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Between Concord and Discord, Juan Luis Vives (1492/1493 – 1540) on Language, Rhetoric, and Politics

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Between Concord and Discord, Juan Luis Vives (1492/1493 – 1540) on Language, Rhetoric, and Politics Between Concord and Discord, Juan Luis Vives (1492/1493 – 1540) on Language, Rhetoric, and Politics Kaarlo Johannes Havu Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 30 September 2015 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Between Concord and Discord, Juan Luis Vives (1492/1493 – 1540) on Language, Rhetoric, and Politics Kaarlo Johannes Havu Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Martin van Gelderen, Lichtenberg-Kolleg, The Göttingen Institute for Advanced Studies Prof. Luca Molà, EUI Dr. Annabel Brett, University of Cambridge Prof. Markku Peltonen, University of Helsinki © Kaarlo Havu 2015 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author This thesis has been submitted for language correction Abstract of the thesis Between Concord and Discord, Juan Luis Vives (1492/1493 – 1540) on Language, Rhetoric, and Politics This thesis presents a new interpretation of the political dimension of Juan Luis Vives’s thought by looking at Vives’s reception and appropriation of classical rhetoric in the context of northern humanism. This thesis argues that rather than theorizing politics in the language of law, Vives’s main contribution to political thought occurred at the intersection of reflections on cognition, rhetoric, and ethical languages of virtuous government. This is to challenge the existing scholarship in two ways. First, it questions a prevalent interpretation of Vives as merely a theoretician of an overarching political concord and peace by showing Vives’s deep interest in the possibilities of political action in a postlapsarian world of discord. Secondly, the thesis shows that while Vives, and northern humanism more generally, produced little systematic reflection on some of the basic political and legal concepts, Vives’s theorization of cognitive, ethical, linguistic, and educational viewpoints was a way to frame the ultimate conditions and possibilities of political action in a non-utopian world. In the tumultuous 1520s and 1530s, when the religious unity of Christendom and the political concord between different European states were increasingly threatened, Vives argues that language and politics are inseparably entangled on three different levels. First, political, and ethical languages are conceptualized essentially rhetorically; they are meant to be transformative and they have to lead to constructive political action. Secondly and closely connected to the first point, the transformative potential of political discourses must be realized in different practices of counselling linking politics intrinsically to humanist concerns of active life in the service of community. Thirdly, since active life is realized in princely contexts unfavourable to open debate, the use of language and rhetoric has to be appropriated to this new environment. In this process, the place of rhetoric in educational schemes, the internal theory of rhetoric, and the relationship between language and cognition are problematized in the context of wider debates on education, good government, and human freedom central to the northern humanist tradition in the early 16th century. In conceptualizing politics, language, and cognition, largely together Vives’s thought points to broader 16th- and 17th-century developments in European political thought where man’s nature, passions, and cognition become one of the central concerns of political thought. iii Index 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. FROM PARIS TO LOUVAIN, VIVES BECOMES A HUMANIST 27 3. THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS AND COUNSELLING 71 4. CHRISTIAN PEACE UNDER GOOD PRINCES 125 5. BETWEEN CONCORD AND DISCORD 163 6. DE DISCIPLINIS, PROBLEMATIZING TRIVIUM 207 7. DE DISCIPLINIS, EDUCATING MEN TO CONCORD (AND DISCORD) 247 8. WORDS, COGNITION, INGENIUM 285 CONCLUSIONS 321 BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 iv Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been completed without the help, encouragement, and support of a number of people. I want to thank my supervisor Martin van Gelderen for his interest in the project. I have been privileged to learn from his encyclopaedic knowledge on the history of political thought. I am greatly indebted to Markku Peltonen, who first directed my interest towards northern humanism and Juan Luis Vives. There are a number of professors at the EUI who have helped at different points of the project: my second reader Antonella Romano whose at times critical comments have driven me on, Bartolomé Yun Casalilla who has informed me on Spanish history, and Luca Molà who