whole of the

1 8 - 1 8 school buildings . I n his time , 59 7 3, more university honours were attained by K ing ’s Scholars than in any previous period of the

’ school s history . The same high reputation , ’ THE K I N S S CH O OL CA N TE R B R 2 1 G , U Y 5

though in another way , was maintained as it had been through the mastership of D r . Beauvoir and

’ Mi c hi n n s t so . it was in the time of D r . successor, D r

’

. O Blore , that a K ing s Scholar , Lawrence J ttley ,

C . scholar of C . C . , and now Fellow of Magdalen ,

who had received his earlier education under D r .

Mitc hin so n , gained the ﬁrst university prize since

1 8 1 8 6 Lord Tenterden (who , in 7 4 and 7 , had gained the Chancellor ’s Prize for Latin Verse and E E nglish ssay), by obtaining the H ertford

a l u m n us Scholarship . A former of the school , who

knew nothing about U niversity Scholarships , once spoke of it as a poor thing that no one from the K ing ’s School had for so l ong a time gained

any great U niversity Scholarship or Prize . I t could scarcely be said “ to be a poor thing not to

obtain one , but it was unquestionably a great thing to be successful in a competition for w hich none but the ﬁrst scholars in the university would

ever think of entering .

Dr . Blore also brought great and varied t r es z e . attainments , together with the p g , like Dr

Mitc hinso n O , of the highest honours from xford ,

’ M hin so n s . itc to the work which he took up , on Dr

consecration to the B ishopric of Barbados . H e ably and worthily maintained the high character 2 1 6 B E EN YGON K T. for scholarship which the school had obtained ;

1 8 8 6 and on his retirement , in , after thirteen

years of successful work , he was succeeded by the present headmaster , the Rev . Thomas Field , a

Mit in s n . h pupil of D r c o . H e brought to the work before him the antecedents of a scholarship C . . . O of C C , xford , two classical ﬁ rst classes , a

a t fellowship at Magdalen , and a mastership

u the H arrow . U nder his caref l diligence school ’

has no doubt before it a brilliant future . I ts visitors , the Archbishops of Canterbury , have , of late years especially , shown an active interest in it , and the

Dean and Chapter , as its governors , have promoted those interests not only by their inﬂuence , but by their personal care and knowledge

n e of the boys . O of its warmest friends was the late B ishop (Parry) of Dover ; and his successor,

E . B ishop den , shows similar interest in the school Among the more eminent of its a l u m n i who

have not yet been mentioned in this brief notice ,

— I are Christopher Marlowe , the dramatist 5 74) n J oh Boyle , B ishop of Cork Richard

’ E o f Boyle , arl Cork Dean Boys of

1 8 2 . Canterbury ( 5 ) D r . Wm H arvey , of immortal E ’ memory , as one of the greatest of ngland s

physicians Accepted Frewen , Archbishop

ﬁ muggl ing i n “tent. N Y book on the Kent of past days would be lamentably defective if it did not contain some allusions to smugglers and smuggling .

“ Whatever else Bygone Kent did , it smuggled .

I t smuggled hard , it smuggled long , it smuggled

un r o ﬁ ta bl not p y . N ot a few substantial or comfortable Kentish folk of to - day owe their substance and comfort mainly to their grandfathers ,

“ ‘ the eminent free traders For h is to be noted these bygone worthies did not call themselves smugglers , or anything else so coarse . They were

- law abiding , or if the law and their trade did seem at variance sometimes , it was the law which was

“ - wrong . They were free traders , as had been their forefathers ever since the days of the

Conqueror . They explained the matter in this wise . The N orman William struck a bargain with the ﬁve chief ports of the south - eastern coast these Cinque Ports were to furnish ships and men

" for the use of their country when need was , and in return they were to export and import as freely SM UGGLI N G I N K EN T. 2 1 9

as they could wish . This compact was loyally kept on both sides for one hardly knows how many hundreds of years . Many a gallant ship

’ did the ports send to their country s assistance , and many a brave sailor from Sandwich , or

Hastings , or Dover , went out to ﬁght his

’ sovereign s battles , and never to return . And many a goodly cargo of wines or silks from

France , of woollens and diapers from the low countries , did the citizens land on the Kentish

- coasts , without fear of custom house ofﬁcial or revenue cutter . And as almost every town and hamlet on the coast was either a Cinque Port or

“ a limb of one , it followed that the whole of the

“ - Kentish shore was within the limits of free trade . O f course the men o f the neighbouring counties were not to be expected to be behind their

Kentish neighbours , and indeed the Cinque Port j urisdiction extended over parts of the coasts of E “ ssex and Sussex , so that free trade was pretty well established from Yarmouth to the I sle of Wight .

But degenerate days came . There arose governments which knew not the Cinque Ports , and which said that the smuggling , as they coarsely called it , must stop . To take away B ON E EN YG K T.

' ’ privileges without giving a gu z a p r o gu o was held to be a shabby proceeding on the part of the government , and the honest seafaring men of

Kent snapped their ﬁngers at authorities , and went on running cargoes as before . They were

- as law abiding as ever , when the law was in the right , but in this case the law was clearly in the wrong . U nluckily , the law had armed men and

- on revenue cutters its side , and the ancient coast industry was at times carried on under decidedly hampering conditions . But this was not by any means the first time the men of the fine old county had resisted tyranny on the part of govern ments , and so now official watchfulness was met

0 0 by extra caution , and trained tr ps by extra tact and audacity . Many a cave in the chalk cliffs was used as a hiding - place for goods which had not been subjected to the indignity of a duty , and there is hardly a mile of rock - bound coast in Kent which

“ ’ ” has not its Smuggler s Cave . Still better hiding - places were found in the Sandwich Flats

- district , and in the water logged Romney Marsh .

Casks of brandy and water- tight boxes of valuable silks or tobaccos were weighted and sunk in the interminable open land drains of the latter

' 2 2 2 B YG ONE I i E N T

given . Then , rightly or wrongly , a certain

- Belvedere at Deal , near the present well known

’ Lloyd s signalling station , is credited with having been a guide and friend to the good men of that

B u t locality . for that matter well nigh every village along the coast of Kent can show its S muggler ’s

N est , whatever may happen to be the particular appellation of the building . All sorts of odd hiding places were found , and adjoining families arranged m through communication by eans of the cellars .

o lke sto n e At F , we are gravely told , the whole of the houses on one side of the street were thus connected , so that whilst the ofﬁcers were diligently

1 fumbling about the cellar of N o . in search of a “ free trader ’ who had been seen to enter the house , the said free trader was quietly coming out of N o . 45 at the other end of the street . “ Vessels galore were built for the trade , and very ﬁne boats they were many of them , capacious yet swift , and in all ways admirably adapted for their peculiar duty . And a bolder yet withal a better - humoured set of fellows n ever manned boat than their crews . The whole of the seaside population was of course interested in the business , and each and all were ever ready to rally

c on tr etem s round comrades in case of a p , or to ’ N K E 2 2 S /l/ UG G LI N G I N T. 3

help to trick the government ofﬁcials . Many a hard knock was received on both sides , and many a goodly haul was made by the revenue . Yet sometimes the “ trade ” had it all its own

Wa y , and cargoes of untaxed goods were often

’ sold in broad daylight on the very beach . Many are the funny stories told of how the ofﬁcers were outwitted , so many indeed that some of them may probably be not uncharitably set down as pious

ﬁctions . I n one case however , the depositions before the magistrates show that the u nauthorised cargoes were carried off under the very eyes of

mo b the revenue ofﬁcials , who were held by the at the gate of the ﬁeld in which the goods were

1 2 hidden . This took place at Folkestone in 7 3.

