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Distribution, Morphology and Life History of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra Aepyptera (Pisces: Petromyzontidae), in Kentucky

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Distribution, Morphology and Life History of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra Aepyptera (Pisces: Petromyzontidae), in Kentucky Distribution, Morphology and Life History of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Pisces: Petromyzontidae), in Kentucky STEPHEN J. WALSH AND BROOKS M. BURR Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 ABSTRACT.— Kentucky distribution records for the least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott), show that it is the most abundant and widespread lamprey in the state, inhabiting most major drainages where suitable habitat is available. Morphological and denti- tion data from over 220 specimens reveal that the recently described Lethenteron meridionale, from Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, is a synonym of L. aepyptera. Interdrainage variation in meristic and mor- phometric characters of L. aepyptera falls within the normal range of variability for the species in the Ohio Valley. INTRODUCTION Although a considerable distributional and ecological literature exists for the least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott), little information has been published on its occurrence and life history in Kentucky. A few distributional records for the species in Kentucky were reported by Branson (1970), Burr and Mayden (1979), Burr (1980), and Clay (1975). The only information on its natural history in the state was summarized by Clay (1975), who included original observations on the demise of a population in Knob Creek, southwest of Louisville. The most complete studies on the life history of L. aepyptera were done in Maryland (Seversmith 1953) and Delaware (Rohde et al. 1976). Branson (1970), Clay (1975), and Clay and Carter (1957) briefly described its morphological characteristics in Kentucky. In their description of Lethenteron meridionale, Vladykov et al. (1975) gave the most complete morphological description of L. aepyptera to date. Rohde et al. (1976) summarized meristic and morphometric characteristics of the species in Delaware and the literature prior to their study. The purposes of this paper are to (1) map and describe the Ken- tucky distribution of L. aepyptera, (2) analyze its morphological charac- teristics in the state, and (3) supplement published ecological informa- tion with our observations of what appears to be a neotenic population in western Kentucky, a heretofore unreported phenomenon in this spe- cies. The discovery of posterior circumoral teeth in a number of Ken- tucky L. aepyptera, and the variability of their presence, leaves little doubt that Lethenteron meridionale is a synonym of Lampetra aepyptera. Brimleyana No. 6: 83-100. December 1981. 83 84 Stephen J. Walsh and Brooks M. Burr METHODS AND MATERIALS Over 220 adults, from the institutions listed in Acknowledgments, were used for morphological comparisons between major drainages or ichthyofaunal blocks as designated by Burr (1980). All measurements were made to the nearest 0.01 mm with dial calipers. Terminology of dentition follows Hubbs and Potter (1971) and Potter (1980). The oral discs of some specimens were lightly stained with alizarin red S to facili- tate tooth counts. Methods of counting and measuring were those of Vladykov and Follett (1958, 1965). The life history of L. aepyptera was studied at Terrapin Creek, Graves County, Kentucky, near the Tennessee border. Collections were made from the state line north to 0.8 km south of Bell City, Kentucky. Intermittent sampling from 23 March 1978 to 4 June 1980 resulted in 138 specimens, which were fixed in 10% formalin and later transferred to 70% ethanol. Frequency.of occurrence versus lengths of ammocoetes taken at Terrapin Creek on 4 June 1980 were plotted and the curve smoothed using 7 mm sliding averages (Hardisty 1961; Hardisty and Potter 1971; Rohde et al. 1976; Taylor 1965). Lampreys were blotted dry and weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg on a Sartorius analytical bal- ance. Egg diameters were measured with an ocular micrometer at a magnification of 25-50X; no correction was made for shrinkage. Collections of L. aepyptera examined, all from Kentucky, are listed below by major drainage, county, catalog number, locality, and date. The number of specimens is shown in parentheses. Big Sandy River Drainage.— Martin Co.: UL 7945 (1) Rockhouse Fork of Rockcastle Cr. at Stidham, 27 March 1956. Floyd Co.: UL 5946 (3) John's Cr. below Dewey Dam, 27 March 1956. Morgan Co.: SIUC uncat. (4) Open Fork of Paint Cr. at ford, 24 March 1973. Licking River Drainage.— Montgomery Co.: INHS 78829 (2) creek, 1.6 km W Means, 12 April 1968. Rowan Co.: UL 5228 (16) Licking R. at Cranston, 12 April 1941. Menifee Co.: UL 4983 (1) Beaver Cr., 8 April 1954. Kentucky River Drainage.— Wolfe Co.: KNPC uncat. (2) Swift Camp Cr. just upstream from confluence Red R., 3 May 1980; UL 1014 (1) Red R. near Hazel Green, 24 November 1960. Upper Cumberland River Drainage.