Index

A and loss of influence, 57 Abbasids, 55 Palestinian cause and, 114 Abdul Hussein Sharaf al-Din, 25 relations with , 81 Abdul Nassir, Gamal, 29 and resistance to Israeli invasion, 44 al-Abdullah, Hadi, 151 al-Sadr’s disappearance and, 38 Abu Bakr, 21 Syria’s support for, 82 Abu Thar al-Ghafari, 22 Amal- alliance, 87–88 Affif, Muhammed, 43 al-Amin, Ibrahim, 52, 71 Afwaj al-Muqwamal al-Lubnanyeh Ammar, Ali, 110 (AMAL), see Amal Aoun, Michel, 53–54, 80–81 Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar, 24 Arab-Israeli conflict, 36 Al Qaeda first Arab victory in, 104 Assad regime and, 14 Lebanese versus Hezbollah’s and attacks on Iranian embassy, 154 views of, 11 and destruction of Askari thaw in, 54 mosque, 167 Arab-Israeli War of 1967, 54 Hezbollah and, 79 Arab-Israeli War of 1973, 36 Nasrallah’s warning to, 157 Arab Liberation Front (ALF), , 153 Shia and, 34 Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 21 Arab Spring Amal, 33, 37 ’s response to, 165 clashes with Palestinian benefit to Hezbollah, 183 guerrillas, 37 Hezbollah and, 152 Hezbollah and, 38, 42–44 Nasrallah’s support of, 141 and, 38, 45 Syria and, 143

© The Author(s) 2020 187 M. Al-Aloosy, The Changing Ideology of Hezbollah, Middle East Today, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34847-2 188 INDEX

Arafat, Yasser, 34, 37, 40, 87 Bounded rationality theory, 5 al-As’ad, Kamel, 31, 36 critique of, 6 Askari mosque, destruction of, 167 Bureaucratic politics theory, 6 al-Assad, Bashar, 8, 90, 143, 148 critique of, 6 Hezbollah’s support of, 12 Busta Massacre, 82 Syrian reform and, 144–146 al-Assad, Hafez, 41, 67, 87 Amal and, 41 C goals in , 84 Cairo Agreement, 33–34 Hezbollah and, 86, 180 Camerer, Colin, 5 meeting with Clinton, 86 Camp David accords, 83 Assad regime Chamoun, Camille, 29 Hezbollah and, 15 Charm offensive, 71–73 Hezbollah’s intervention and, 2–3 Christians, Lebanese, 26, 178 mutual dependence with See also Maronite Christians Hezbollah, 17 Collier, Paul, 7 protection of, 184 Confessional system, 45, 49, 67 uprising against, 14 Constructivism, 5 Ayoub, Fawzi, 163 critique of, 6 Azzam Brigades, 165 Crusades, in Lebanon, 23

B D Ba’abdah Declaration, Daesh, 158, 159 provisions of, 155 Dawa party, 43 Badr al-Din, Mustafa, 42 Dawud, Dawud, 37 Badran, Tony, 11 Decision-making theories, 4–7 Badreddine, Mustafa, 163 applicability to insurgencies, 5–7 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 159 Deeb, Marius, 12, 13 Bahrain Democracy, Hezbollah’s Arab Spring and, 141–142 endorsement of, 71 Hezbollah involvement in, 13 DeVore, Marc, 12 Bahraini uprising, Arab world’s double al-Din, Shams, 39 standard and, 141–143, 183 Dirani, Mustafa, 38 Barak, Ehud, 13, 93, 103–105, Doost, Muhsin Rafiq, 40 110, 117 Druze, 24 Begin, Menachem, 44 Berdel, Mats, 8 Berri, Nabih, 38, 86, 108–109 E bin Laden, Osama, 79 Egypt, Arab Spring and, 141–142, 183 Blue line Egypt-Israel peace accord, 83 acceptance of, 182 Eisenhardt, Kathleen, 4 recognition of, 108–110, 132 Eisenkot, Gadi, 124 INDEX 189

