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Pepperhill to Cobham A Road Through the Past Archaeological Discoveries on the Pepperhill to Cobham A2 rchaeological excavations Background to along the route of the A2 APepperhill to Cobham Widening the discoveries Scheme, near Gravesend in Kent, have uncovered a rich archaeological landscape reaching back 10,000 years. The discoveries include a sensational series of rich burials dating to around the time of the Roman conquest, which are amongst the finest ever found in Britain. Important evidence for prehistoric and medieval settlement was also found. The excavations were carried out by Oxford Archaeology, working for Skanska on the £122 million Highways Agency scheme. Archaeological fieldwork was carried out over eleven months from September 2006. Analysis of the findings is being carried out and a detailed report will be published in early 2010. This booklet presents highlights of the findings to date. The main area of archaeological investigation runs for nearly 3 km between Pepperhill Junction and Marling Cross Junction. It traverses two raised plateaux divided by a dry valley at Tollgate Junction (A227 Wrotham Road). Smaller-scale excavations were Photograph taken in 1922 during construction of an earlier version of the A2 showing the surface also carried out prior to the construction of Roman Watling Street (courtesy of Kent of two new drainage ponds adjacent to Archive Service, Centre for Kentish Studies) Cobham Services. Essex Greater Ebbsfleet London Station River Thames GRAVESEND SWANSCOMBE NORTHFLEET Surrey Kent GRAVESEND Finshed course of West Sussex East Sussex Channel Tunnel Rail Link Area shown on timeline below New A2 B262 HIGHAM Old A2 Tollgate Junction Marling Cross d Settlement at a o R Cobham services n ISTEAD RISE r a B w e N A227Wrotham Road Late Iron Age boundary New Downs Road Pepperhill Junction Line of new A2 Saxon building Channel Tunnel Rail Link TIMELINE Stonehenge End of last Introduction of ‘Beaker’ people - First Ice Age farming and pottery first metal users farmsteads MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EARLY BRONZE AGE LATER BRONZE AGE 10,000-4000 BC 4000-2400 BC 2400-1500 BC 1500-800 BC Coldharbour Lane Iron Age Roman enclosure village Cobbled (west) Early Iron road Iron Age village Later Bronze Age settlement Late Iron (east) Age settlement Age burials High status Beaker pit Medieval village burials Introduction Introduction Wheel-made Roman of iron to of coinage pottery conquest Britain to Britain of Britain LATER BRONZE AGE EARLY IRON AGE MIDDLE IRON AGE LATE IRON AGE ROMANO-BRITISH 1500-800 BC 800-400 BC 400-100 BC 100 BC-AD 43 AD 43-410 Mid Kent Golf Course This booklet describes the discoveries from the earliest to latest in time, and the timeline gives a different colour to each time period. The edges of the pages of the book are coloured to show where to find details of the discoveries of each period. Archaeological features are shown coloured according to their age on the foldout plan. More detailed plans are included in each section. The areas investigated are shown as a grey tone, and areas investigated during the construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link alongside in light brown. All the objects in the booklet were found during the excavations, unless stated otherwise. Singlewell Old A2 Tollgate Junction Later Bronze Age Early Iron Age enclosure settlement Neolithic mortuary enclosure Roman Angles and Saxons Battle of Tudors World War II conquest settle in Britain Hastings 1939-45 of Britain ROMANO-BRITISH SAXON MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL AD 43-410 AD 410-1066 AD 1066-1485 AD 1485-2000 A metal detector survey was also Archaeological carried out, and produced a few Roman fieldwork: coins and a medieval silver penny. These surveys confirmed that there discovering the past had been ancient settlement along the road corridor, though they gave no indication that dense archaeology would be found. The A2 excavation began by removing the topsoil along the entire route. This revealed archaeological features such as ancient pits and ditches cut into the natural geology, which were then carefully excavated by hand. Stripping the whole route showed that the extent and importance of the archaeology along the route was much greater than had been expected, and provided a unique opportunity to see how the history Iron Age curving arlier excavations for the of the area had evolved over time. enclosure ditches Channel Tunnel Rail Link and pits revealed E(CTRL), which runs just to the by topsoil stripping, south of the A2, uncovered a series showing the darker and of ancient settlements, some of deeper feature fills which continued north of the railway. This suggested that archaeology would also be found within the new road corridor. Before excavation began, surveys were carried out to help determine what we might expect. This included examination of cropmarks , a geophysical survey , and a field walking survey . Cropmarks Cropmarks appear when the