A House for the Future
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Patient Health Records: Access, Sharing and Confidentiality
BRIEFING PAPER Number 07103, 14 April 2020 Patient health records: By Elizabeth Parkin, Philip access, sharing and Loft confidentiality Inside: 1. Accessing and sharing patient health records 2. Sharing confidential patient information 3. Electronic health records 4. NHS data and cyber security 5. Patient Data, Apps and Artificial Intelligence (AI) 6. Cross-border data sharing after Brexit www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary Number 07103, 14 April 2020 2 Contents Summary 3 1. Accessing and sharing patient health records 4 1.1 Charges to access records 5 1.2 Limiting access to health records 6 1.3 Parental access to child health records 6 1.4 Access to deceased patients’ health records 7 2. Sharing confidential patient information 9 2.1 Patient confidentiality and Covid-19 9 2.2 NHS Constitution and policy background 13 2.3 NHS Digital guidance on confidentiality 14 2.4 National Data Guardian for health and care 14 Caldicott principles 15 2.5 National Data Guardian for health and care: priorities for 2019/20 16 2.6 National data opt-out programme 17 2.7 Legal and statutory disclosures of information 18 2.8 Disclosure of NHS data to the Home Office 19 2.9 Public interest disclosures of patient information 20 2.10 Deceased patients 21 2.11 Assessment of capacity to give or withhold consent 23 2.12 Private companies contracted to provide NHS services 24 3. Electronic health records 25 3.1 NHS ‘paper-free’ by 2023 25 3.2 Summary Care Records 27 4. -
Download the Guide
A Guide to Brexit Terminology This glossary has been designed to explain some of the key terms used in relation to Brexit. At the end of the glossary are links to additional resources and originals of key documents. The Glossary is not designed to be an exhaustive list and the authors hope that you find the explanations of key terms helpful. The UK which voted to join the EU had a different constitution to the UK that voted to leave the EU. This is reflected by some of the terminology used in the glossary and the inclusion of reference to the legislatures in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N |O| P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | A to Z of Brexit terms February 01 2019 version pg. 1 Advisory The Brexit referendum is often described as ‘only advisory’. The referendum was authorised and conducted under the European Union Referendum Act 2015. It is advisory because Parliament is sovereign and because the Act contained no enabling legislation. Enabling provisions are ones which explicitly state that Parliament is legally bound to implement the outcome of the referendum. Hence, Parliament was not legally obliged to enact the outcome of the Brexit referendum. In contrast, for countries with codified constitutions, the outcome of a referendum ‘may’, in some instances bind both parliament and the government to implement its result. In Britain, however, with an uncodified constitution, it is possible for the government to promise in advance that it would respect the result, but that promise would be only political and not legally binding as parliament cannot be bound be a previous parliament; it can change its mind. -
Case Study Women in Politics: Reflections from Malaysia
International IDEA, 2002, Women in Parliament, Stockholm (http://www.idea.int). This is an English translation of Wan Azizah, “Perempuan dalam Politik: Refleksi dari Malaysia,” in International IDEA, 2002, Perempuan di Parlemen: Bukan Sekedar Jumlah, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 191-202. (This translation may vary slightly from the original text. If there are discrepancies in the meaning, the original Bahasa-Indonesia version is the definitive text). Case Study Women in Politics: Reflections from Malaysia Wan Azizah Women constitute half of humanity, and it follows that any decision-making, whether at the personal, family, societal or public levels, should be mindful of and involve the participation of women in the making of those decisions. Women’s political, social and economic rights are an integral and inseparable part of their human rights. Democracy is an inclusive process, and therefore in a functioning democracy, the points of view of different interest groups must be taken into account in formulating any decision. The interest and opinions of men, women and minorities must be part of that decision-making process. Yet far from being included in the decision-making process, women find themselves under-represented in political institutions. Numerous challenges confront women entering politics. Among them are lack of party support, family support and the "masculine model" of political life. Many feel that Malaysian society is still male dominated, and men are threatened by the idea of women holding senior posts. In the political sphere this is compounded by the high premium placed on political power. This makes some men even less willing to share power with women. -