But for really thrilling, and withal often funny , accounts of “ free trading ” exploits the reader is commended to some of the genuine old salts to be met with even yet in some of the Kentish ﬁshing towns , notably Folkestone . A capital little collection of stories , gathered from this and other E sources , is published by M r . nglish of that

the town . Many of incidents related are very droll , but we must not venture upon more than one extract , or we may lay ourselves open to the “ charge of being literary free - traders O n the 2 2 4 B YG ONE K EN T. incumbent of a country parish a mile or two

- inland going to his coach house one morning , he found to his surprise that he could not open the

- door , and had to obtain access from the hay loft above . To his utter astonishment he discovered the place was almost ﬁlled with kegs of spirits ,

sm u which had evidently been deposited there by gg lers . H e was in a ﬁx , and quite at a loss what course to pursue . H is loyalty would have prompted him to give information , but his consideration for his poor parishioners overcame his conscientious scruples , and he resolved to take no notice , but to wait the result . Perhaps it was well that he did so , for we may be sure he was pretty closely looked after by those interested in the consign ment , who , if they had seen any attempt to

‘ ’ peach , would have taken measures to prevent it . Accordingly the tubs remained secure all day , but the next morning they were all cleared out , with the exception of one , which was labelled

‘ ’ For our Parson . D id all these little “ free tradings succeed on

sa the whole Well , the present writer can only y he was informed by an old gentleman that his — grandfather , a noted smuggler the word has

— a e slipped out somehow nativ of Deal , made at

E N 2 2 6 B YG ONE K T.

n and stormy ight , when they were startled by a O particular tapping at the window . pening the

door , the occupant of the house perceived a man enveloped in a huge cloak , and wearing a big

h a t fr o m b e in slouch , which prevented his face g

the seen . Motioning to him to keep silence , stranger entered , and threw off his hat and cloak .

H e was the head of a very great ﬁnancial ﬁrm , whose name is known all over the world . The

F l k s o n e r old o e t knew his visitor well . A few moments sufﬁced to explain how matters stood . The eminent ﬁnancier had a tri fl ing matter of a hundred thousand guineas , which he wanted to get safely across the S trait , and he wanted to secrete the sum till a favourable opportunity occurred . After much debating it was agreed at last that

“ the couple should sleep upon it literally .

Accordingly the gold was carefully brought in , in bags of a thousand guineas each . This was

— a laid between the bed and the mattress , hundred bags of shining gold " The couple slept on this , or, at least , tried to do , for the old boy afterwards declared that he spent the very uneasiest night of his life on that gold . N ext

“ day every bag was taken away . What every ? “ u bag we asked , s rely one was left , or a part S/VI U L I N I N K E 2 2 G G G N T. 7 of one " “ N ot a single guinea out of a single

’ “ bag , replied the narrator , and the best of it was , my father could have stuck to it all " They dared not have made a row about it if he na d stuck to

’ it , or it would have been worse still for em .

’ ﬁ r m s H owever, the going to take my boy into

’ their bank , so it s all right . 1b ugneno t 1b ome5 i n 1kent .

W W . HA P. A v K ER S S . . B S. , HE county of Kent is perhaps richer than

many others in historical associations ; its proximity to the coast , the main roads leading to the metropolis , the former importance of the

M inster City of Canterbury , all contributed to

“ s - E make the o called Garden of ngland famous . — Among its past annals , few have inter twined themselves so closely with the religious , intellectual , and commercial life of the district , as the advent of the refugees , ﬁ rst from the N etherlands and later from France , escaping the cruelty of the

Duke of Alva in the Low Countries . the St .

1 2 ‘ Bartholomew massacre in 5 7 , and from the results of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

1 68 in 5 .

Thus , two great emigrations occurred , distinct in their bearings , but of much consequence to our own history . The Reformation had sounded the ke - y note to the changes in the ecclesiastical world , E and the advent of dward V I . to the throne ,

E y E 2 30 o ONE K N T.

I t is not surprising , then , as we shall see , that a large number of those who settled in Eastern Kent may be traced into districts round the northern and opposite shore of France . Another powerful aid was given by Archbishop Cranmer ,

who , at his archiepiscopal hou ses of Lambeth a and Canterbury , warmly received J ohn Lasco ,

B u c e r Peter Martyr , , and other learned foreigners , for the discussion of doctrinal questions which

’ were then uppermost in men s minds . The old Palace of Canterbury is fraught with many memories of Cranmer and the Elizabethan

Archbishops , who made it one of their chief homes ; the business of the See was as much transacted in this glorious Kentish city ,

“ W e e t ou ts an d s ad ows at e o un d h r h gh h g h r r , as in the distant metropolis . A fragment , how ever , but remains of this Palace , near the

Cathedral , and an archway and other portions , built into modern houses , alone testify to the former importance of a building in which so many stirring events took place , from having been a refuge to Thomas a Becket before his murder , to the invasion of its precincts by the

Commonwealth soldiery .

Thus those refugees who ﬁ rst came into Kent , H E N T H T/[E I N K E 2 1 UG U O O S N T. 3

' or who approached it from London , found a congenial welcome in the freedom of religious worship and thought which the times afforded .

The arrival of many Walloons to Canterbury , in

1 547 , was the ﬁrst actual settlement , and a con gr e gatio n of exiles was formed under the care of

U t e n ho viu s , and the leadership of other eminent men . E The death of dward the V I . caused a great

the E change . Several of nglish bishops and P fl divines , who had upheld rotestantism , ed to Z Frankfort , urich , or Geneva , and then began that dire persecution which darkened Queen Mary ’s reign . I n Canterbury , the spot known as the

’ ” Martyrs Field , a little outside the city , commemorates their place of suffering , and it is probable some of these were foreigners . The

E 1 8 - accession of lizabeth , in 5 5 , opens a brighter page on this refugee colony , for about that date we may assign the regular congregation in the Crypt church of the Cathedral , which had been granted for their use by the Queen , and afterwards by the Dean and Chapter , remains in historic sequence to this day . The Walloons had now been increased by the

oe one French contingent , who , even f the fatal 2 2 E E 3 B YG ON K N T.

St . Bartholomew , escaped from the untold severities which had been imposed on all who tried to leave France .

Besides religious , commercial advantages were secured to the newly - formed group of refugees by their admission as freemen of the City of * Canterbury , and in their successful petition to the Mayor for grants of liberty and privilege to

1 61 exercise their callings , about the year 5 . W eaving , and making of different woollen fabrics ,

1 6 formed the staple industry , in 5 4, we read

“ of one Giles Cousin , as superintendent of these d trades , and escribed by the local historian ,

o e r um e t o to tius Somner, as Magister p conduct r

n a i n i c o gr eg t o s in opere . The manufactories increased so rapidly that a hall for essaying and receiving such goods , and for other purposes , was established in the

“ quarter of the Black Friars , along which the

- little river Stour pursues its maze like track .

r e This hall , though now converted to other uses , mains in part , and shews how extensive a craft

“ must have been carried on by the strangers . The fanciful but picturesque tradition that the

* A a e o n a o e su ec t b R . Ho venden a ea ed i n p p r b v bj , y , pp r

a n t r ozu / r ss 1 88 . C e j P e , 4

2 B Y N E K EN 34 G O T.

congregation , for the most part of distressed exiles , had grown so great that the place , in a short time , is likely to prove a hive too little to contain such a swarm . This protection lasted till the days of Arch bishop Laud , when that Primate exercised a coercive domination over all the refugee churches . forcing them to a strict conformity with the E nglish ritual , causing thereby many dissensions , and a breaking up of their numbers .

I t is not to be supposed , however, that the members of the foreign church here were without their own differences , which arose on doctrinal questions , to which the rise of Socinianism gave a powerful impetus I t was owing to such disagreement that many severed themselves from

n e w the Crypt church , and formed a place of meeting in a building called the “ Malthouse ” Chapel , in or adjoining the once existing Arch

’ bishop s Palace before alluded to , and called

“ themselves the French uniform church . We cannot pass unnoticed the long list of Pasteurs who have presided over the fortunes of the Crypt

1 6 congregation from 5 4 to the present day , and whose names are recorded on a tablet inside the

’ S o m ne r s Can terbu ry . H UG UEN O T H OM E S J N E N 2 K T. 35

. O n building the arched recesses , scripture verses , copied from earlier sources , are to be seen , reminding the exiled worshippers of their old custom , when on the mountain slopes of southern France they would sing aloud these hymns in one vast assembly , thus recalling to them the sunny land of their forefathers .

