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Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain

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Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain OFFSHORE COORDINATION Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain National Grid ESO Report No.: 20-1256, Rev. 3 Date: 16-11-2020 Project name: Offshore Coordination DNV GL - Energy Report title: Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission P.O. Box 9035, Planning in Great Britain 6800 ET Arnhem, Customer: National Grid ESO The Netherlands Tel: +31 26 356 2370 Customer contact: Luke Wainwright National HVDC Centre 11 Auchindoun Way Wardpark, Cumbernauld, G68 Date of issue: 16-11-2020 0FQ Project No.: 10245682 EPNC Report No.: 20-1256 3 7 Torriano Mews, Kentish Town, London NW5 2RZ Objective: Analysis of technical aspects of the coordinated approach to offshore transmission grid development in Great Britain. Overview of technology readiness, technical barriers to integration, proposals to overcome barriers, development of conceptual network designs, power system analysis and unit costs collection. Prepared by: Prepared by: Verified by: Jiayang Wu Ian Cowan Yongtao Yang Riaan Marshall Bridget Morgan Maksym Semenyuk Edgar Goddard Benjamin Marshall Leigh Williams Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi Víctor García Marie Jonette Rustad Yalin Huang DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 3 – www.dnvgl.com Page i Copyright © DNV GL 2020. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise agreed in writing: (i) This publication or parts thereof may not be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, whether digitally or otherwise; (ii) The content of this publication shall be kept confidential by the customer; (iii) No third party may rely on its contents; and (iv) DNV GL undertakes no duty of care toward any third party. Reference to part of this publication which may lead to misinterpretation is prohibited. DNV GL and the Horizon Graphic are trademarks of DNV GL AS. Distribution: Keywords: ☒ OPEN. Unrestricted distribution, internal and external. ☐ INTERNAL use only. Internal document. ☐ CONFIDENTIAL. ☐ SECRET. Authorized access only. Rev. No. Date Reason for Issue Prepared by Verified by DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 3 – www.dnvgl.com Page ii Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 6 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 9 2. APPROACH, ASSUMPTIONS AND DATA USED FOR THIS ASSESSMENT ................................. 11 2.1. Key Aspects of Integrated Offshore Network Designs 11 2.2. Comparison of Integrated Offshore Network and Radial Connection Design Approaches 13 2.3. Our approach 14 2.4. Data inputs and assumptions 16 2.5. Stakeholder engagement and findings 19 2.6. Example of our approach - consideration for the East Scotland region 20 3. TECHNOLOGY AVAILABILITY FOR OFFSHORE TRANSMISSION DESIGN ................................ 23 3.1. Overview of Offshore Technology 23 3.1.1. HVAC Offshore Connections 23 3.1.2. HVDC Offshore Connections 27 3.1.3. Low frequency HVAC offshore connection 39 3.2. TRL Assessment 39 3.2.1. TRLs 39 3.2.2. Methodology 42 3.2.3. TRL of HVDC technologies 42 3.2.4. TRL of HVAC technologies 48 3.2.5. TRL of LFAC technology 48 3.2.6. Considerations (Barriers) 49 3.3. Conclusions 50 4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS RELEVANT FOR OFFSHORE DESIGN WITHIN GB AND ITS OFFSHORE WATERS ...................................................................................................... 51 4.1. Conceptual Network Design Topologies Identified 51 4.1.1. Design 1 (T1): Radial High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) 51 4.1.2. Design 1A (T1A): More Integrated HVAC (50Hz) 51 4.1.3. Design 2 (T2): Lower frequency High Voltage Alternating Current 52 4.1.4. Design 3 (T3): Extended HVAC with parallel High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) 52 4.1.5. Design 4 (T4): High Voltage Direct Current connections offshore 53 4.1.6. Design 5 (T5): Bipole High Voltage Direct Current technology 53 4.1.7. Design 6 (T6): Multi-ended High Voltage Direct Current arrangement offshore 54 4.1.8. Design 7 (T7): 'Meshed' High Voltage Direct Current grid 55 4.1.9. Overview of offshore transmission topologies 55 4.1.10. KPIs Identified 60 4.1.11. Comparative Assessment of Offshore Topologies 60 4.1.12. VSC-HVDC Technology Status 62 4.2. HVDC Applications in GB 63 4.2.1. Electricity Interconnections 63 4.2.2. Grid Reinforcements 63 4.2.3. Offshore Wind Connections 64 4.2.4. Multi-purpose HVDC Options 65 4.3. GB IMPLEMENTATION OF OFFSHORE NETWORK DESIGNS 66 DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 3 – www.dnvgl.com Page iii 4.3.1. Key Elements of Developing Offshore Networks 66 4.3.2. North Scotland Case Study 67 4.3.3. North Wales and Irish Sea Case Study 69 4.3.4. GB Implementation of Integrated Designs by 2030 and 2050 70 5. OVERCOMING BARRIERS ............................................................................................... 