The Strange Revival of Bicameralism
The Strange Revival of Bicameralism Coakley, J. (2014). The Strange Revival of Bicameralism. Journal of Legislative Studies, 20(4), 542-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2014.926168 Published in: Journal of Legislative Studies Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2014 Taylor & Francis. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:01. Oct. 2021 Published in Journal of Legislative Studies , 20 (4) 2014, pp. 542-572; doi: 10.1080/13572334.2014.926168 THE STRANGE REVIVAL OF BICAMERALISM John Coakley School of Politics and International Relations University College Dublin School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy Queen’s University Belfast [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT The turn of the twenty-first century witnessed a surprising reversal of the long-observed trend towards the disappearance of second chambers in unitary states, with 25 countries— all but one of them unitary—adopting the bicameral system. -
The Legislature and National Development: the Nigerian Experience
Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.2,No.9, pp. 63-78, November 2014 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) THE LEGISLATURE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE Edet J. Tom Ph.D and Amadu J. Attai Ph.D Department of Political Science and Public Administration University of Uyo, Nigeria ABSTRACT: Controversy shrouds the role of Nigerian Legislature in national development. Though some believe that the legislature has contributed significantly to the development of the nation, many others are of the view that since from its inception as a sovereign state legislature in Nigeria has not shown a significant and genuine commitment to the social, economic and political wellbeing of the country. This work assesses the role of Nigerian legislature in national development. The work is of the view that legislature is a veritable instrument and institution for national development whose effectiveness is determined by some local variables. The descriptive- diachronic methodology was used in comprehending and interpreting the role of the legislature in national development. For Nigerian legislature to be instrument of national development, the work suggests among others the need for moral politicians. KEYWORDS: Legislature, Corruption, Morality, Development, INTRODUCTION Democracy is all about ensuring popular participation and control of the process of government. Since all the people cannot participate and individually control their government at the same time, they entrust these rights and duties to an elected few among them known as legislators. The legislature is one of the basic structures of any political system. It is known by a variety of names in different countries. -
Unicameralism in Denmark: Abolition of the Senate, Current Functioning
16 Unicameralism in Denmark Abolition of the Senate, current functioning and debate Asbjørn Skjæveland Introduction The Danish Senate, the Landsting, not only experienced a crisis but was also abolished. This paper investigates the abolition of the Landsting and the introduc tion of unicameralism (Arter 1991; Eigaard 1993; Thorsen s.d.). Furthermore, it investigates how well Danish unicameral democracy is working, and it pre sents the current low-intensity debate on the possible introduction of an additional chamber. This chapter shows that while redundancy, which is due in part to the development of the composition of the Landsting, did play a role in its abolition, so did party tactics and even the entanglement with the matters of voting age and royal succession. Thus, the full explanation for the introduction of unicameralism cannot be found in the category of rational, national-level explanations. Yet Dan ish democracy is doing fine. Danish voters are satisfied and the overall diagnoses of political scientists are generally positive. Clearly, not all democracies need a senate to do well. Only rarely is a new senate proposed as a solution to problems identified by observers and actors. Per Stig Møller (former minister and MP for the conservatives [Det Konservative Folkeparti]) is an exception to the rule. He suggests that it would be a good idea to reintroduce something resembling the Landsting (Møller & Jensen 2010). Still, Danish democracy is not perfect, and in a recent book it has been suggested that it could be improved by introducing an additional chamber elected by lottery (Mulvad, Larsen & Ellersgaard 2017) to improve the descriptive representation of the Danish Parliament, since the new chamber would mirror the composition of the Danish voters in terms of descrip tors, such as gender and education. -
Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States