As time progressed , the foreign colony amalga mated with the native inhabitants , and resorted to many of the parish churches , especially St .

’ Peter s , H oly Cross , and St . Alphage , whose

“ ” registers , replete with the names of strangers , have been published and ably edited by M r . J . M .

Cowper , of Canterbury I n the eighteenth century is recorded many an interchange of service between the incumbents of these churches and the pastors of the French congregation , and we may now trace the assimila tion of the two nationalities , and the absorption or change of many a foreign family name into that of its English equivalent .

I n so rapid a survey , it is impossible to mention more than some of the noted refugees who either at Canterbury or around , have left a distinct memorial in the ranks of theology , literature , or

O f n commercial e n terprise . these may be amed 2 36 B YG ONE KEN T.

M eric Casaubon , prebend and rector of M inster and Monkton , whose father , I saac , was illustrious

’ L A n l e for his learning ; M . de g , who also held

1 2 Kentish livings , and died in 7 4. J ohn Castillion ,

- the D o m br a i n family whose ancestors escaped from France in an open boat , and whose descendant is the present Vicar of Westwell ,

H erault , D u M oulin , Charpentier , D urand , Le

l e e t r an sl a S ueur and M . C ne , from Caen , whose tion of the B ible and collection of rare manuscripts worthily endorsed his memory . Among others who have held ofﬁcial positions , representing the county, may be cited the names of Cartier ,

D e l a saux in eux Har r e n c , F , , Perrin , Petit , Picard , and others to be found either in the city archives , local histories , or in D iocesan registers .

the The weaving trade , towards the end of eighteenth century , had greatly declined , though efforts were made to uphold it , and a petition was

T e n iso n presented by Archbishop , asking him to promote the bill to restrict the importation of

E n ast I dia silks . H ere may be mentioned the fl in uence and aid given by the Primates , Wake ,

Tillotson , and Secker, generally , in the cause of relief for the distressed refugees , and specially to those who were connected with the Kentish

K E N 2 33 E YG ONE T.

“ ~ Archbishop Tait . I do not forget that in this cathedral there still remains a memorial of those days when the Church of England gave an asylum to our persecuted brethren who came from other lands , so there is something to remind us of our connection with those who in distant lands v maintain , under great disad antages , the truths for which the Reformers were contented to Dover has been much identiﬁed with the lan ding of the refugees . As the nearest port to

France , it would naturally attract the strangers , whose stay here was often of short duration , most of them proceeding to more industrial centres , or to London .

The early settlements here are obscure , and the trade , which was principally shipping , did not

O ur admit of long continuance at a time . tenure of the district round Calais caused much reciprocal comm unication , and the migration of many families from northern France to East Kent is not surprising . This fact is corroborated by seve ral names in the register of the foreign church at

G u isnes r e - appearing round Dover and the locality . S ir H ugh Paulet was Governor of Calais in the E reign of dward V I . , when the French translation

D o c esan c a e 1 8 6. i h rg , 7 H UG UE N O T H on/E s I N KE N 2 T. 39 of our Prayer Book was made and prepared by

’ the K ing s authority . The State papers (domestic series) mention

1 6 1 - 2 that from 9 3, the inﬂux of strangers was

’ Z o uc h s great , and that through Lord mediation Archbishop Abbot granted them the occasional

’ o f use the parish church of St . Mary s . A return

' of their members was ordered to be made , communicants and non - communicants who are worthy of receiving alms , and also that they contribute towards the support of their fellow countrymen . The varied nature of those refugees who settled at Dover has always been a subject f for discussion , but it may be generally a ﬁrmed that they were the French speaking Flemish of northern France , who were succeeded by those from the interior parts of that country . A regular community appears to have been

1 6 l e K ux formed in 64 . Philippe e was their ﬁrst minister, and from the researches of W . H .

O ve r e n d , four distinct congregations were at different times represented in Dover ,

1 1 0 . beginning at the above date , and lasting till 7 I t does not appear the refugees ever had a church of their own , though a most fortunate

P n s 0 V Hu ueno t So c et o c eed 1 8 o l . St an e s at D o e . . r g r v r g i y r i g , 9 , III 2 0 B N E K EN 4 YG O T. circumstance lately occurred which resulted in

“ recovering its registers , not long ago edited and published . The Dover church was represented in the London colloquy of the foreign churches in

1 6 6 4 , and some of its pasteurs have been associated

' with that at Canterbury and elsewhere in Kent .

’ The constant and shifting transit o f the

n o t with strangers to and from this port has , standing , left its impress on names wh ich have sur v ive d , and given a local colouring to the town and E adjacent district . specially that of M inet , a family

G u isn e s connected with the church of , is found O again in or round Dover . thers of foreign lineage

C a m r e may be quoted , as Beauvoir, Delannoy , p

’ d Eve r e ux Le r n o ul t ue t vill e don , , Lavaure , , Q ,

Mo n in s Mo mm e r ie , , and several which the limits of this sketch will not allow . u Sandwich claims pec liar interest . For a very

was long time it the home of Dutch , Walloon , and

F rench refugees , its trading capabilities , harbour , and river ’all contributed to make it a desirable

- resort . The picturesque and quaint town of to day , its red tiled houses and sloping eaves , over which

’ ’ the massive towers of S t. Peter s and St . Clement s rise so boldly , seems to be the very same as when it welcomed the weary and distressed fugi t i ves of

2 B NE E N 2 4 YG O K T.

from the latter many industries , especially that of

’ - cloth making , spinning , etc . , and on the Queen s

1 o f he r visit to Sandwich , in 5 7 3, on one progresses through Kent , these fabrics were exhibited to her . O ther occupations were carried on , as hatmakers , w taylors , hitesmiths , so that great activity prevailed for some years . A French congregation seem to have existed

1 68 here in 5 , according to a book of receipts , in

“ ’ which is mentioned l eglise de S a n de v uy t

Francaise . I t does not appear the refugees ever had a church of their own , but were allowed the

’ use of St . Clement s , to which they contributed a

sum for expenses , and a proportionate cost for. repairs .

This congregation , like the others i n Kent ,

a nd came under the ban of Archbishop Laud , proceedings were taken against it to enforce uniformity of worship , but the mightier events which preceded the Scotch war were at hand , and precluded further action . The harsh treatment of the “ strangers ” is fully set forth in a rare

B ul te e l pamphlet by J ohn , minister of the French

“ church in Canterbury , and entitled Troubles of the three foreign churches in Kent . Allusion has been mad e before to the industries which w e re H EN O T H O/V E I N A' EN UG U S T. 2 43

begun or perfected by the refugees , but we must not forget that Sand wich claims the honour of introduction by the Flemish of the homely cabbage and celery , and so much were these vegetables in demand that gardeners from this

ancient Cinque Port , settled at Battersea ,

Bermondsey , and round London , and planted those ﬁelds that even to - day shew traces of past and successful culture .

Similarly , with the settlements at Dover and

Canterbury , that of Sandwich has bequeathed names surviving to the present , and tracing back to the time of the different immigrations . O f these may be mentioned Van Dale , De Long, Cowper ,

‘ — in Sayer , Verrier , Rondeau , and others the district around the same foreign element can be identiﬁed .

H ythe , though in a lesser degree , is also associated with our annals ; it is probable that the refugees were few in number , and for their religious exercises resorted to Dover or Canter bury . Connected with this place , however , is the E family of De Bouveries ( arl of Radnor), who represented it in Parliament on several occasions .

Hu u e sse n The valued name of g , originally a

f no w refugee rom D unkirk , and better known E 2 44 B YG ONE K N T.

as Lord Brabourne , claims local importance .

Several well - born ezn zgr es were chieﬂy mer chants from the Low Countries , and a list of them , with their callings , is to be found in a volume of the Camden Society , entitled Foreign

” E 1 6 1 8 - 8 8 . Protestants , resident in ngland ,

1 62 2 I n , it appears that a return of the strangers of H ythe by the mayor and j urists was ordered to be sent to the Lieutenant of

Dover Castle . The Weald of Kent can hardly be passed unnoticed , for its varied industrial resources , which naturally attracted the refugees , would lend them substantial aid .