73 5.1. Integrated Offshore Transmission Network Challenges 73 5.2. Technology Maturity and Pipeline 76 5.3. HVAC Specific Considerations 77 5.3.1. Technology Barriers 77 5.3.2. System Integration Barriers 78 5.3.3. Power Flow Regulation 80 5.4. HVDC Specific Considerations 80 5.4.1. Technology Barriers 80 5.4.2. System Integration Barriers 80 5.4.3. Power Flow Regulation Barriers 82 5.4.4. Other Barriers and Considerations 83 5.5. Other Technology Barriers 84 5.6. Technology Neutral Barriers 85 5.6.1. Gas Insulated Switchgear 85 5.6.2. Offshore Platforms 85 5.6.3. Storage 85 5.7. Regulatory framework for Transmission 85 5.7.1. Technical Rules 85 5.7.2. Legal Basis 88 5.8. Potential Solutions 90 5.8.1. Scale Trials 90 5.8.2. Optimisation of designs, their operation, control and protection 90 5.8.3. Opportunities supporting operability 91 5.9. Risks and Route Map 92 6. UNIT COSTS ................................................................................................................ 97 6.1. Assumption 97 6.2. Unit cost data 98 6.3. Cost reduction potential 98 6.3.1. Methodology 98 6.3.2. Assumptions on trends impacting cost drivers 99 6.3.3. Result 101 6.4. Cost for emerging technologies 102 7. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 103 7.1. Approach 103 7.1.1. Inputs 103 7.1.2. Modelling Assumptions 103 7.1.3. Scope of Simulations 104 7.1.4. Limitations 104 7.2. Analysis per Regional Zone 105 7.2.1. North Scotland 106 7.2.2. East Scotland 108 DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 3 – www.dnvgl.com Page iv 7.2.3. Dogger Bank 111 7.2.4. Eastern Regions 113 7.2.5. South East 114 7.2.6. North Wales and Irish Sea 116 7.3. Analysis on System Level 118 7.3.1. Annual Wind Energy Production 118 7.3.2. Onshore Network Losses 118 7.3.3. Network Contingencies 119 7.3.4. Dynamic Performance 119 7.3.5. Voltage Profiles 120 7.4. Conclusions 120 8. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 121 Appendix A Existing HVAC offshore wind connections in UK 121 Appendix B Operational HVDC VSC Projects 125 Appendix C List of Future HVDC VSC project 129 Appendix D Control and Protection System of HVDC Converter Station Details 135 Appendix E Legal framework changes – process steps 139 Appendix F Conceptual Designs Assumptions 140 Appendix G Offshore Wind Capacity (2025–2050) 142 Appendix H Annual Wind Energy Production (2025–2050) 143 Appendix I Offshore Wind Power Injections 144 Appendix J Glossary 146 Appendix K Abbreviations 151 DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 3 – www.dnvgl.com Page v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To date, each transmission connected offshore wind project within Great Britain’s (‘GB’) offshore waters has a separate connection and there is limited opportunity (if any) for shared use of offshore transmission assets. Under current arrangements, each offshore wind farm development will contribute to overall carbon emission reduction targets in accordance with timescales that are defined on a project specific basis. The United Kingdom (‘UK’) Government has an ambition to achieve 40 GW by 2030 of installed offshore wind capacity, potentially rising to at least 75 GW by 2050. Achievement of these 2030 and 2050 targets is expected to require a step change in development approach in terms of both volume and pace. The electricity industry is set to invest several £10s billions in offshore wind and associated connection infrastructure over the coming ~30 years (a cost which will ultimately be borne by GB consumers)1. Without a change of approach, the required increase in volume and pace of network development is expected to lead to issues including: • lack of suitable cable landing points onshore; • adverse impacts on transmission system stability; • project delays due to the unavailability of equipment and resources due to stresses on the supply chain, and • failure to deliver economies that would be expected with a large-scale increase in development volumes. Each of these issues in the current approach could lead to increases to the overall cost of transmission system extensions and to the risk that connections for offshore wind projects will not be delivered on a timely basis. Eight conceptual network design building block options for offshore connections were identified of which: • Four use High Voltage Alternating Current (‘HVAC’) technologies, and • Four use High Voltage Direct Current (‘HVDC’) technologies (explanations to these and other technical terms across the report can be found in Appendix J) that have been used in Europe and Asia. This report illustrates a method for identifying
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