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Seasonal Abundance, Size, and Host Selection of Western River (Lampetra Ayresii) and Pacific (Entosphenus Tridentatus) Lampreys

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Seasonal Abundance, Size, and Host Selection of Western River (Lampetra Ayresii) and Pacific (Entosphenus Tridentatus) Lampreys 213 Abstract—Little is known about the Seasonal abundance, size, and host selection basic biology and ecology of most na- tive lampreys, including the use of of western river (Lampetra ayresii) and estuaries by anadromous lampreys. To address this deficiency, we pro- Pacific (Entosphenus tridentatus) lampreys vide the first analysis of anadromous in the Columbia River estuary western river (Lampetra ayresii) and Pacific (Entosphenus tridentatus) lampreys in the Columbia River es- Laurie A. Weitkamp (contact author)1 tuary, using data from 2 fish assem- Susan A. Hinton2 blage studies that span 3 decades Paul J. Bentley2 (1980–1981 and 2001–2012). Pacific lamprey juveniles and adults in the estuary clearly were separated by Email address for contact author: [email protected] size, whereas western river lamprey formed one continuous size distribu- 1 Conservation Biology Division tion. Pacific lamprey juveniles and Northwest Fisheries Science Center adults were present in the estuary National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA in winter and spring, and western 2032 Marine Science Drive river lamprey were present from Newport, Oregon 97365 spring through early fall. Depth 2 Fish Ecology Division in the water column also differed Northwest Fisheries Science Center by lamprey species and age class. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA During 2008–2012, we documented 520 Heceta Place wounds from lampreys on 8 fish spe- Hammond, Oregon 97121 cies caught in the estuary. The most frequently wounded fishes were non-native American shad (Alosa sapidissima), subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggre- gata), and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii). This basic information on Two native lamprey species are wide- years in marine waters, and spawn western river and Pacific lampreys ly distributed along the west coast of 1 year after re-entering freshwater in the Columbia River estuary adds North America: western river lam- (Beamish, 1980; Beamish and Lev- to the growing body of regional re- prey (Lampetra ayresii; formerly ings, 1991). Compared with Pacific search that should aid conservation river lamprey) and Pacific lamprey lamprey, western river lamprey have efforts for these ancient species. (Entosphenus tridentatus) (Wydowski a much shorter ocean residence (3–4 and Whitney, 2003). Like most lam- months), adults are much smaller, preys (family Petromyzontidae), both and timing of transitions between of these species have complex life life stages differs (Beamish, 1980; cycles that include an extended lar- Hayes et al., 2013). During the para- val stage (the ammocoete stage) and sitic phase, the mode of feeding also a relatively brief adult stage (Hard- differs between the 2 species: Pa- isty, 2006). Both western river and cific lamprey consume their host’s Pacific lampreys are anadromous and blood, but western river lamprey bite parasitic as adults (Beamish, 1980; off pieces of flesh (Cochran, 1986; Wydowski and Whitney, 2003); how- Beamish and Neville, 1995). ever, many details concerning their Concerns about declining native Manuscript submitted 9 January 2014. life cycle and ecology are poorly un- lamprey populations across North Manuscript accepted 27 February 2015. derstood, and most available infor- America in general (Renaud, 1997), Fish. Bull. 113:213–226 (2015). mation comes from a few geographic and in the Columbia River in par- doi: 10.7755/FB.113.2.9 areas (Beamish, 1980; Hayes et al., ticular (Close et al., 2002; Moser and 2013). Close, 2003), have led to recent ef- The views and opinions expressed or implied in this article are those of the Pacific lamprey ammocoetes spend forts to restore and conserve native author (or authors) and do not necessarily 3–7 years in riverine sediments be- lamprey populations and identify reflect the position of the National fore metamorphizing into juveniles, specific information needed to ensure Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. migrate downstream to spend 3–4 their continued existence (Close et 214 Fishery Bulletin 113(2) al., 2002; Kostow1; Mesa and Copeland, 2009). Pacific data collected by the NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fish- lamprey in the Columbia River have been the focus of eries Science Center during this study. much of this work because of the cultural importance The primary fish project of CREDDP was an of this species for Native American tribes in the basin 18-month-long effort devoted to better defining pelagic and the documented decline in adults counted crossing and demersal components of the estuarine assemblage Columbia River dams (Close et al., 2002; Moser and (Bottom et al.2). Fishes were collected monthly from Close, 2003). In contrast, very little is known about the February 1980 through July 1981 at 22 bottom