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Assessment of Production and Marketing Systems, And ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEMS, AND ON-FARM EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING THE LEAVES OF Balanites aegyptiaca AND MAIZE GRAIN ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC RETURN OF INDIGENOUS GOATS IN GAMOGOFA ZONE MSc THESIS NIGATU DEJENE DENEKE HAWASSA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA MARCH, 2017 i ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEMS, AND ON-FARM EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING THE LEAVES OF Balanites aegyptiaca AND MAIZE GRAIN ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC RETURN OF INDIGENOUS GOATS IN GAMOGOFA ZONE NIGATU DEJENE DENEKE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ANIMAL AND RANGE SCIENCES, HAWASSA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HAWASSA UNIVERSITY HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ANIMAL AND RANGE SCIENCES (SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL PRODUCTION) MARCH, 2017 ii iii iv DEDICATION I dedicate this Thesis manuscript to my lovely mother W/ro Tsamate G/wold, whom I lost after I completed first semester class of this study. May God rest her soul in the heaven. v DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and that all sources of material that are used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MSc degree at Hawassa University and is deposited at the university library to be made available for users under the rules of the library. I solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the awards of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Request for this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the Author. Name: Nigatu Dejene Deneke Signature:_______________ Place: Hawassa University, College of Agriculture, Hawassa Date of submission: ____________________ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Dr. Mohammed Beyan and Dr. Yoseph Mekasha for their invaluable assistance, professional guidance and comments from the commencement of the thesis proposal preparation up to the end of the study. Their friendship approach, transparent communication, advice and support given me strength and courage to finalize the study at appropriate time. My heartfelt thanks goes to the Livestock and Irrigation Value chain for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project of International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) for financial support of this work. I am grateful to Mirab Abaya District Livestock and Fish Resource Development Office for granting study leave and my salary during the study time. The corresponding offices of Gamogofa Zone and Arbaminch Zuria district were also greatly acknowledged for their immense contribution in survey data collection. My special gratitude goes to goat producers at Fetele Doronje PA, Mirab Abaya district of Gamogofa zone, who voluntarily allowed their bucks and participated in the action research. Animal health technician and human health extension workers in the PA, who supported me by vaccinating the trial bucks and providing weighing scale respectively, were greatly acknowledged. Development Agents’ in the representative PAs for the study who assisted me in the survey data collection are acknowledged. I would like to extend my gratitude to all my colleagues and friends for their support through covering the work gap created due to my absence in the office and providing valuable information during the study. Finally, I am very grateful to my beloved family for their encouragement, material support and prayers throughout the study period. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page DEDICATION ................................................................................................. V DECLARATION ........................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ VIII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................... XIII LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................... XIV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... XVI LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................ XVII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................. XVIII 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................ 4 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................................... 5 2.1. Goat Production Systems in Ethiopia ........................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Pastoral and agro-pastoral system .......................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Mixed crop and livestock system ........................................................................... 6 2.1.3. Urban and peri-urban (landless) system ................................................................. 6 2.2. Feed Resources and Feeding System of Goats .............................................................. 6 2.2.1. Natural pasture ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Crop residues......................................................................................................... 7 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Content Page 2.2.3. Browse .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3.1. Desert date (Balanites aegytiaca)........................................................................ 9 2.3. Reproductive Performances of Goats ......................................................................... 10 2.3.1. Age at first service (AFS) .................................................................................... 10 2.3.2. Age at first kidding (AFK)................................................................................... 11 2.3.3. Kidding interval (KI) ........................................................................................... 11 2.3.4. Average litter size (LS)........................................................................................ 12 2.4. Major Constraints of Goat Production in Ethiopia ...................................................... 13 2.4.1. Feed shortage and quality .................................................................................... 13 2.4.2. Diseases and parasites ......................................................................................... 13 2.4.2.1. Mortality of goats ............................................................................................. 14 2.4.3. Lack of infrastructure, improved technologies and inputs .................................... 15 2.5. Goat Marketing Channel and its Constraints............................................................... 16 2.5.1. Goat marketing channel ....................................................................................... 16 2.5.2. Goat marketing constraints .................................................................................. 17 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................18 3.1. Description of the Study Area .................................................................................... 18 3.2. Part I: Assessment of Goat Production and Marketing System, and Constraints along the Value Chain .................................................................................................. 20 3.2.1. Sampling techniques ............................................................................................ 20 3.2.2. Focus group discussion (FGD) ............................................................................ 20 3.2.4. Questionnaire survey ........................................................................................... 21 3.3. Part II: On-farm Evaluation of the Effect of Supplementing with desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) and Maize Grain on Growth Performance and Economic Return of Indigenous Goats ................................................................................................ 23 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Content Page 3.3.1. Study site and household selection ....................................................................... 23 3.3.2. Experimental feed preparation ............................................................................. 23 3.3.3. Experimental animals selection and management ................................................ 23 3.3.4. Experimental design and treatments....................................................................
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