The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States Updated April 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33105 SUMMARY RL33105 The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and April 16, 2021 Relations with the United States Derek E. Mix Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United Specialist in European States’ closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, Affairs including a sense of shared history, values, and culture; a large and mutually beneficial economic relationship; and extensive cooperation on foreign policy and security issues. The UK’s January 2020 withdrawal from the European Union (EU), often referred to as Brexit, is likely to change its international role and outlook in ways that affect U.S.-UK relations. Conservative Party Leads UK Government The government of the UK is led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson of the Conservative Party. Brexit has dominated UK domestic politics since the 2016 referendum on whether to leave the EU. In an early election held in December 2019—called in order to break a political deadlock over how and when the UK would exit the EU—the Conservative Party secured a sizeable parliamentary majority, winning 365 seats in the 650-seat House of Commons. The election results paved the way for Parliament’s approval of a withdrawal agreement negotiated between Johnson’s government and the EU. UK Is Out of the EU, Concludes Trade and Cooperation Agreement On January 31, 2020, the UK’s 47-year EU membership came to an end. -
Parliamentary Conventions
REPORT Parliamentary Conventions Jacqy Sharpe About the Author Jacqy Sharpe is a former Clerk in the House of Commons. Her period as Clerk of the Journals provided her with significant insight into the historical and contemporary context of parliamentary conventions and procedure. Message from the Author With thanks to Dr Andrew Blick, Sir David Beamish, Helen Irwin and Sir Malcolm Jack for their comments on drafts of this paper. The conclusions, and any errors or omissions, are, of course, the responsibility of the author. Parliamentary Conventions Executive Summary “General agreement or consent, as embodied in any accepted usage, standard, etc”1 “Rules of constitutional practice that are regarded as binding in operation, but not in law”2 “[B]inding rules of behaviour accepted by those at whom they are directed. A practice that is not invariable does not qualify.”3 A list of various conventions with a note on how, if at all, they, or the approaches to them, have lately been modified or changed: CONVENTION CURRENT POSITION Conventions relating to behaviour in the House of Commons Speaking in the House of Commons Members should address the House through the Chair Although both questioned and frequently breached, and refer to other Members in the third person, by the convention is generally accepted constituency or position. Except for opening speeches, maiden speeches and Accepted and generally observed where there is special reason for precision, Members should not read speeches, though they may refer to notes Attendance at debates Members -
Constitution Making in the Countries of Former Soviet Dominance: Current Development
The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 1993 Constitution Making in the Countries of Former Soviet Dominance: Current Development Rett R. Ludwikowski The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Rett R. Ludwikowski, Constitution Making in the Countries of Former Soviet Dominance: Current Development, 23 GA. J. INT’L & COMP. L. 155 (1993). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions by an authorized administrator of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW VOLUME 23 1993 NUMBER 2 CONSTITUTION MAKING IN THE COUNTRIES OF FORMER SOVIET DOMINANCE: CURRENT DEVELOPMENT Rett R. Ludwikowski* TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction I. Political and Constitutional Transformation of the Post-Glasnost Period: Country-by-Country Report. A. The End of Gorbachev's Era B. Constitution Drafting in Several Former Soviet Republics 1. Russia Federation 2. Lithuania 3. Estonia 4. Ukraine 5. Belarus 6. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan C. Constitution Drafting in Former People's Republics of East-Central Europe 1. The First "Communist" Constitutions of Post-Communist Europe a. Bulgaria b. Romania c. Albania * Director, Comparative and International Law Institute, Columbus School of Law, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. -
Siebert, S. (2020) Restoration and Renewal of Parliament: Buildings As a Vehicle for Change