F al-Hariri, Said al-Din, 125 Fabius, Laurent, 151 Hassan, Mahdi, 163–164 Fadlallah, Hassan, 111 Hezbollah, 164–165 Fadlallah, Muhammed Hussein, 31 1992 elections and, 70, 72 , 42 Arab Spring and, 141–142 Fatah Land, 33 assessing ideological changes of, Fathullah incident, 82 10–14 Fatimid Shia, 22 and attacks in , 127–128 Fayyad, Ali, 163 and changes in support base, 116 Fayyath, Ali, 44, 129, 158 conflicts with Amal, 45 Fearon, James, 7 creation of, 15 Fnaysh, Muhammed, 113 deterrence strategy of, 124–126 Ford, Christopher, 7 disarmament of, 105–107 Foss, Nicolai, 6 early activity of, 44–46 France, and Hezbollah’s involvement early ideology of, 2–3, 164 in Syria, 151 emergence of, 38 Frangieh, Sulayman, 80 and evolution in revolutionary ideas, French mandate, 27 125–127 Frisch, Ethan, 9 first manifesto of, 49 genesis of, 42–44, 58, 176 and ideological rationale for conflict G with Israel, 2 Ghallion, Burhan, 159 ideology to pragmatism transition Giustozzi, Antonio, 9 of, 1–16, 113–116, 143–144, 179–180 Syrian loss of, 83 and, 12–13, 43, 51 UN Resolution, 108 and, 12 Gouraud, Henri, 25 and Israeli invasions of Lebanon, 44 Grafton, Carl, 8 and Israeli withdrawal from Grapes of Wrath operation, 89 Lebanon, 182 Gurr, Ted Robert, 7 Lebanon and, 10–11 Gutiérrez Sanín, Francisco, 8, 9 “Lebanonization” of, 10–11 and maintenance of Lebanese political system, 126 H military and organizational changes Haddad, Saad, 37 of, 153 al-Hakim, Muhsin, 30, 38 military limitations of, 112–114 Halutz, Dan, 118–120 and mutual dependence Hamad, Mahmoud Haj, 151 with Assad, 17 , Hezbollah and, 114 and new way of governance, 50–51 Harb, Raghb, 43 Open Letter of (see Open Letter of al-Hariri, Rafiq, 89, 91, 181 1985) death of, 110–112 Palestinian cause and, 11 190 INDEX

Hezbollah (cont.) Hussein, Saddam, 36, 81 political alliances of, 70 Hussein Al Haj, Hassan, 163–164 political participation after Syrian al-Husseini, Hussein, 38 exit, 111–113 Houthis, 17 relationship with Iran, 44 religious roots of, 43 Shia support for, 106–107 I and shift from fundamentalism, 67 Ibn Taymiyyah, 22 and shift to constitutional Ibrahim Muhammed Ali Pasha, 24 opposition, 70 Identity and shift to deterrence, Shia, 58–59 103–133, 182 transnational versus nation-state, social background of, 175–176 56, 131 suicide missions of, 44, 45 Ideology Syrian intervention of (see Hezbollah context and, 93–94 in ) in current insurgencies, 8 as tool of Iran and Syria, 97–98 defined, 16 transformation in early 1990s, 86 evolution of, 1 transformations of, 130–133 functions of, 2 and transition to political party, 95 insurgencies and, 7–10 Hezbollah in Syrian civil war, 146–155 Islamist versus Arabist in Iraq, 36 changing military mission of, lack of research on, 8 161–165 versus pragmatism, 3 and cooperation with Russia, religion-based, 93, 178 161–162 role in decision-making, 9 defense of regime as primary, 160 role in insurgencies, 7, 16–17 double standard and, 183 Iinfitah, 71 growing burden of, 160–165 Insurgencies and international players in, 165 decision-making theory and, 4–7 and knowledge of regime’s defined, 16 brutality, 167 ideology and, 1, 2, 7–10, 16–17 pretexts for, 167, 184 influence on patron state, 2–3 and reduced popularity of, 162 political changes and, 3, 4 as shift in focus, 164–165 rationales for, 7 toll on fighters, 163–164 and support for patron state in transformations and, 166–167 civil war, 3 Hezbollah, al-Mussawi, 85 Intifada, second, 115 Hoigilt, Jacob, 11 Iran al-Hoss, Salim, 81 conversion from Sunni to Shia, 24 Hua Liu, Charlotte, 5 differences with Hezbollah, 167 al-Huss, Salim, 108 Hezbollah and, 44, 50, 77–78 Hussein, as symbol of repression, Hezbollah’s evolving relationship 55–56 with, 13, 53, 55–56, 95 INDEX 191