Foremost was the cloth trade , specially at

Cranbrook and H eadcorn ; the arrival of Flemish w eavers , so long as the time of Richard I I . , may have induced succeeding strangers to settle , and it was only towards the m iddle of the

‘ 1 8 th century that the Kentish i n d ust ry had to compete with the great cities of Leeds and B rad

‘ ford , and to relinquish its local ascendancy .

Woollen goods were exported , and the sacking of

1 6 Antwerp , in 5 7 , transferred much of the trade

E n to ngland , and , in all probability , many foreig

E z craftsmen followed . Queen li abeth , always

2 46 E YG ONE KE N T

of the district bordering on Sussex , and the gardening population of Sandwich and South East Kent—all contributed to the signal and almost unparalleled success of a movement which brought at the same time temporal prosperity and spiritual freedom . Little remains to indicate

u the past , but in the pict resque and gabled houses in and near Cranbrook , which shew traces of

Flemish architecture , and in the cloth halls (now converted into private use) the story of refugee life can still be told . At Faversham there was a French congregation

1 6 6 about 9 , and although few particulars are extant as to this settlement , there is evidence i n

lOc al the names of a distinct foreign element , of h whic the family of Giraud , both in this town and surrounding districts , has long held honourable mention . I ntimately connected with our subject is

Maidstone , where many industries attracted the

Walloon and Flemish fugitives , who came from the N etherlands and formed a strong contingent

1 in 5 7 3, having the Royal protection and sympathy . The corporation granted them the

’ use of S . Faith s Chapel and burial ground , and before that date they petitioned the O ue e n to H UG UEN O T H M E [ O S N KEN T. 247

allow them to establish their manufactures , which was granted . The cloth trade was one of the staple com m o ditie s ; Guilds were established , to which

~ s tr ange rs had to be admitted before . they could practise their craft

Threadmaking was another enterprise , and this

ﬂourished in Maidstone for some time , till the trade decayed by the importation of thread from

Flanders . The State Papers of 1 62 2 give a list of such strangers born in the town , of which the thread makers formed a considerable portion . Their religious liberties were permitted until , like the

K e n tish se ttl e me n ts other , they came under the

- t Laudian sway , when many lef the country , dis persing with them the industries which had

bv already beneﬁted this district , and , as related

“ the late M r . Furley in his H istory of the

” Weald , clothiers , merchants , and others , being deprived of their ministers , and overburdened with grievances , have departed the kingdom to

H olland and other parts . Towards the end of the seventeenth century the refugee annals of Maidstone are not so frequent , and the strangers had either repaired to 2 8 B ONE E 4 YG K N T. the parish churches or had embraced N oncon formity , whose progress was much increased by this addition to its ranks . A remarkable instance of the effects of the persecutions in France , and the singular accident of its results in the little colony at Boughton

Malke r be ﬁ tl , near Maidstone , may y close this chapter

1 60 1 V e no u rs I n , the Marquis de , of Poitou , E sought protection in ngland , and having taken a house and land here (probabl y Boughton Place),

W o tto ns the seat of the , had a recommendatory letter from Archbishop S a n c r o ft to the Rector

“ of this spot . That the inhabitants shall receive his w him and follo ing with Christian charity , and E that as they do not understand nglish , the Arch bishop appoints M . J acques Rondeau to preach in the parish church of Boughton , to which access may be given at such times as shall not hinder the ordinary congregation . This proceeding fully

a S a nc ro ft be rs out the generous character of ,

’ who , on more than one occasion , like B ishop

Ken , showed warm sympathy with the cause

r e c o m of the suffering refugees , both by mending his clergy to raise subscriptions , and by other assistance .

D over Giastle.

B y E W L LA O N K NOC K ER . . O ST

H I S fortiﬁcation , crowning the white cliffs of

Albion , overlooked , centuries since , the valley through which ran the estuary n o w kno wn

- - - r ive r . D o u r a as the , three and half miles long , and on its south side the antient small but walled town of Dover . The banks of the stream formed the landing place of Romans , Saxons , Vikings , and N ormans ; and around it in later years was formed the port , at which in successive ages have arrived and departed crusaders , pilgrims , sovereigns , tourists ,

- and pleasure seekers . The position is almost unrivalled throughout

' ’ ( l a w s ne n z the world it was the true g , and it has been the scene of many interesting events and several sieges .

B C . a When in . 5 5 J ulius C esar landed in Kent , he found hardy warriors with well - found chariots

a n d n o t to oppose his march inland , it is improbable that the art of warfare thus learnt by D E R A TLE 2 1 O V C S . 5 the B rito n s may have led to the construction of such an earthwork as that on which the Roman

Pharos still stands . C aesar in his Commentaries makes no mention of any fortiﬁcations which he constructed in this

. 1 1 0 0 realm The ﬁrst Roman cohort , strong ,

was stationed at Dover . I t claimed the post of

honour and the custody of the imperial eagle . I t is not improbable that a fortiﬁcation was erected

A D - O sto r ius ( . . 43 49 ) by Aulus Plautius or Publius

Scapula , both generals of consular dignity , who had been despatched with armies by the Emperor — Claudius , the ﬁrst to reduce part of Britain to a

Roman province , and the second to quell the turbulent Britons who had refused to pay their

’ a stipulated tribute . The castle was called C esar s

Castle for some centuries .

- The Pharos , or light house , and its companion on the opposite hill , were probably both of

Roman construction . The one i n the castle is thought to have been

used by the N ormans for the purposes of defence .

The early Christian Church , dedicated to Saint

Mary , adjoining the Pharos , is said to have been

reconsecrated by St . Augustine . I t requires a

volume to itself, and this has been admirably 2 2 5 B Y G ONE KE N T.

provided by the Rev . Canon Puckle in his history . M uch controversy has raged over its origin and date , but these cannot be entered upon within the limits of this paper . I ts restoration by the Government for a military church has saved it from the oblivion its ruined state for many years seemed to portend .

Ea dba ld E l , the son of the bert , who had been

Governor of the castle , after the death of h is father succeeded to the kingdom of Kent about

D 6 A . 0 0 . , and we are told that he founded a college in connection with the chu rch , and its establishment has been stated at from six canons

- and a provost to twenty four . I t is difﬁcult to determine the site of the religious house used by these clerics , but it is

’ supposed to have been situated near Colton s Gate .

From the time of St . Augustine therefore (who

A D 6 landed in Kent . . 59 ) it is probable that there was a small separate ecclesiastical establishment in the castle .

Fie n e s During the Wardenship of J ohn de , 8 A . D 1 0 about . 4, it is said there were three chap ’

w ho had lains , separate duties assigned to them , and

b u t among these , that, not of punishing offenders ,

2 B ONE K E N 54 YG T.

formerly stood at the entrance of the keep yard , bore his name . 66 A . D 1 0 At the N orman Conquest ( . ) and after the Battle of H astings , William , Duke of

N ormandy , marched ﬁrst towards Dover Castle , then the most important fortress of the kingdom , and during the opposition to his ap proach , among the privileges extracted from the Duke was the

r a ve lkin d one known as the law of g , which is still in force in Kent , and regulates the descent and inheritance of land in it . At the same time (it is said) arose the fabled distinction between

” ” Men of Kent and Kentish men . D uke William did not cross the M edway as a

Conqueror , so the inhabitants of the eastern division of the county ' were styled “ Men of

” Kent . H ence , too , the County motto , I nvicta . William remodelled and extended the castle

i fortiﬁcat ons , enclosing the portion between the

B ritish , Roman , and Saxon works and the edge of the cliff. H e also built some of the additional towers in the outer wall . be To each assigned one of his knights , and , m m according to the custo of feudal tenure , ade him a grant of land on condition that he kept his

e e th tower in a state of defence . and did s rvic in e D E R A TL E 2 O V C S . 5 5 castle with a ﬁxed number of retainers for a speciﬁed period of the year .