Siebert, S. (2020) Restoration and Renewal of Parliament: Buildings as a Vehicle for Change. Project Report. University of Glasgow. doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.223191. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/223191/1/223191.pdf Deposited on: 11 September 2020 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Research Report Restoration and Renewal of Parliament: Buildings as a vehicle for change Sabina Siebert Professor of Management University of Glasgow [email protected] February 2020 INTRODUCTION This report summarises the findings from my 13-month POST Academic Fellowship of “The Parliament and Westminster Palace: The role of buildings in the preservation of institutional traditions, symbols and customs” funded by the ESRC Impact Acceleration Account (ES/M500471). The project started in April 2018 and the data collection was completed in May 2019. This project aimed to explore the links between the institution of the Westminster Parliament and the buildings in which it is located. The main research questions were: To what extent are the workings of Parliament as an institution intertwined with the buildings and their current design? Would altering the buildings change the existing practices? I present the findings from my research under three headings: (1) Buildings as a resource; (2) Buildings as a constraint; and (3) Buildings as a vehicle for change. Investigating the role of the buildings in preserving the workings, traditions and customs of Parliament is particularly timely given the ongoing discussions related to the Restoration and Renewal (R&R) project and the planned move of Parliament to a temporary location. -
January 2017
January 2017 ROCK TALK Issue 12 1 Contents Editorials 2 Varied Career in Law in Gibraltar 18 Chairman‟s Letter 3 News from GHT 20 Diary of Society Events 2019 4 Witham‟s Cemetery 22 Report of Events 5 Devon to Gibraltar and back 24 Annual Friends‟ visit to Gibraltar 5 Nelson‟s Table – Fact or Fiction? 27 News from the Rock (Gibraltar House) 8 Gibraltar Street Names 28 London Talks 9 Gifts from the Friends 30 Annual Seminar and AGM 10 GGPE 60th Anniversary 30 Christmas Party report 13 Out and About in Gibraltar 31 Friends‟ Donations and Projects 14 Minutes of AGM 33 Membership Secretary‟s Jottings 15 Membership Form 35 My Rock Book 16 Editorials A belated Happy New year to all members and developments, and is an interesting read. readers of this edition of Rock Talk. We wish you a prosperous 2019, and hope to 2019 promises to be an interesting year in so see you in Gibraltar at some point over the many respects but one in particular sticks out like year. a 'sore thumb'. As we pen this editorial, the British Brian & Liz Gonzalez Parliament is in turmoil and this coming Tuesday will determine the future of the United Kingdom Another busy year for the society has come and Gibraltar vis a vis our future relationship with and gone, with the full range of events and Europe. By the time you read this we will be in a support for heritage projects in Gibraltar. better (or worse) position as to this 'relationship'. This issue hopes to update the membership We hope that politicians of all political colours on the various activities, and includes unite to deliver what is best for the United Kingdom and Gibraltar. -
Chapter 3: an Overview of Swedish Constitutional History
Perfecting Parliament Succession, and the Riksdag Acts). It is this portion--the written constitution--that defines the electoral system, specifies the organization of parliament, the relation of the king to parliament, and characterizes many of the constraints that define the limits of governmental activities. These written rules directly shape the broad outlines of Swedish governance, and most clearly characterize the general manner in which the preferences of Swedish citizens are used to determine which specific public policies are put in place. It bears noting, this usage of the term constitution differs somewhat from that used by some Swedish scholars. The term constitution, as used here, refers to the fundamental procedures and constraints faced by Swedish government, rather then the subset of relevant legal documents which claim constitutional status, per se. By the usage adopted here, the Swedish state may be said to have operated under four different constitutions: one written in 1809, one that emerged from amendment in 1866, one that emerged from amendment and additional structural and electoral reform in 1920, and one that was adopted by major structural reforms in 1970. That is to say, the result of major reforms of fundamental procedures and constraints is regarded as creating a new constitution. (There were only two Instruments of Government during the period of interest, those of 1809 and 1975, but there have been four substantially different procedures for making new laws.) This convention is faithful to the discussion above, and simplifies the description of major reforms. The result of the major reforms of the Riksdag adopted in 1866 and in 1909-20 period will be referred to as the Constitution of 1866 and Constitution of 1920, rather than some less descriptive and more cumbersome phrase.