influence on Hezbollah, 43, Isma’il Ibn Ja’far, 22 147–149 Islamists reduced financial support by, 162 international, 180 and Shia of Lebanon, 38, 57 al-Sadr and, 31 and support for Assad, 146 Israel Syria’s alliance with, 143 1993 conflict with Hezbollah, 86 Iranian Revolution, 41 1996 conflict with Hezbollah, Hezbollah and, 45 86, 87 impact on Lebanese Shia, 177 and 1967 war, 55 Iran-, 37, 178 and 1982 invasion of Lebanon, 37, end of, 49, 54, 75 39–40 Iran-Syria relations, 81 Amal versus Hezbollah Iraq positions on, 45 Hezbollah involvement in, 13 Arab peace accords with, 83 Islamist versus Arabist trends in, 36 change in position on, 164–165, 183 non-state actors in, 17 and deterrence by Hezbollah, Iraq invasion, Sunni extremists and, 79 106–107 Iron Dome, 123–125 Hezbollah and, 1–2, 53–54, 56, 67 ISIS Hezbollah’s fight against, 86, Assad and, 147 160, 178 Beirut bombings and, 154 and Hezbollah’s involvement in Lebanese Shia and, 157 Syria, 151 Islamic political system, Hezbollah’s political shift and, 86 inadequacy of, 94 Hezbollah’s post-2000 attacks and, Islamic Shia Higher Council, 114–116 points of, 32–33 as Hezbollah’s raison d’être, 97 and Hezbollah’s view on Islamic changing view of, 75–76 state, 75–76 context and, 178–179 and invasion of Lebanon, 45, 58 examples of, 178 and Iranian presence in Syria, 167 as Hezbollah’s goal, 11, 58–59 and Lebanon invasion impacts on postponement of, 113, 178, 179 IDF, 93 manifesto of 2009 and, 128–130, 133 Hezbollah’s goals and, 53 missile defense system of, 123–125 and opposition to secular obliteration of, 177 regimes, 165 peace negotiations with, 83, 91–93 refashioning, 73 and post-2000 Hezbollah policy, Shiasim-Sunnism split in, 96 109–111 Islamist ideology reduced retaliation against, 168 Israel and, 2 restraint after withdrawal from malleability of, 95 Lebanon, 133 Islamist movements, and genesis of role in Hezbollah’s ideology, 57–58 Hezbollah, 43 al-Sadr’s strategy against, 36 192 INDEX

