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An Exploratory Lighting Study on the Effects of Correlated Color Temperature in Senior Living

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An Exploratory Lighting Study on the Effects of Correlated Color Temperature in Senior Living An Exploratory Lighting Study on the Effects of Correlated Color Temperature in Senior Living Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Fine Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Emily Bell Graduate Program in Design The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee: Rebekah Matheny, Adviser Jeffery Haase Monica Robinson, OTD, OT/L, FAOTA Mary Anne Beecher, Ph.D. Copyright by Emily L. Bell 2018 Abstract Aging is an inevitable process and people are living longer than ever before. Currently, there are about 50 million people over 65 years old in the United States, which is expected to grow to over 72 million by 2030 (Ortman & Velkoff, 2014). This rapidly increasing population has elevated the significance of designing environments that not only meet needs of the larger aged population, but also establish healthier and more desirable living conditions. Functional declines are a normal part of aging, therefore, environments designed for older adults must establish features that support the specific needs of the aging population. As an element of design that is all around us, light, whether natural or artificial, provides both functional and emotional supports. In senior living facilities, since resident rooms are often around the exterior, many community spaces are pushed to the core and have limited or no daylight access. Therefore, it is not only important to ensure that artificial light is of sufficient brightness, but it is also important to understand what effects qualities of light may have on older adults as past research indicates that light has both functional and emotional effects on people (Martyniuk et al., 1973). The rise of LED lighting has provided an opportunity to explore qualities and application of artificial light in interior environments. LED lamps can range from 2700K (warm) to over 6000K (cool) color temperature, providing an opportunity to better understand the impact color temperature may have on older adults. This exploratory research evaluates older adults’ impressions of their interior environment when illuminated by different correlated color temperatures of light. Through four i sessions, older adults evaluated the facility’s existing light (2700K CFL) and three replacement LEDs (3000K, 4000K, 5000K) that had similar CRI and brightness, providing their subjective impressions of the session’s lighting. As senior living and long-term care facilities are designed to function as a support for older adults as they experience aging changes, an older adult’s impression of lighting within their community spaces is significant to helping develop a supportive environment. Research results may help improve general lighting conditions for public spaces within senior living facilities. Through an understanding of priorities and what current older adults respond to and view as important, designers have an opportunity to improve qualities of current senior living facilities. While this research focuses on perceptions from the current aged population, these methods and results can inform research focused on the future aged population. ii Dedication In memory of my dad, Wilson Bell, for starting me on the journey of design. In dedication to my mom, Janet Bell, for always believing in me and my fiancé Jeremy Valentine for being such an incredible support throughout this process. iii Acknowledgements To my adviser and each committee member, thank you for your thoughtful feedback and support over the past few years. Rebekah, thank you for not only advising through the thesis work, but for also becoming a mentor in teaching and presenting. I have gained so much valuable experience from not only guest lecturing in your classes, but also through our other research endeavors. From your mentorship and advising, I feel so much more prepared for my future in academia. Jeff, thank you for pushing the in-person perspective for research which greatly enriched the conversations and information gathered from the older adults. Thank you also for the opportunity to integrate this research and my experience with older adults into your human factors class. Monica, thank you for your health-oriented perspective, experience with older adults, and scientific perspective that enriched my design perspective. I have gained so much by dissecting and connecting data with you. Mary Anne, thank you for your guidance in academic writing and in ways to further communicate this research to practicing designers. You have helped me better understand how to frame my research, explain significance, and determine ways to make this research and process more tangible to professionals. Adam, thank you for so much help in understanding presentation quality, diagramming, and talking through research problems. iv To all of my peers: these past years would have been so much more boring if it wasn’t for our conversations in studio. Jeremy, thank you for being the best cheerleader ever throughout these years, for seeing the finish line when I couldn’t, and for all the cooking and cleaning you’ve done so that I could work longer. v Vita 2011 .............. Design Intern, Garrow Kedigian Interior Design, New York, NY 2012 .............. Design & Office Assistant, Garrow Kedigian Interior Design, New York, NY 2013 .............. B.S. summa cum laude, Interior Design, Business Administration Minor High Point University, High Point, NC 2013-2015 ..... Interior Designer/CAD Drafter, Küche-Cucina, Paramus, NJ 2017 - 2018 ... Research Consultant, Columbus, OH 2018 .............. MFA (pending), Design, Graduate Interdisciplinary Specialization in Aging The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Publications Bell, E. (2018). Lighting for senior living: a study of older adults’ perceptions of color temperature. In 2018 IDEC Annual Conference Proceedings. Matheny, R. L., & Bell, E. (2018). Understanding LED’s Color Temperature Preferences Amongst Millennials and Baby Boomers. In 2018 IDEC Annual Conference Proceedings. Fields of Study Major Field: Design Concentration: Design Research and Development Specialization: Aging vi Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i Dedication ...................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv Vita ................................................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. x List of Tables ................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 5 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 6 Aim & Scope .............................................................................................................. 6 Research Plan .............................................................................................................. 7 Audience ..................................................................................................................... 7 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review......................................................................................... 10 Design’s Effects on Function ..................................................................................... 10 Changes in Aging. ................................................................................................. 10 Long-Term Care Models. ....................................................................................... 11 Person-Environment Relationship. ......................................................................... 12 Design’s Effects on Emotions .................................................................................... 14 Supportive Design. ................................................................................................ 14 Emotional Connections to Place. ........................................................................... 15 Light’s Effects on Health ........................................................................................... 17 Insufficient Light in LTC. ...................................................................................... 17 Light’s Effects on Emotion ........................................................................................ 19 Light, Environment, Behavior, and Preferences. .................................................... 19 Light and Mood. .................................................................................................... 21 Literature Review Summary ...................................................................................... 24 vii
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