Among these towers , commencing from the

- A l bra n c he south east , are those of of Folkestone .

R o ke sl e v H e delegated his command to one ,

w t w whose name the to er af er ards bore . Fulbert of Dover was Lord of the Manor and Castle of Chilham in Kent , on condition that

' he kept one fort in repair . H ence the tower

- was ﬁrst called Chilham , but its Deputy Governor

C hal de r c o t w e was one , and the to er lat r was w called by his name. This to er had a small one d as an appen age to it , which took its name from

H u rst , a village near Chilham , the rents of which were allotted to its repair and defence .

’ ’ r t B d r s N ea Fulber s Tower was the o a house .

As sergeant - a t - arms he was also gaoler of the adjoining prison .

For many centuries , and within the recollection of the present generation , it was used as a prison for debtors . These used to ring a bell near the

’ outside of the Canon s Gate , and attract the attention of passers by , to obtain alms in a box placed close to the bell . The ne xt tower a n ciently took its name from

ic k A rs ﬁ . S a , its rst commandant H e got y to take 6 B Y ONE E N 2 5 G K T.

’ charge of it , and it was called after him , Say s

Tower . Two good estates , Langdon and

Pe v i n to n . g , were held by this tenure I n the same way the defence of other towers

fo r was provided . Galton Tower , with which

- was held Galton in Surrey on castle guard tenure .

’ ’ ’ Pe ve r ill s , called also Beauchamp s and Marshal s

’ P r . o th s Tower . The Marshal resided in it

a s in s Tower later named G t g . I t was rebuilt by

’

Queen Mary and then called Mary s Tower .

’ The Constable s Tower , which was larger than

Fie n e s the others , was ﬁrst named , or the

a N ewg te Tower , later after H ubert de Burgh , but beca use of its use by the governors for business purposes it after wards had its present

’ name , The Constable s Tower . I t was for many years the residence of the Deputy - Warden or

Deputy - Governor of the castle (an ofﬁce which continued to the present century) and it is now the ofﬁcial residence of the General commanding

- the south eastern district . The towers to the north of this one are

’ Pe nc e ste r (which was the Treasurer s or Pay

’ master s residence) ; G o dsfo e s ; the Earl of

’ E C r a ville N orfolk s (Marshal of ngland) or , which commanded the r o va l bridge supposed to have

2 3 E Y E E 5 G ON K N T. gates shows the importance attached to the defence of the castle ; the large and numerous estates alloted to its maintenance , and the strength of the garrison . The principal gates of the castle were the

’ Canons Gate Friars or O ld Gate ; the principal one , long called the N ew Gate , because it took the place of the older one through the Constable ’s

’ ’ E 0r Tower , now known as the Queen s ntrance

’ ’ Constable s Gate ; a postern in Earl Godwin s

Tower ; and a small gate called the Ethe tisfo r dian

Gate .

There is yet another approach . At the foot of the cliff, between the castle and the sea ,

’ H enry V I I I . built a fortiﬁcation called Moat s

w as Bulwark . A shaft made in the cliff with circular steps , by which access was given from the bulwark to the castle . I t is said that George I V . ,

1 8 then Prince of Wales , in 7 9 , was conducted down these steps as the nearest way to the town . 8 The keep , we are told , was 9 feet in height , and its walls so thick that they had apartments within them , and some of these can still be seen .

’ 2 0 I n it is H arold s Well , said to have been 4 paces deep . I ts importance during the sieges was duly estimated . H arold swore to William of N or D O VE R CA S TL E . 2 59

mandy to deliver it up with the castle . The well still exists , though it has been partially ﬁlled in from visitors having been allowed for m a n v years to throw pebbles down it to enable them to j udge of its great depth .

The keep contains two chapels ; the lower one ,

’ called St . J ohn s , near the grand staircase , is of beautiful N orman work , which has been partially restored . The upper one above it was a private chapel for the use of the sovereigns and others occupying the keep . The banqueting hall and presence chamber are now used as armouries .

’ O ne of these was called Arthur s H all , though it is different from another in the Keep Yard which

o f l a r e bore the same name . These halls are g size , and were ﬁtted for the uses of a royal residence at the time they were so appropriated . Their oak ﬂoors are said to consist of the original timber used when they were constructed .

H ow many sieges , surprises , and reliefs the castle has witnessed it would be difﬁcult to recount , even if the present space allowed . The most important siege was that by the

1 2 1 6 Dauphin of France in , after he had marched E to London and laid waste ssex , Norfolk , and

Suffolk . 2 0 B NE EN 6 YG O K T.

Pe n c e ste r 0 0 Stephen de , with 4 men , succeeded in reinforcing the garrison by entering it

- undiscovered , it is said , through the sally port

’ u nder Godwin s Tower . B ut the Dauphin , after a long siege , did not succeed in taking the castle . I n most of our civil commotions the castle attracted the attention of both parties . So lately

I . as the troubles during the reign of Charles , it was taken by surprise in the night of the I st

1 6 2 - a August 4 , by a merchant named Drake , with few men who had scaled the cliff by the aid of ladders and ropes .

u H aving sec red the sentinel , they threw open the gates , and the garrison being weak , and the ofﬁcer in command supposing in the dark that

the force against him was large , surrendered E the castle . The arl of Warwick , who was at

Can terbury , sent a small force to guard it . I t was besieged afterwards by the Royalists , but the siege was raised by a Parliamentary force sent for that purpose . Many of our Sovereigns have occasionally resided there . Among these were Stephen , who died at Dover , either in the castle or at one of the religious houses . H enry I I . , on his way to I N ormandy , Richard . , on embarking for the H oly

B NE K EN 2 62 YG O T.

Those of the present century have been , Pitt ,

Hawkesbury , Wellington , Dalhousie , Palmerston ,

Granville , W . H . Smith , and the present Lord

1 0 th Warden , who is believed to be the 5 , the

M arquis of Dufferin and Ava . Possibly no castle can boast such a succession of governors , so identiﬁed with the interests of the kingdom that to write their lives would be to

- r e write its history . Many have seen something of the wonder ful subterranean passages of the castle . These were perhaps originally formed to give means of escape , or communications with the outside , to a beleaguered garrison . T radition says w that there ere passages to Walmer Castle ,

’ R adi u nd s Langdon Abbey , and St . g Abbey . At Langdon there is still an opening to what may have been such a passage . D uring later years the passages inside the castle have been adapted and extended for defensive purposes . Whether or not they can be so utilized now seems doubtful . As a modern fortiﬁcation the castle cannot take a high rank .

D uring the present century , Fort Burgoyne has been constructed on the higher land to the north and west , with the object no doubt of D E R CA TL E O V S . 2 63 giving additional strength to the other fo r tiﬁc a tions at Dover , and thus of compelling an invading army either to reduce the place or leave a force of observation to protect its c o mm u n ic a tions . A t present the castle is a garrison and military

’ u storeho se only . Another well besides Harold s has been sunk , but water is raised by steam power .

’

Married soldiers quarters , recreation rooms , and all the modern accessories of barracks , cluster round the remains which still speak to u s of bygone ages . I f there is but little other similarity between the Dover Castle of the early Christian era , and the Dover Castle of 1 8 9 2 the sounds of discipline and trumpets still echo within its walls .

This paper cannot lay claim to be original , or to contain anything new , but it is only an attempt to give a few facts upon a large subject deserving of a better hand and more extended treatment .

2 66 I ND E X .