Israel (cont.) J al-Tufayli’s position on, 78 Jaber, Hisham, 37, 106–107 unresolved issues with, 110 Ja’far al-Sadiq, 22 and withdrawal from Lebanon, 15, , liberation of, 113, 131 90–91, 103–105 , varying conceptions of, 73 Israel-Hezbollah war of 1996, rules of Jordan engagement and, 123 conflict with PLO, 33 Israel-Hezbollah war of 2006, 116–125 peace accord with Israel, 54 cold peace following, 122 Jumayyel, Amin, 50 Halutz and, 118–120 Jumblat, Kamal, 35, 86 Hezbollah’s miscalculation in, Jumblat, Walid, 86, 105, 108 116–118 Hezbollah preparedness and, 117, 120–121 K Hezbollah weaponry and, 117 Kahneman, Daniel, 5 impacts on Hezbollah, 121–123 Kanaan, Ghazi, 86 Israeli deterrence policy after, al-Karaki, Ali (), 48 123–125 Karbala battle, 178 Israeli strategy in, 116–118 Karroubi, Mehdi, 41 Israel’s new leadership and, Keen, David, 8 118–121 Khaddam, Abdul Halim, 86 Nasrallah and, 117–121 Khalifah Othman, 22 results of, 121–125 Khamenei, Ali shift in Hezbollah doctrine and, Hezbollah and, 74, 75 117–118 Nasrallah’s meeting with, 149 as turning point, 116 vali al-faqih and, 74 and UN Security Council Khatib, Lina, 11 Resolution, 121–125 Khojah, Khalid, 159 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) Khomeini, Rohollah (Ayatollah), 11, and impacts of Lebanese invasion, 93 12, 40, 42, 96, 176 morale and preparedness of, and export of revolution, 39–40 118–121 Iran-Iraq War and, 30 strategy of, 116–118 pan-Islamism and, 74 Israeli-Lebanese peace accord, Syria and revolutionizing of Shia and, 83 theology, 40–41 Israeli occupation as supreme leader of Hezbollah, 46 Lebanese Brigades of Resistance UN resolution 598 and, 75 and, 74 Kieser, Alfred, 8 of Shebaa Farms, 107–109 Kilcullen, David, 57 UN Resolution 425 and, 108 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, see Arab-­ Israeli conflict; Palestinian cause L Israeli-Palestinian peace accord of Lahd, Antoin, 53 1993, 91 Lahud, Amil, 90 INDEX 193

Laitini, David, 7 and Shia of Iran, 40 Lebanese Army, Hezbollah’s Syrian exit from, 110–112 relationship with, 129 Syrian influence in, 2 Lebanese Baath Party, 36 Syrian invasion and interests, 80–81 Lebanese Brigades of Resistance, 74 Syrian occupation of, 103–105 , 36, 46, 57 Syrian role in, 83–84 Lebanese collaborators, minimal Syrian strategic interest in, 97 sentencing of, 104 Syrian withdrawal from, 90 Lebanese Communist Party Taif agreement and, 69 (see also Taif and resistance to Israeli invasion, 44 agreement of 1989) Shia and, 29 as utopian state, 49–51 Lebanese government, replacement Lebret, Louis, 28 with Islamic state, 46–47 Leftist movements, opposition to, 32 Lebanese-Israeli border, blue line and, Likud Party, 92 108–110, 182 Lebanese Mandate, 25 Lebanese political parties, Hezbollah M disarmament and, 181 Madrid Conferences, failure of, 91–92 Lebanon Madrid peace conference, Syrian “birth defects” of, 26–29 participation in, 54 Christians of, 178 Manifesto of 2009, 126–128 confessional system in, 45, 49, 67 and advocacy for plural democracy, Hezbollah’s aspirations in, 10–11, 129–130 53–54 ideological change in, 130–133 Hezbollah’s ideology and, 10 versus Open Letter provisions, Hezbollah’s political participation 182, 183 in, 15 Maronite Christians, 26 and impacts of Hezbollah’s Syrian first Crusade and, 26 involvement, 154–155 National Pact and, 68 and impacts of Israel-Hezbollah war, Ottomans and, 24 121–125 role in Lebanese state, 24–26 and impacts of Israeli withdrawal, al-Sadr and, 32 103–105 Syrian alliance with, 80 Israeli invasions of, 13–14, 36, 43, Martyrdom operations, 45 44, 57, 83, 176 Matawlah, Shia persecution and, 27 Israeli withdrawal from, 90–91, Mathews, Robert, 5 93, 182 Middle East manifesto of 2009 and, 128–130 post-Ottoman period in, 25–26 National Pact and, 68 state decay in, 17 non-state actors in, 17 Mikati, Najib, 91 Ottoman legacy in, 25 Missile attacks, of Hezbollah, 123–125 Palestinian migration to, 27 Missile defense system, Israeli, 123–125 political engineering of, 25–26 Al-Mithaq al-Watani, Lebanese Shia history in, 22–24 political system and, 26–27 194 INDEX