— McCreary Co.: WCS 720-01 (9) Taylor Branch, 8.8 km E Whitley City, 16 April 1977. Whitley Co.: INHS 79259 (1) Youngs Cr., 1.6 km W Clio, 19 March 1978. Rockcastle Co.: UL 2015 (1) Clear Cr., 3.2 km S Disputanta, 3 April 1980; EKU 168 (1) Clear Cr., 3.2 km SE Disputanta, 20 March 1966. Salt River Drainage.— Hardin Co.: KNPC uncat. (3) Clear Cr. downstream from overpass E Colesburg, 24 March 1978. Bullitt Co.: USNM 164102 (15) Knob Cr., 28 March 1950; UL 4791 (20) Knob Cr. near Mitchell Hill Road, 25 March 1950; UL 4794 (73) Knob Cr. 9.6 km NW Shepherdsville, 25 March 1950; INHS 78228 (I) creek, 9.6 km S Fairdale, 7 April 1968. Least Brook Lamprey in Kentucky 85 Ohio River Drainage.- Hardin Co.: UL 5949 (1) trib. Otter Cr. near Vine Grove, 11 March 1956; UL 4810 (6) Otter Cr., 3.2 km W Vine Grove, 13 March 1954; UL 11886 (3) Otter Cr., S Vine Grove, 6 May 1959. Green-Barren River Drainage.- Allen Co.: SIUC uncat. (4) Long Hungry Cr., 1.6 km SE Mt. Zion, 18 March 1980. Barren Co.: SIUC uncat. (4) Peter Cr., 1.6 km SE Dry Fork, 18 March 1980. Edmonson Co.: UL 5229 (5) trib. Beaverdam Cr. near Brownsville, 31 March 1955. Green Co.: UL 11001(1) Caney Fork at Hwy. 61, 8 April 1978. Larue Co.: INHS 78477 (1) Walters Cr., 6.4 km N Magnolia, 28 March 1964. Russell Co.: IN HS 79126 (I) trib. Goose Cr., 6.4 km NE Russell Spring, 18 March 1978. Simpson Co.: UL 12835 (1) West Fork Drakes Cr., 1.6 km above confluence Lick Fork, 8 November 1964. Taylor Co.: KU 11612(6) Big Pitman Cr., 11.8 km NW Campbellsville, 2 April 1966. Rough River Drainage.- Hardin Co.: UL 11893 (19) Rough R., 25 April 1959; UL 12905 (1) trib. Rough Cr., 0.8 km S Four Corners, 22 March 1959. Grayson Co.: SIUC uncat. (1) Spring Fork, 1.6 km NW Tousey, 12 March 1979. Ohio Co.: SIUC uncat. (2) West Fork, 0.8 km N Fordsville, 11 March 1979; SIUC uncat. (2) Rocky Fork, 2.4 km SW Shreve, 12 March 1979; SIUC uncat. (1) Halls Cr., 13.3 km NE Hartford, 11 March 1979; SIUC uncat. (1) Sixes Cr., 3.2 km S Renfrow, 12 March 1979. Lower Cumberland River Drainage.- Trigg Co.: SIUC uncat. (1) Donaldson Cr., 9.6 km SE Canton, 10 March 1979. Tennessee River Drainage.- Calloway Co.: SIUC uncat. (1) West Fork Clarks R. at Backusburg, 27 April 1969; SIUC uncat. (4) Beechy Cr., 1.6 km SE New Concord, 23 March 1978. Obion River Drainage.- Graves Co.: SIUC uncat. (138) Terrapin Cr., from Tennessee state line to 0.8 km S Bell City, 23 March 1978 - 4 June 1980. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Lampetra aepyptera is the most common lamprey in Kentucky, occurring in all major drainages of the state except the Tradewater River and lower Ohio and Mississippi River tributaries in the extreme west (Burr 1980). The species is collected less frequently in the Kentucky River system than in other major eastern Kentucky drainages (Fig. 1). Its occurrence in direct, sandy tributaries of the Mississippi River (e.g., Obion River) in western Kentucky and Tennessee is somewhat unusual, because this area is generally inhabited by fishes characteristic of the Coastal Plain and lowlands. Collections made in riffles and raceways of small to medium-size, sand-gravel bottom creeks during March and April often yielded adults of L. aepyptera. The lack of more records of this species for Kentucky is almost surely the result of few collections being made in small streams during early spring. V .r e ° sr er - 30 ast brook lamprey • 'k _ -t: '- ,',--; Lampetra aepyptera -..- • ■ CD , ,. , T • . --- - _ ' • it O' 68, -;.--,_--_,44,-. a --‘ -- •• - LISIVM • .,- -,-- I fit- ----- it ..-. ''' - ''7- ‘ ' -.•„. - - _ --‘1'.- -^" `'-' ' plle ' . - . ae -_,-,---- ."-- ..z ''1 - . _. 4 ------_. ,,'-',. '-`2,, -' _ --',': -.?:'' ----"„ • - , ,___.,‘-,-- -/• ' ..--„...<' . ,_ - 410 „. - , ,.- •- - • jE _,-.--- z /-- -. • • "' _ • , ' _._ -,1 _;---,'"---. / • ,, ) "--. .., • - -1" , , _ . ..., - S100.113 ',"-., — ' .1.- A\ — 4 .__ —; • % 4- ' - • • , - .., , . 'IN -3e se- 41_1111ktf, . ,---- . _- ,/`-' ' . -, --, '',-..,_-;---'- - r! ( „ ' 103i-- -r,--,-; „G"----' ''''''----:-, '-' ' , , ., III - l L , -,,, - • • - : Ilrig ( J -- -- ,, 0 J/ • : .......1.-" 0 20 40 60 , r - , , sm===1 • _ Kilometers ___ .1Lt_ . str si• si- t4' st$' i4 II. • SI Fig. I. Distribution of Lampetra aepyptera in Kentucky. Inset map represents total range of species. Least Brook Lamprey in Kentucky 87 TAXONOMIC STATUS OF LETHENTERON MERIDIONALE Vladykov et al. (1975) described Lethenteron meridionale as a new nonparasitic lamprey from Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. In all characters except dentition it is inseparable from L. aepyptera, despite the fact that the authors concluded that it was a close relative of Lethen- teron lamottenii (now Lampetra appendix; fide Bailey and Rohde in Robins et al. 1980). As defined by Valdykov and his associates, mem- bers of the genus Lethenteron always possess posterior circumoral teeth and, partly because L. meridionale has posterior circumoral teeth, it was accordingly assigned to the genus.
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