G aun t o n o f 1 1 Lan a nc 0 , J h , 5 fr , 9 G o uc este D u e o f 1 2 L e a nd o n 1 1 l r , k , 5 l , J h , 7 f v G o d E o t o 2 2 L e w s R e . o n 1 l , xp r , 5 i , J h , 93 G ravc l ki nd 2 L o a d s and Wic l iﬁ tes 1 0 1 , 54 ll r , , 54 G eenw c a 1 6 A o t o n L o ndo n B d e 1 6 r i h F ir , 7 b li i ri g , 3 1 76 M ac o m o 1 2 , 7 I l al es Si r R o e t 1 8 Ma a e b o 1 , b r , 3 rri g y pr xy , 53 Ma e d C a d n a the 1 H en . 1 1 t ry VI , 5 r yr r i l , , 77 D nd f he Ma uee n 1 61 Hen . e e e o t ry VIII ( f r ry , Q , a t 1 8 2 - 1 8 A c ue est Mas ue o n T we th-N t 1 F i h ), 4 ; r l j q lf igh , 59 f 1 Mil d r etha 88 o , 89 , ’ H e e o d ac c uses No o 1 2 M ac es r e A B ec k et 1 0 1 r f r rf lk , 5 ir l , ,

Mi hin n R v . I I isto r ic K e n t 1 tc so e o n D . C . L . 2 1 , , J h , , 3 Ho Ma d o f K en t the 1 8 M l ne r I akk e 1 1 ly i , , 5 y , , 3 H u e t d e B u 6 Na a e o an n a o f 1 b r rgh , v rr , J , 53 Hu uen o t Ho m es i n K en t 2 2 8 Newto n Si r o n 1 g , ; , J h , 34 ’ o e n w ea e s 2 2 Laud s F r ig v r , 3 ; Pa e - c ases 2 1 ac t o n 2 P ac es o f Wo s p r h , 3 i , 34 ; l r hip, Pe e Sam ue 1 2 No ted e u ees 2 gg , l , 9 3 34 r f g , 35

Pena nc e o f He n . 1 00 1 06 D ec ne o f Wea n 2 6 r e ry II , , li vi g, 3 ; P est t a c d ea t o f a - D o e 2 8 r e San d w c 2 0 ri , r gi h , 7 9 v r , 3 i h , 4 ; P est m o stu e 1 1 r e H t e 2 r e C an o o ri ly i p r , y h , 43 ; r br k , Pun s me n t b Bo n 1 8 2 r e a e s am 2 6 r e i h y ili g, 5 45 ; F v r h , 4 ‘ Ma d sto n e 2 6 r e B o u to n i , 4 ; gh , R a 1 y , 9 3 2 48 R e o m at o n 1 0 - 1 1 f r i , R e u um R ec u e - g lbi ( lv r), 3 4 I ro n c a st 2 , 45 R esto at o n the 1 r i , , 7 R e o t o f the e n s 1 2 8 v l Vill i , ﬂ t o f 1 8 am es . J II , igh , C auses 1 1 Leade s 1 a t , 3 ; r , 33 ; o n K n o f an c e 1 J h , i g Fr , 49 L o n d o n 1 6 D emand s 1 , 3 ; , 38 ; ’ ea e Lo nd o n 1 0 A K en t the a M a d o f 1 1 8 , 4 ; St . an s , F ir i , 34, 3 l v lb , 1 1 Esse m en 1 1 Su r es K en t s d a ec ts etc . 1 0 4 x , 4 i h i l , , 9 pp s o n 1 2 Par l iam en t o n 1 2 P o n c a En s 1 1 Co u t , 4 ; , 4 ; r vi i l gli h , 9 r i R o a ac e 1 D a ec t 1 2 o n unc at o n y g , 43 i l , 9 ; pr i i l r R c Ma o G en e a 1 62 1 6 c u o us ases 2 00 i h , j r r l , 9 ri phr , d - R c a . 1 1 1 8 1 R ust c o c a u a 2 0 1 Pr o , 35 , 37 , 3 43 i v b l ry , ; i h r II ’ R c a d so n s T eat e 1 68 o t at e s etc . 2 0 , ; v rb , , 4 i h r h r ri , K ent s P ac e -Na m es 2 1 D e a I 74 i h l , ; riv - - R c m o nd Ma a et Coun tess o f t o n s 2 2 6 te m na s 2 1 , g , , i , 4 ; r i l , 7 3 i h r r A n c ent Po ts 1 R o mn e 1 79 i r , 3 y R o c este Cat ed a M a s D an s d e at o n s , 48 r h , 33 i h riv i ; h r h r l R o m an R ema ns - - etc . 2 35 A nglo Saxo n n ames i n i , , 3 R o a E t am 1 r e B u d n anc e 6 y , 44 ; g Fr , 3 l l h il i 1 6 o a es dents - K 2 1 4 ; , 1 1 ent s s s e tc . 8 r y l r i 47 54 i h hip , , ’ A me n a K n o f 1 1 o a K n s S c o o the Can te u , g , 5 ; y i g h l , , rb ry r i i r l

t s 1 d ec a etc . 1 20 6 Em n en t sc o a s 2 0 , 47 ; y , , 62 i h l r , 7 bir h Head Maste s 2 10 Ce e t es 1 66 r , ; l bri i

R o a st R i si n A . D . 1 6 8 1 2 1 6 y li g, 4 , 5 R u ne d C a e s an d C an t es 1 K n o w es Sir R o e t 1 0 i h p l h ri , 5 l , b r , 4 - S t . K at e n e S o n e 1 h ri , h r , 5 54 L a m a de W am 1 1 enea o B d e C a e R o c este b r , illi , 5 g l gy ri g h p l , h r , 54

o f 1 20 w o s o f 1 2 6 ; S t. Law enc e d e L o n so l e , ; rk , 59 r g , - L am bet Pa ac e sac ed 1 6 60 St. Ma a et He e h l k , 3 59 ; rg r , ll , . I N D EX . 2 67

- Ma at M to n S sm un d Em 61 62 St . e o 1 6 ; ry il , igi , p r r , 5 6 Esl in ham C a e 60 ; Ski o n G e n e a 1 3 ; g h p l , pp , r l , 7 Ha n 6 Sm u n n S t . L aw e n c e i Ke n t 2 1 8 r , lli g, 5 ; ggli g , ’ dd sd w n mu s D o de C ap e , Lu e o , S e Ne sts 2 2 1 A ne c do te h l ggl r , ; , 6 Ma l esc o m b C u c 66 2 2 5 ; p h r h , ; 3 R ok esl e C u c 6 L u n Sta e G a te y h r h , 7 lli g bl , 45

sto ne C u c 68 St. L eo na d S tatutes o f E t am 1 61 h r h , r , l h , A u u S t . 6 S t . o n C a e o f 0 ; st n e a nd his M ss o n 9 ; J h , h p l , 7 g i i i , 39

M e sto n C u c 2 Pad d es S t. G e o 0 r h r h , 7 ; l r g ry , 4 , 44 ’ Ma s S t s m w o t C u c St . C t as the 1 60 r h h r h , 73 ; ry ill hri , ,

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Contents

U n der W atc h an d W a rd . U n de L o c k an d K e r y . T he P a c t c e o f Pl ed i n r i g g. T h M ns in he den T m e e i trel t Ol i . us L a nd o d n us ms C uri o h l i g C to . C u os t es o f S aver in En an d ri i i l y gl . B u n an d S e n in the den T me yi g lli g Ol i . m C uri ous Fair Custo s . O l d P e ud c es a a nst oa r j i g i C l . - T he S e dan C h a ir .

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So m e o f the c a te s are e n te est n and a re m o st use u fo r t o se h p r v ry i r i g, f l h who d esire to k n o w the o rigi n an d histo ry o f so m e o f o ur d aily prac ti c es a nd ” Tbe Wor /d . amusem e n ts.

’ I n ec o mm en d n this bo ok to the en e a u c w e do so ee n c o n r i g g r l p bli , , f li g fid en t t at w t n i t a es t e w fi n d m uc t a t is w o t n o w n t at h i hi p g h y ill h h r h k i g, h ” w fi nd t e n te est fla n o r t e c u o s t un ra fi —H u l l t e ne e ti ed . h y ill v r h ir i r g, h ir ri i y g w s D a i ly Ne . A vo lum e whi c h m ay b e c o rdi ally rec o m men d ed to al l who lo ve to stray ” - S lz i el ds D a i l Ga ette. i n hi sto ric al byways. y z m ” d nst uc t e o u e . Tbe Gl ob A v ery re a dable an i r iv v l e. l o de c o us an t ua an o ss . I l/er c u r I t i s full f li i iq ri g ip y .