Mohammad Reza Shah and refashioning of Islamism, 73 policies toward Lebanon and Shia, on regaining Jerusalem, 112 30, 39 as secretary general, 85–86 Mohtashemi, Ali Akbar, 77 on support of Syria, 141–144 Movement of the Deprived, 32 on Syrian intervention, 155–156 Mua’wiah ibn Abi Suffyan, 21 on Syrian reform, 144–145 Mubarak, Hosni, 183 on transformation, 132–133 Mughniyeh, Imad (al-Hajj Radwan), and warning to anti-Shia 42, 45, 118 groups, 157 assassination, 123, 164 Nassif, Ali Hussein (Abu Abbas), Ibn Abdulwahab, 23 death of, 150 Muhammad (Prophet), succession Nationalism, embrace of, 74 controversy and, 21, 175 National , Muhatashimpur, Ali, 41 Shia and, 29 Municipal elections, omission of National Pact of 1943, Islamic state and, 73 provisions of, 68 Muntaziri, Muhammed, 40 National Reconciliation Accord, see Musa Al-Khadhoum, 22 Taif agreement of 1989 al-Musavi Khomeini, Ruhollah, 38 al-Nusra, 157, 158 al-Musawi, Abbas, 41–42, 77 Shia fear of, 164 al-Musawi, Hussein, 43 al-Mussawi, Abbas, 53, 95 assassination of, 150 O Al-Mustaqbal party, 125 Olmert, Ehud, 133 2006 Lebanese War and, 118 Omar Ibn al-Khattab, 21 N Open Letter of 1985, 11, 14, 48, 49, Naini, Muhammed Hussein 51, 73 (Ayatollah), 48 anti-Israel position of, 52 Nasrallah, Hassan, 10, 41, 43, 50, anti-western position of, 52 52–53, 73, 78, 85, 92, 129 goals of, 177 on 2006 conflict, 116 versus manifesto of 2009, 128–130, and attacks on Zeinab shrine, 156 132–133 on Bahraini Spring, 143 radical goals of, 49–51 and denial of Hezbollah’s shift away from provisions of, 75 involvement, 149 Operation Litani, 36 on existential battle for Syria, Othman Ibn Affan, 21 155, 156 Ottoman Empire on Hezbollah disarmament, 106 defeat in WWI, 25, 56 on Hezbollah in Syria, 148, 149 Lebanese Shia and, 24 on Israel, 115–116 and marginalization and oppression on Palestinian cause, 115 of Shia, 54 INDEX 195

P Popular Mobilization Forces Palestine, postponing liberation of, (PMF), 17 113–115 Popular movements, Hezbollah’s Palestinian cause, 33–37 varying support for, 144 Amal and, 114 Prasad, Anshuman, 8 Hezbollah and, 11 Prasad, Pushkala, 8 in Hezbollah’s rhetoric, 112–116 Price, Richard, 5 Iranian-Syrian position on, 144 Prospect theory of Khomeini and, 40 decision-making, 5, 6 Lebanese perception of, 35 manifesto of 2009 and, 128–130, 133 religious Shia and, 114 Q shifting positions on, 113–114 al-Qallamoun battle, 147–148, shift in rhetoric about, 129–130 152, 153 shift to support only, 182 Qassim, Naim, 43, 70, 74, 113 Sunni Islamists and, 79 on revision of Open Letter, 130 Palestinian Liberation Organization Qassir, Ahmed, 44 (PLO) Qawook, Nabeel, 159 and abandonment of Shiís, 36 Al-Quntar, Samir, assassination Cairo Agreement and, 33–34 of, 164 and negotiation with Israelis, 54 al-Qussair battle, 147–148, 152–153 al-Sadr and, 35 Palestinian organizations and differences with Shia, 33 R in , 108 Ra’ad, Muhammed, 43 Palestinians, departure from Rabil, Robert, 10 Lebanon, 80 Rabin, Yitzhak, 91–92 Palestinian state, Hezbollah’s goal for, Rabinovich, Itamar 51, 53 Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 48 Palmerston, Lord, 165 Rational choice theory, 4–6 Pan-Arabism, 29 Rationality theory, bounded, 5 rise and fall of, 55 Religious texts, ideological uses of, Parliamentary elections, omission of 93–94 Islamic state and, 73 Reus-Smit, Christian, 5 Peretz, Amir, 2006 Lebanese Revolutionary Armed Forces of War and, 117 Colombia (FARC), 8 Perez, Shimon, 92 Revolutionary Guards Permaloff, Anne, 8 Hezbollah and, 38, 149 Political system, Hezbollah’s influence in Lebanon, 41–42 participation in, 67 Revolution of the Hungry, 78 Popular Front for the Liberation of Rule of the jurisprudent, see Velayet-e Palestine (PFLP), Shia and, 34 faqih (rule of the jurisprudent) 196 INDEX