crops New Downs Road are ripening. Crops grow taller, and ripen more slowly, over ancient filled-in ditches and pits where the soil is deeper, appearing as darker Line of new road lines or areas in the yellowing crop from the air. Aerial photographs covering the new road route revealed a variety of archaeological features, including a very large Channel Tunnel Rail Link ditch at the west end of the route. Geophysical anomalies Geophysical survey was carried out using a magnetometer, which measures magnetic variations in the ground. The soils filling buried pits and ditches often include charcoal, fired clay and topsoil, and so give a different magnetic signal, like the ditch continuing south-east on the line of the large ditch seen as a cropmark. On this site cropmarks and geophysical survey complemented one another, but neither gave the full picture of the archaeological features revealed during Archaeological features excavation (see plan to the right). Major boundary ditches The field walking survey involved teams of archaeologists systematically walking across ploughed fields, collecting ancient objects brought to the surface by the plough. Finds included prehistoric flint tools and Field boundaries pieces of Roman and medieval pottery. Curving enclosure ditches including bones, wood or charcoal, Dating plant matter, leather, textiles, and even Mesolithic charred food from cooking pots. All (8000- methods living things contain carbon, which 4000BC) comes in different forms, or isotopes. he shape, decoration and After the death of the animal or plant, method of manufacture one isotope changes into another at a of many objects such as known rate, so by measuring the ratio Early Neolithic T flint arrowheads and pottery the time since death can be obtained. (4000- changed over Cremations west of 3300BC) time, so they Tollgate Junction were can be dated. dated to the Bronze Age Changes may using this method. have been prompted by Optically Stimulated different prey, Luminescence (OSL) by new foods or works when fine silts that drinks, or the way contain sand grains form they were in ditches and are buried prepared by later fills. The sand and eaten. grains are exposed to a Coins are laser beam, producing particularly a ‘luminescence’ signal. Sampling soil for OSL dating Later useful as they The strength of this Neolithic generally carry an image of the signal can be used to estimate when (3300-2400BC) ruler and can therefore be tied the sediment was last exposed to down to a fairly short period. sunlight or in other words, the date when it was buried. This method proved Early Bronze Scientific dating methods are that the enclosure east of Tollgate Age (2400- also used. Radiocarbon dating Junction dates to the 1500BC) is the best known and can be Bronze Age (1700 used on any organic material, - 1300 BC). Arrowheads through time (those Coin of Commodus on the right are not from the A2) (AD 180-192) and using whatever other resources Hunter- nature offered: fish, berries, nuts and roots. Their belongings were few and gatherers portable, and almost all were made of organic materials like wood, leather 10,000–4000 BC and plants. These only occasionally survive in wet, waterlogged conditions, uring the last Ice Age it was too but on dry land they are unlikely to cold for people to live in Britain. be preserved and only their flint tools DOnce the climate warmed survive. They made arrows, spears and plants, animals and people began to harpoons of wood with multiple small return. The environment changed from flint barbs glued in, and it is these barbs tundra to coniferous forest and then to a that survive, along with straight-bladed mixed deciduous woodland (oak, hazel, cutting edges for butchery and axes elm, ash and lime). The people were for cutting wood for shelters and tools. hunter-gatherers, who did not cultivate crops or keep animals. The country was Large numbers of flints accumulate almost all woodland, except for small where a group lived for a season. settlement clearings. These people did On the A2 we only found a few flints, not build permanent homes but moved suggesting these were left by hunting around a large territory following game or foraging parties passing through. Mesolithic core, blades and microliths The first monuments were built during this period, such as communal tombs The first like Little Kits Coty near Maidstone. The new route of the A2 was designed to farmers: Neolithic avoid a rectangular Neolithic enclosure which had been discovered during and Early Bronze Age CTRL investigations. Other enclosures like this contained burials covered 4000–1500 BC by a mound. Groups of postholes found close by may have been used rom around 4000 BC, people to support platforms on which to began to grow cereals and herd expose the dead before burial. Flivestock to supplement hunting and gathering, but still followed a semi- Burial monuments became focal points mobile way of life as the seasonseasonsons for the scatteredsc at Neolithic changed.
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