I t is m o ss e to ead t s o o w t o ut a ee n o f a t tud e t i p ibl r hi b k i h f li g gr i o M r .

A nd ew s fo r his a o u s. The su ec ts a e een so w e se ec ted an d a re r l b r bj h v b ll l , t eated in so at t ac t e a m anne t at the eade m a o en the o um e at a n r r iv r , h r r y p v l y n w w hi ten t o n page an d ﬁ nd so me thi g hic h illrivet s at i . A go o d i nd ex ” — d ed an d the o o is w e nted an d o t u . l ll a n r lz ester Ex a m i n r i s o e . pr vi , b k ll pri g p A delightful vo lum e fo r al l who lo ve to dive into the o rigin o f so c ial ” m n d to en et ate nto the w a s o f st — a ts an d c usto s a o . L i 7/er ool h bi , p r i by y hi ry p

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C O NTENTS .

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PR ES S O PI N IO NS .

R eada e as w e as n st u c t e an d i t ha s a n n te est fo r m a n m o e bl ll i r iv , i r y r ” a n E s — l e Gl obe. t h s ex peo ple .

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J ou r nal .

Thi s w o rk w ill b e w el c om ed by al l i n t e lligen t e xpl o re r s o f t h eir o w n c o u n t w ho c an n o t a t o e a d i t s a n c e n t m on um en t s a n d t o ry , f il r g r i his ri c ” o c a w d n u n i t es t en ew e t e est a te e s t . The Gen tl ewo l li i i h r i r f r p r i g ma n.

HULL : WILLIAM ANDREWS <9. THE HULL PRESS .

' London : Sim l un Marshall Hamil ton Kent p , , , , 0d , Ltd. nl 0 c o i es ri nted a nd eac h c o numbered O y 75 p p , py .

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Conten ts —H st o c La n c as e b E n est A o n —The R e o us L e of i ri hir , y r x ligi if n h m m n a —K sa La n c as e d u t e Co o w e t b W A S aw M . A . e hir ri g l h , y h , , r l M o o b Ja n et A m t a e—A La n c a st e W o t T o m a s Co e b r , y r y g r r hy ( h v ll ), y W a m Hew it son —Som e Ea Man c est e G amm a S c o o B o s b illi rly h r r r h l y , y n — h w n n f L - l H n E n est A o T e S o Me o Am o u n d er n e ss b eu t . Co . e x , y y r — r i r w c P . A . Lan c a s e S un d a s b a m A A o n s . S W E Fi h i k , hir i l , y illi x , —The P a ue i n L e oo b J Co o e M o e —The Ol d Dat ed B el l a t l g iv rp l , y p r rl y L n — n b . Th d n f Tim B o C au t o n b R o e t a t o n F R . H . s. e C e o l gh , y b r g , hil r bbi , y E n est A o n —The B ac A r t a t B o t on —A n n a n t P od i n 1679 r x l k l I f r igy , W n —W — u t by A rt h u r Cr o xt o— ife Desert io n i n the Old en Tim—es The Co lq i t Fa m ily o f Live rpo o l So m e Ol d Lan c a shire Pu n i sh m en t s B u ry Sim n els Ec c es W a es b H Cot t a m —Fu n ess A e —Co on e R o sw or m an d the l k , y r bb y l l — Lan a e f an s b G o Y a s E. . A Po m s f c s S e e o M c e t e e e C te S . e o i g h r , y rg , hir ’ P ac es b W am E A A o n — at e A o w sm t s Han d b l , y illi x , F h r rr i h , y m a — nd —I ustr a R ushw o rth A r y t ge I ex l l tecl .

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t . A w o rk of c on sid erable hi st o ric a l a n d a rc h aeo lo gi c al i n te res L i ver ool D a il Po t p y s . — The o o i s a n d som u M an c hester Gua r d i a n . b k h ely go t p . I n the c o e t o n o f a m n n te est n o um e ll c i p pe rs fo r i g t hi s highly i r i g v l , Co u n t m an y a n t iq ua rian an d hi st o ri c a l m at te r s c o n n ec t ed w it h the y Pa at n e a r e d ea t w t an d at east a d o en au t o s a e c on t u t ed l i l i h , l z h r h v rib essa s c i n c u u l l s ar e o o d a n d s o u d o s ac t s . A t he a t c e y ri h ri f r i l g , h l f t he Cou n t m ak e t hi s —v o l um e a fa vo u rit e am on g t he hi sto ri c al st ud en t s o y Pa at n e . L i ver ool M er c ur l i p y . — The oo i s e c e en t n d an d u n d L i br a r R evi ew . b k x ll ly pri te b o . y ’ B y gon e L an c a shire i s a w elc om e add it i on t o the li terat u re o f the Co u n t an d w e ec o the o e e essed b t he ed t o t a t i t s a ea an c e y , h h p xpr y i r h pp r m ay e n c o u rage t he lo c a l pa t ri ot ism w hi c h i s suc h a st riki n g c h a rac t e r ’ i f h L n w c i st c o t e a c a s e La d . I t m ay b e add ed t a t t he w o hir h rk , hi h c o n t a n s a few u st at on s i s w e o t u an d d o es c ed t t o t he i — ill r i , ll g p , r i u s e s . M a n c hester ur i er p bli h r Co . “ T s i s a n o t e o f t ose c ea - n t ed w e -c o e ed ead a e hi h r h l rly pri , ll v r , r bl , ac c u at e an d e n t e ta n n B on e o l um es t at c o me o t w t r , r i i g y g v h f r h i h ’ m i s ea sa n t e u en c o m t he A n d ew s ess Hu . The o u e pl fr q y fr r pr , ll v l ’ su re o f a ready sal e am o n g the m o re i nt elligen t o f the Lan c ashire Lad s. —A n ti ua r q y .

HULL : WILLIAM ANDREWS THE H LL PRE U SS.

London : Sim kin Mar hal l Hamil on Kent do L d p , s , t , , t . El e a n tl hou n d i n c l oth i l t (l m 7 e 8 m. r i c e 5 g y g , y p 7 .

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l ts Hi stor Fol k -Lor e n y , , a d Memor abl e Men and Women .

Edited b WILL/AM ANDREWS H. m . s y , ,

” “ Aut o o f O LD -TI M E PU N I SHM ENTS C U R I OS I T I ES o r T HE C HU RC H h r , , ”

O L D C HU RC H LO R E.

Contents —H st o c No t am t o n s e b T o m a s F ost—The E ean o i ri r h p hi—r , y h r l r v G o . T a c D . A . Fo t n a : Pa a n C osses b t he R e . e S e st d P esen t r , y y k , h ri gh y r , b Mr s D m s —The B at t e of Nase b Ed wa d Lam u —Th . e e o e y p y l by , y r pl gh Co t ta e Cou n t ess—The C a n e Hou se a t R o t w e b Ed w a d C am e g h r l h ll , y r h b r a n —The Gu n o wd e P ot b Jo n T Pa e—Ea s B a t on C u c b l i p r l , y h g rl r h r h , y T T n d a \Vil d r id e —Ol d Fa s b W am S a m an —W t c es a n d i ll g ir , y illi h r i h W t c c a t b Eu en e Teesd a e —The C t o f Pet e o o u b F ed e c i h r f , y g l i y rb r gh , y r ri k —The En s Fou n d e s of the Wa n n R s F H . . t Fam o o s . R . S s o f , gli h— r hi g ily A m e c a b T o m as F o st A n n B ad st eet the Ea est A m e c an ri , y h r r r , rli ri P t ss—L Cu st um a r um V il l as Nor t ham t o n i ae b o e e e C st o e A . ib r , p , y hri ph r —T m as B t t o n th M us c a Sm a - a Ma F . A . e Co Man am . s o b E E rkh , h ri , i l ll l , y Co en —Ol d Sc a e tt t he Pet e o o u Se t o n —A c c o u n t s o f To w c e st e h rl , rb r gh x r Co n st a es b J o n N c o son —M se e e S o em a e o f W e n o o u bl , y h i h l i r r h k r lli gb r gh , b T T n d a VVi l d r id e—S i r T om as T e s am a n d hi s B u d n s b Jo n y i ll g h r h il i g , y h - — T Pa e ﬂ No r tham t o n shi r e o Lo e b J o n N c o so n No t am t o n g p F lk r , y h i h l r h p — a b h R v s A h A n nt Ho s t t e e . W d P o s c e o ham s M . e e A . hir r v rb i pi l , y I , — u tr a ti ons A c a ref ully pr epa red I n d e x I l l s .