Russia al-Sharaa, Farouk, 85, 92, 93 differences with Hezbollah, 167 law, Hezbollah and, 49 Hezbollah cooperation with, Sharon, Ariel, 90, 117, 133 161–162 Shebaa Farms and support for Assad, 145 dispute over, 107, 109–111, 132 Hezbollah attacks on, 109–110 Israeli capture of, 108–109 S as rationale for continued Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, 13 attacks, 181 Sacred texts, reinterpretation of, 178 Shehab, Fouad al-Sadr, Muhammed Baqr, 38, 176 reform plan of, 28 al-Sadr, Musa, 113, 176, 177 al-Sadr and, 32 background of, 29 Shehimi, Musa Ali, death of, 150 disappearance of, 37, 38 Shia Hezbollah’s acknowledgment of Abdul Nassir and, 29 approach, 180 after WWI, 25 ideals of, manifesto of 2009 and, 129 Arab versus Iranian, 58–59 on Lebanon as homeland, 130 background and persecution of, PLO and, 35 175–176 political perspective of, 57 in Bahrain, 142–143 Shehab and, 32 battle for, 38 Shia empowerment and, 29–31 discrimination against, 157 significance of, 57 Hezbollah mobilization of, 12 zu’ama and ulama opposition and, 30 Hezbollah support for, 106–107 al-Sadr, Sadr al-Din, 30 Israel and, 37 Safavid Shia, 22 Lebanese civil war and, 36 Safiyyddine, Ali, 45 under Maronite Christians, 24 Salafi groups National Pact and, 69 Hezbollah and, 80 Ottoman persecution of, 24 shrine of Zeinab and, 156 Palestinian cause and, 34–35 Saniora, Fouad, 121 Palestinian differences with, 33 Saouli, Adham, 12 Palestinian oppression of, 34 Sartori, Giovanni, 54 party preferences of, 29 Saudi Arabia, 80 political symbolism and, 58 Wahabism of, 96 politicization of, 28–29 al-Sayyed, Ibrahim Amin, 43, 53 present-day discrimination against, and refashioning of Islamism, 73 56–57 Scott, James, 9 regional ties of, 23 , 115 relationship with Israel, 33 Secularism, failures of, 177 and shunning of politics, 55 Shalit, Gilad, 122 Sunni Islamists and, 78–79 Shamsaldin, Mehdi, 92 unification of, 32 INDEX 197