trawl biology or status of the western river lamprey, to the and 16 purse seine sites. One haul or set was conduct- extent that its continued existence in Oregon has been ed at each site each month; therefore, the months of questioned (Kostow1). February–July were each sampled twice (once in 1980, Although there is considerable effort underway to once in 1981) and the months of August–January were understand the habitat requirements of lampreys in sampled only once. The CREDDP included beach seine freshwater (e.g., Streif, 2009; Jackson and Moser, 2012), and fyke net sampling, but catches of lampreys in both very little is known about estuarine and marine ecol- gears were low (n=4) and were not included in our ogy for most lamprey populations (Mesa and Copeland, analysis. Sampling sites in the Columbia River were lo- 2009; Murauskas et al., 2013; Siwicke, 2014), including cated from river km (rkm) 3.8 through rkm 58.2 (rkm 0 those in the Columbia River. Information on estuarine is the west end of the jetties) (Fig. 1) and were chosen ecology is necessary to understand this fundamental to represent a diversity of habitats within the estuary. stage of the life cycle and is essential to document the A semiballoon shrimp trawl (38.1-mm stretched timing of transitions between freshwater and marine mesh, knotless 12.7-mm liner) with an 8-m head rope habitats. Lampreys can also be parasitic in estuaries, was towed upstream during flood tide for 5 min dur- yet very little is known about these parasite–host rela- ing CREDDP sampling. A purse seine (200×9.8 m) with tionships outside of the Fraser River (Beamish, 1980; variable knotless mesh (19.0 and 12.7 mm) was towed Beamish and Neville, 1995). upstream for 5 min before the net was pursed (Bottom To address the paucity of basic information on lam- et al.2). All collected fish were identified to species ac- preys in the Columbia River estuary, we used 2 data cording to standard fish identification references (e.g., sets from the systematic sampling of the estuarine Hart, 1973; Scott and Crossman, 1973), enumerated, fish assemblage to document use of the estuary by and released. Up to 50 individuals of each species were western river and Pacific lampreys. We also describe restrained or anaesthetized (juvenile salmon only), fishes with lamprey wounds observed over a 5-year measured, (fork length [FL] or total length [TL] in period. Although far from comprehensive, this work millimeters, weighed (weight in grams), and released. begins to fill a critical information gap about lam- Eyed lampreys were identified to species by dentition; preys in the Columbia River estuary and provides an ammocoetes, in which developing eyes are covered with important contribution to knowledge of the life his- skin, were grouped into a single category. tory of these ancient—and culturally and ecologically The EPS study in the lower Columbia River estu- important—species. ary was conducted during 2001–2012, although no sampling occurred in 2004 and 2005. The study objec- tives during 2001–2003 were to document presence Materials and methods and abundance of forage fishes in the lower estuary (S. Hinton, unpubl. data), but objectives changed in Fish collections 2007 to assess presence and abundance of juvenile salmon, with particular emphasis on the spring outmi- Juvenile and adult lamprey data used in our analy- gration (Weitkamp et al., 2012). Accordingly, sampling sis came from 2 studies: the Columbia River Estuary during 2001–2003 occurred twice monthly from mid- Data Development Program (CREDDP) in 1980–1981 April through September. The sampling interval dur- and the Estuary Purse Seine (EPS) study during 2001– ing 2007–2012 was highest during the spring (every 2012. The CREDDP was a large, multifaceted research 2 weeks from mid-April through late June), with an effort designed to increase understanding of the ecol- additional sampling cruise in September during 2007– ogy of the Columbia River estuary. It consisted of 13 2008 and approximately monthly sampling from July integrated projects, ranging from quantifying benthic through October during 2009–2012. The sampling dur- primary production to modeling circulation (Bottom et ing 2001–2003 was conducted at 4 sampling stations 2 al. ). We were able to access archived raw biological in the lower estuary (Sand Island [rkm 7], Desdemona Sands [rkm 16], North Channel [rkm 17], and Trestle 1 Kostow, K. 2002. Oregon lampreys: natural history, sta- Bay [rkm 13]), and the sampling during 2007–2012 was tus, and analysis of management issues, 80 p. Oregon Dep. conducted at only 2 sampling stations (Trestle Bay and Fish Wildl. Inf. Rep. 2002-01. [Available from http://www. North Channel) (Fig. 1). Sampling depths also changed dfw.state.or.us/fish/species/docs/lampreys2.pdf.] over the course of this study, with fish sampled in 2 Bottom, D. L., K. K. Jones, and M. J. Herring. 1984. Fishes of the Columbia River estuary: final report on the Fish Work Unit of the Columbia River Estuary Data Development Pro- Program. [Available from Columbia River Estuary Study gram, 113 p. Columbia River Estuary Data Development Taskforce, P.O.
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