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Co ntents A n Ou t n e H sto o f Y o s e b T o m a s ost —The li i ry rk hir , y h Fr Co w -D e A Le en d o f C a e n b W am B oc e—The F st A n o vil g r v , y illi r ki ir gl n P n F - ll u a n u r h b o H L o t t R . H . T e B at t f B r n n b Sa o o et J e . S e o x , y h gg , l g , — l u m f n so n d R o ss F . Y b . H O d st o s o o b o e B e e e c R . s C Ge y Fr ri k , rk , y rg E a et a n G e an n s b A a o n W a t son —The F t fo r t he Ho n sea liz b h l i g , y r igh r F s e b T T n d a W d d e— o A ssem es b J o n N c o so n i h ry , y i ll il ri g F lk bli , y h i h l — ua n t G ea n n s om t he Pa s R e st e - C est o f K W a e Q i l i g fr ri h gi r h irkby h rf , b t h R v R c a d M A — h W a d M am e e W t on . . T e e e ste es b W y i h r il , k fi l y ri , y illi Hen Hud so n —A B o a c a R om a n c e b W a m A n d ew s — ry i gr phi l , y illi r , m c a n n F. . L . So e S s a d S e d s o f Y o s e Su e st t o s b W S d n e R . s r p hr rk hir p r i i , y y y , —Th a a o n f H d o — s t o n s H . Y e e S o e ess b F ed e c R s F. R . s. o lv i l r , y r ri k , rk hir Fa s an d Fest a s b T o m a s F o st—Ja m es Na e the M ad ua e ir iv l , y h r y l r , Q k r w ho a m h w —D u c ed t o b e t e M ess a b W am An d e s F. R . l I . S e l i i h , y illi r , k ’ R c a d s Do o m : A Le en d o f San d a Ca st e b Ed wa d Lam ou i h r g l l , y r pl gh O so et e n d u st es of t he East R d n b J o n N c o so n —B o t o n b l I ri i i g, y h i h l l A —T e : I t s H st o a n d Le en d s b A ed C am e a n D . A . O bb y i ry g , y lfr h b rl i , B o to n A b t h R v E G a sw o t e e e C e . l bb y , y h rl r h PRESS OP N ON I I . The w o rk c o n si st s of a se ri es o f a r t ic l es c on t rib ut ed by v a ri o u s a u t o r s a n d it t u s ha s t he m e t o f n n to et e m u c s ec a h , h ri bri gi g g h r h p i l n o w d e o m a n u m f u I t i s a n en t er t a i n i n k le g fr gr eat b e r o so r c es . o um e u o f n t e est fo r the en e a ea d e a s w e a s fo r the l ea r n eg v l , f ll i r g r l r r , ll ” — i s i a n u o u s. d c ri Sh el d D a ly Ga zette.

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PRESS O PINIO NS . The au t o o f a M o n t i n a Dan d ha s a a c e en a n d i s e d e n t h r h i f il p , vi ly H r o o d f m m a n e o n n t o the sam e a s hrew d o b se rve r . e b k if e rs fr o y b l gi g c ass b easo n o f i t s es n ess i t s s o n t an e t a n d i t s a u n d an c e o f l y r fr h , p i y , b b M h i n w a u o se . n te est n d e t a . o eo e t e oo s w t te t i r i g il r v r , b k ri i h p rp If y ’ p e r u si n g t h ese pa ges t he re ad e r o bt a i n s a c lea re r vi e w o f En glan d s ‘ a t t t ud e t o her ea t d e e n d en c hi s e ossess o n s a a n st a c i gr p y , if pr p i g i bl k ’ m e n a nd the o o ea t e n s o u d m e t a wa i n a n d e e e the p r h h h l l y y gr , if a ssu m pt io n th a t w h a t i s go o d for En gl a n d m ust n ec essa rily b e so fo r ’ To t ese n d a ec e es a s t s a e the w te w ee ewa d ed . I i r iv ligh h k , ri r ill f l r r h c o n c l usi on s o n e i s a lm o st c e r ta i n t o c o m e w h e n t he e xpe ri en c es o f Miss ’ ‘ ’ n n T e w o u d b e n o e n d t o B rem e r s Mo t h i n a Da n d i a r e r ec a lled . h e r l o ur q uot a t i on s w e re w e t o r e pro d uc e al l the passages w e h a ve m a rk ed a s M B m n i w n a n d w tes e n n t e est n . ss e e s a a s i o o d s ts b i g i r i g i r r —l y g piri , ri w t ea s a n d d en t c on a mo r e B ir mi n ha m D a i l a ette. e e . G i h , vi ly g y z ’ ’ Mi ss B r em n e r s b o o k d esc ribes a w o m an s w a n d e ri n gs i n No r t he r n n d a a n d i t i s w tten om a d e u a t e n o w ed e w t s ew d d sc e n I i , ri fr q k l g , i h hr i r ” d m u — n n lc r . m e t a a eas n a o n t o f ac t . S ea e , pl i g viv i y p A M o n t i n a D n i f n I t o w a at d e a o f h a d i s f ull o i st r uc t io n . sh s gr e l

a t a n d d et e m n a t o n t o e ess t u t s e ve n t e be u n al a ta e . bili y r i i xpr r h , if h y p bl The c h a pt ers o n t he v e xed q u est io n s of B a b o o c u lt u re a n d I n d ian ” Co n es a r e w d n — r s w a . n t gr ell o r th re i g M a c hes e G ua r d i a n . ’ M ss B em n e r s st e i s c a st e n ed fo r the m ost a t u mo o us a t u i r y l h , p r h r , f i hf l t o d e ta a n d t n t m d o a n c Th a e o e es o s e t te e c e e e . e e il , f i p li h li r ry x ll rli r a t e s a r u f a n s a n d — i l M a il c a H al D a . h p r e f ll o r c i e s greeabl e perso nality . l y ’ A M o n t h i n a Dan d i d esc ribes the w ri t er s w an d e ri n gs i n No r th e rn n d a o o w n u o n a s e wd o bse a n t a c c o u n t o f t he seam s d e o f I i , f ll i g p hr ly rv y i A n o - n d a Th u m a gl I i n So c ie ty . e s bj ec t t hro ugh o u t i s a pproac h ed fro ’ o t c a ec o n o m st s o n t o f V w The c a t r n t o w n o e t p li i l i p i i e . h p e o he gr i g p v r y ” o f n d a so un d s a a n n n —Gentl ewom a n w o te . I i r i g . The a u t h o r o f a M o n t h i n a Da n d i i s e vid en t ly a k een o b se rv e r of m en a n d t n s a n d w e n o w t a t her O n o n i s s a ed b m a n of o u r hi g , k h pi i h r y y c o u n t ry m e n who h a ve ha d a m uc h la rge r e xperie n c e o f I n d ia a n d I nd i a n fa a s t a n e se . The o o i s u o f the m o st e u s t e w o d c t u es f ir h h r lf b k f ll xq i i r pi r , c t u re s t a t a r e u o f t ea u t a n d ac e b u t u n o t u n a t e so m e pi h f ll ligh , b y , gr , , f r ly , o f t e m a e m o e s ade t a n w e c a e t o se e b u t d o u t ess M ss h h v r h h r ; , b l , i ’ ” B m n t a tm n i s - —~ w e e s e e t c o ec t a n d 1i k . H u a i e s r r r rr life e l l D l y N .

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