Shia in Lebanon, 22–24 and discrimination against Shia, 157 reaction to Hezbollah in Syrian civil National Pact and, 68 war, 162–163 Ottoman treatment of, 24 Shia in Syria, 15 Sunni-Shia relations, 78–80 defense of, 167 Iraq invasion and, 79 as pretext for Hezbollah Svenson, Ola, 7 intervention, 155–160, 184 Sykes-Picot agreement, 25 Shia Syria divisions of, 21 divergent views of Hezbollah in, Mamluk era of, 22 87–88 and Muhammad’s successor, 21 exit from Lebanon, 111–112 Shia Isma’ilis, 22 and fall of Soviet Union, 83 Shia refugees, influx into Lebanon, 176 Hezbollah and, 12, 67 Shiaism Hezbollah’s dependence on, Khomeini and theology of, 40–41 144–148 politicization of, 48 Hezbollah’s intervention in (see transition to movement Hezbollah in Syrian civil war) of rebellion, 40–41 Hezbollah’s loyalty to, 143–147 Shkeir, Wafic, 125 Hezbollah position on reform by, Shrine of Zeinab 144–146 as pretext for Syrian involvement, 155 Hezbollah’s role in, 13 protection of, 153, 156–157, and Hezbollah’s role in Lebanon, 166, 184 83–84 Shultz, George, 83 improved relationship with Siniora, Fouad, 111 Hezbollah, 86 Sobelman, Daniel, 13 Iran’s role in, 13 Soleimani, Qassim, Nasrallah’s Israeli-Lebanese peace accord and, 83 meeting with, 149 Lebanon’s influence in, 2 Soviet Union, fall of, 49, 83 Lebanon interference in, 152–153 State structures, demise in Middle pretexts for involvement in, East, 17 155–160 Suicide bombings significance to Lebanon, 159 in Beirut, 154 strategic relationship with, 80 of Hezbollah, 45–46 UN Security Council Resolution Sukkar, Nadir, 70 1559 and, 90 Sulayman, Michel, 106–107 , reactions to Hezbollah, 154 , Shia opposition to, 21–22 Syrian civil war Sunni Islamists, 81, 82 Hezbollah’s double standard and, 183 Sunni Ottomans, and marginalization Hezbollah’s fate and, 167 and oppression of Shia, 55 See also Hezbollah in Syrian civil war Sunnis Syrian insurgency, 8 after WWI, 26 Syrian Mandate, 25 198 INDEX

Syrian National Party, and resistance Umma to Israeli invasion, 44 choices of, 92 versus nation-state, 95, 97 allegations against Hezbollah, uniting of, 79 150–151 Interim Force in Hezbollah and, 148 Lebanon (UNFIL), 108 Syrian regime United Nations Security Council Hezbollah’s support of, 141–142 Resolution 425, on Israeli and need for Iran’s and Hezbollah’s withdrawal from Lebanon, 108 assistance, 151 United Nations Security Council Syrian Social National Party (SSNP), Resolution 426, 108 Shia and, 29 United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, 75 United Nations Security Council T Resolution 1559, 90 Taif agreement of 1989, 2, 10, 14, 54 and disarmament of militias, 105 and disarming of militias, United Nations Security 178–179, 181 Council Resolution 1701, Hezbollah after, 94 and state’s exclusive right Hezbollah response to, 69 to bear arms, 122 Lebanese civil war and, 68–69 political environment after, 67 Arab Spring and, 141–142 weapons possession and, 125 Bahraini naval base and, 143 groups and Hezbollah’s involvement in Hezbollah’s claims about, 184 Syria, 151 as pretext for Syrian involvement, sanctions of, 168 155–156 United States embassy, attack on, 45 propaganda of, 165 United States Marine barracks, attack Shia fear of, 165 on, 79 threat of, 146, 147, 153, 156–159, 167, 168 Terrorist attacks, in Beirut, 154–155 V Tueni, Gebran, 105 Velayet-e faqih (rule of the al-Tufayli, Subhi, 41, 43, 50, 53 jurisprudent), 46–47, 51 background and break with reinterpretation of, 74–77 Hezbollah, 78 Vilayati, Ali Akbar, 85 denouncement of Hezbollah, 111 Tunisia, Arab Spring and, 141–142 Twelver Shia, 22 W Wadi Hujjair Conference, 25 Wahabism, of Saudi Arabia, 96 U Vali al-faqih, 48–49, 74 Ulama, 30 decisions based on, 148 Umayyad dynasty, 21, 55 Khamenei and, 74 INDEX 199

Walter, Barbara, 7 Hezbollah involvement in, 13 Wood, Elisabeth Jean, 8, 9 non-state actors in, 17 Yezid, 21 as symbol of oppression, 55–56 Y Yaghi, Abu Salim, 43 Yazbik, Muhammed, 75 Z Yemen Zu’ama, 28, 30