has taken the time to read these pages through. A semester spent at Queen Mary in London, and especially Quentin Skinner’s seminar, deepened my knowledge on Renaissance intellectual history. I also want to thank Annabel Brett for taking the time to participate in the jury of the dissertation. I am grateful to all the personnel at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolffenbüttel, at the Bibliothèque royale de Belgique/ Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België in Brussels, at the Centrale Bibliotheek in Leuven, at Kansalliskirjasto in Helsinki, and at the National Library in London. There are many people at the EUI and at Helsinki University who must be mentioned. I want to thank Jonas Gerlings, Brian Olesen, Matti Lamela, Johannes Huhtinen, Tommasso Giordani, Thomas Wittendorff, and Ismo Puhakka who all have participated in the activities of the intellectual history study group at the EUI, and who listened to my worries and doubts all along the way. I also want to thank all the people who have participated in the intellectual history seminar at Helsinki, and especially Tupu Ylä-Anttila for interesting discussions on Juan Luis Vives and Renaissance education. Oliver Buxton-Dunn deserves a special mention for making my thesis readable. Alan, Pol, Daniel, Robrecht, together with all other researchers at the History department at the EUI, have created the right kind of social and intellectual atmosphere for this project to develop. I thank all my friends in Helsinki who have had to listen to my monologues on Vives. Last but not the least, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my family: Laura, Eva, Eeva, Jukka and Tuomas. v List of abbreviations Allen Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami: denuo recognitum et auctum, eds. Allen, Percy Stafford - Helen Mary Allen - Heathcote William Garrod, Clarendon Oxford 1906–1958, 12 vols. BR Bietenholz, Peter G (ed.): A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, vols. I-III, Toronto 1985-1987. CHE “Clarorum Hispanensium epistolae ineditae”, 181-308 in Revue hispanique, 1901. CRA Literae virorum eruditorum ad Franciscum Craneveldium, 1522 – 1528 (ed. by Henry de Vocht), Louvain Librairie Universitaire 1928. CRA2 “Litterae ad Craneveldium Balduinianae”, in Humanistica Lovaniensia XLI- XLIV (ed. by Jozef Ijsewijn et al.), 1992 – 1995. DA Vives, Juan Luis: De anima et vita libri tres, Basel, Robert Winter, 1538. DAE Vives, Juan Luis: Epistolario (ed. Delgado, José Jiménez), Editora Nacional, Madrid 1978. DC Vives, Juan Luis: “De concordia & discordia”, in Vives, Juan Luis: De concordia & discordia in humano genere libri quattuor. De pacificatione, liber unus: quam misera esset vita christianorum sub Turca liber unus, Michael Hillen, Antwerpen 1529. DCO Vives, Juan Luis: “De consultatione liber I”, in Vives, Juan Luis: Rhetoricae, sive de recte dicendi ratione libri tres, Eiusdem de consultatione liber I, ad haec rerum index Thomas I Platter & Balthasar Lasius, Basel 1536. DD Vives, Juan Luis: De disciplinis libri XX. In tres tomos distincti, cum indice novo, Johann I Gymnich, Köln 1532. DP Vives, Juan Luis: “De pacificatione”, in Vives, Juan Luis: De concordia & discordia in humano genere libri quattuor. De pacificatione, liber unus: quam misera esset vita christianorum sub Turca liber unus, Michael Hillen, Antwerpen 1529. DR Vives, Juan Luis: De ratione dicendi, Platter - Lasius, Basel 1536 IO Quintilian: Institutio oratoria I-V (trans. by Russel), The Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts/London 2001. MA Gregorio Mayans y Siscar: J. L. Vivis Valentini Opera omnia I-VIII, Valencia 1782 vi – 1790. PC Vives, Juan Luis: “In leges Ciceronis praefatio”, in Vives, Juan Luis: Opuscula varia, Thierry Martens, Louvain 1519. VCA Vives, Juan Luis: “Commentarii ad divi Aurelii Augustini De civitate Dei”, commentary on Augustine: De civitate Dei, Johann Froben, Basel 1522. vii viii ix x 1. Introduction Vives, Rhetoric, and Politics “Nobody needs language when dealing with himself; language has been given to man because of other men. For one cannot think of a more suitable instrument for human communication – language enables one to open to others what one has enclosed in one’s soul and cognition.”1 Vives in De concordia 1529. In reflecting on human sociability in his De concordia & discordia in humano genere, Vives greatly emphasized the importance of language as an expression of the caring nature of man. Drawing on classical and Christian sources, Vives eloquently pointed out that man was a social creature, amply endowed with qualities to succeed in the life of concord and peace for which he was created. Reason, religion, free will, and man’s bodily composition all testified to a fundamentally benevolent disposition towards others.2 However, the greatest of all gifts
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