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DOCUMINT RESUME ED 277 878 CE 046 142 TJTLE--- Adult.Education in Asia. Cou ie= No. 38. INSTITUTION Asian - South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education. PUB DATE Dec 86 - -NOTE 64p. -PUB TYPE Collected Works -Serials (022) -- Reports - Descriptive_(142H Viewpoin (120) JOURNAL CIT ASPBAE Courier; 08 Dec 1986 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Basic Sducation; *Adult Zdlucation; *Adult Literacy; Adult Programs; *coramu_mnity Development; Developed Nations; Developing Hations; Disadvantaged; Economic Development; EducationaLl improvement; *Educational Nee* *Literacy Ed-Iucation; *Nonformal Education; Postsecondary Educati.on IDENTIFIERS *Asia ABSTRACT This journal issue con ains ase:- ies of papers concerned with exploring the rolothat adult edu._cationcan play in developing communities. The firstpaper ,"Major Challenges and Prospect of Adult Education tor th Year 2000" (rAr.M. Sakya) provides an overview of adult education in Asiaa-and the Pacific, emphasizing the vastness of the mgion, the fact that 63 percent of the total world population live within it, and ti=he rapidchange that has characterized this region during the pastdeomcade. In the second paper, "The Role of Adult Education in Community Settings," W. M. K. Wijetunga points out that lifelong learning isnomot new to Asia and draws on his knowledge of Buddhismasan illustraation of this fact. He emphasizes that adult educationshould always be focused on the disadvantaged members of societiewith the aim caof givingthem the means to overcome their situationand gain equaliity. The remaining six par-rs were written by adult ducators inCousantries of the region and out.ine the role that adult education is plaNnyingin each of these countries and what each hopes to nhieve in thefiEuture. The papers are: "The Role of Adult Educationin Community Semattings--TheJapanese Experience" (Makoto Yamaguchi); 'SomeAspects of Nonformal Education Development in Indonesia" (Kusumahwi); "Trends EEinKorean Adult Education" (Korean Association ofFidult Education=a);"Adult Education for the Year 2000, Challenges andProspects: Thaiiiland"(Sunthorn Sunanchai); "Adult/Continuing Education in Hacalf`-'(Lawrence Tsui); and "Chinese Adult Education (Department of AchiLl-t Education, Beijing). A list of organizations involved inaduLalt and nonformal education in Asia and the Facificis included in the document. (KC) **** **** * ** *** ** = ***************** Reproduc ions supplied by SDR8are the b that can be made from the original docum ****** ************** ** ASIAN MTH PACIFIC BUREAU OF (33sADULT ESUCATION ADULT EDUCkflOW IN ASIA US DEMENT OF EDUCATION "PERMI4ON .01VceVAittiMnatitd and inwildant To REPRoDOCE MATERIAL THIS pøçAoMALPcs INFORMATION HAS BEEN GRANTED CND POI . By 11-111. ritamoI 4.1 Non fetmodat COURIER SERVICE w-r.canTd Iron 01.msort ot ()Vivo it N 38 U. Mel dOf charohin bee math lU impiave Ittmroduchtdoltiy.. t P=Ints Mom Mated Itasclocik rDixeent 40 Ad ptUtuniii repreaent orlioM TO THE EDOGATONAL Ri or policy RESOURCES 1NFoRmATioN cENTER BEST COPYAVA1LABLIE- The ASPBAB Courier Service is produced three times a year in ASFOAE REGIONAL OFFICES April, July and December. Opinions expressed in the Courier are not necessarily those of Region 1(South Asia) Region 2 (East Asia) the Editorial Board or members of the Asian-South Pacific Bureau ; of Adult Education. Dr A.T. Ariyaratne, Contact Person: Chairman! Lawrence Tsui, All material contained in the Courier, unless otherwise stated,, Sarvodaya, Macau Association for may be freely reprinted or reproduced to promote the free-flow of ' Damzak Mandira, Continuing Education* information and discussion. A copy of any reprint would be ' 98 Rawatawatte Road, 13.0, Box-3031, appreciated* Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Macau EDITORIAL BOARD Region 3 (S.E.Asia) Region 4 (Pacific) Yvonne Heslop, Editor Mr Lim Hoy Pick, Contact Person: Chris Duke Chairman, Dr P. Schoeffel, Wendy Benson 13 Dalvey Estate, Continuing Education, Elizabeth Sommerlad Singapore 1025 University of the South Helen Hill Pacific, P.O. Box 1168, BUIlOp Fiji SUBSCRIPTION IN-FORMATION SECRETARIAT ASPEAE CORIER Dr U.K. Wijetunga, Mrs YVOnne 80010p, ARM Region (A4ia the Pacirv.); Secretary-General, Editor, 30163A Longden Place, G.P.O. BOX 1225, Indipidub 0510,00 pia, Colombo 7. Sri Lanka Canberra, 2601, Inaitutionh PS40,00 p,a, Australia 011EtComitite ISSN No. 0 814-3811 Individual4 $020.00 p.a. HAPBAE is associated with the International Council Inaitaiion4 1060.00 p.a. Aor Adult Education (ICAE) Pieau and cheque4, .Inte4national Ilon9 04644 04 othee'.- intmational4 ntiotialig cunanty Isi '44ian huth PaWic Bigen o/ 4duit Uaaation' The ASPBAE Courier is produced at the Centre for Continuing Education, Australian National University, c.P.O. Box 1225, -Canberra, Australia. Canle44a, 2601, 4imt4a/ia DINTS INTRODUCTION MAJOR CHALLENGES AND PROSPECT OF ADU1T EDUCATION FOR Tr YEAR 2000 1 T.M. Sakya THE ROLE OF ADULT EDUCATION IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS 7 MAK. Wijetunga THE ROLE OF ADULT EDUCATION IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS - THE JAPANESE EXPERIENCE Makoto Yamaguchi SOME ASPECTS OF NONFORMIL EDUCATIONDEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA 11 KUSUMadewi TRENDS IN 'KOREAN ADULT EDUCATION 13 Korean Association of Adult Education ADULT EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR 2000,CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS: THAILAND 18 SUnthorn Sunanchai ADULT/CONTINUING EDUCATION IN MACAU 22 Lawrence Tsui CHINESE ADULT EDUCATION 24 Department of Adult FAiucation, 80ijing LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE COORDINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN ASIA ANDTHE PACIFIC 26 INTRODUCTION flexThility of provision and content uf adeleeducation that can meet the needs of This issue of the Courier, the last each and every adult no matter whatthoseneeds are. fur 19861 end the last Lin this format,includes a He believes that people should help each other and therneelvea series of papers concerned eith exploringthe role that adult educationcan play and not to rely on governmentswhose in developing 'communities'. reeources must always be litted. Ifopie are encouraged and aided to help themselves he sees no limit to whatcm be achieve& The ferst paper by T.M. Sakya provides an overview of adult educationin Asia 'and the Pacific from his At the end of this issue there is a let ef organizationswhich play a role th the perspective as Educadon Adviser at theUnesco Regional Office for Education in coordinatioe and development of adultinonforraaleducation in this region. Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok,lie emphasises It Le the vastness ef the region not exhaustive but contains thename of organizations which are members of and the fact that 63 per cent of de betelworld popelation live within it. ASPBAE or with which ASPBAE has regular lie also points to the rapid changethat has contaot. If you would like to addto characterised this region thie list further namescan be included in the next issue. over the past decade and the role that adultede -ation has played, and should play,to help people adapt tO that change. He discusses the role of literacyas a step on the ladder to helping people adapt to change but points out that this work must be related to the realityof people's lives and is not an end in itself. y vonne Beslop He goes oe to discues the other aspectsof adult education and the need for more researeh to be undertakento develop a better understanding of adultlearning and methods of teachinglie also argies, as do many of the other papers, that formal education alone cannot cope with the problems facing this region. Formal and Nonformal Education mestbe linked together to maximise the efforts put into education if reel development isto take place,The authors also believe that nonformal educatice should he receivinga greater share of education funding and suppoit fromgovernments. Sunthorn Sunanchai argues that governments aloneJ1 never be able to meet the demand. Motivation of peopleto help themselves will benecessary given the large numbers of adults who could benefit from increased knowledge, andthe empowerment that this can bring. Dr, Wijetunge, the Secretary-General of ASPBAE, was the keynote speaker atthe opening session of the 1986 ASPDAE Region 3 Conference in Macau.The conference discussed the role that adulteducation cee play in the development of communities and following on from that to national developmentHe points out that lifelong learning is notnew to Asia and draws OA hl bowledge of nuddhism as an illuetrationof this,He emphasises that adult education should always be focused on the dieadvantaeed members of our societiee with the aim of giving them the means toovercome their situation and gain equality. He believes that the greatest threat facing humanity at this time is nuclearwae. He dresses the important rolethat adult educatioe can play in bringing people of all nations closer together andhelping people to realise thatwe are all part :of, one human family whosefuture is dependent on au ofus coixisting in harmony, The other six papers were written by adulteducators in countries of this region and ouUne the role that adulteducatioe is playing ie thek countries and what they hope to achieve in the future.Despite the differences in political systems and histeriral background the problems facing our countriesare stzikingly eeelk elalism has been a part of the historical background ofmany countries, of:ell leaving a legacy of neglect and/orinequality. Many countre edult education programs were commenced with the aim of eradicating ilee:eracy but have sincemoved on to a wider range of activities that assist people to develop
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  • XIV. Trade and Sectoral Impacts of the Global Financial Crisis – a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

    XIV. Trade and Sectoral Impacts of the Global Financial Crisis – a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

    281 XIV. Trade and sectoral impacts of the global financial crisis – a dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis By Anna Strutt and Terrie Walmsley Introduction The current global financial crisis has resulted in a significant downturn in the global economy. Although there have recently been signs that the worst of the crisis may be over, the global economy remains fragile, with much uncertainty remaining (International Monetary Fund, 2009b; World Trade Organization, 2009a). Meanwhile, the impacts of the crisis continue to be felt throughout the world. This chapter uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to explore some of the effects of two different crisis scenarios, with particular focus on trade and sectoral impacts in ESCAP member countries. The potential impacts of the recent tendency to move toward greater protection of domestic industries are also analysed. Computable general equilibrium models have some limitations in their ability to analyse the current financial crisis; however, they have been used to generate insights into the impacts of previous economic crises (e.g., Anderson and Strutt, 1999; McKibbin and others, 2001; Siriwardana and Iddamalgoda, 2003). Some efforts to model the current crisis have also been made, including through the use of comparative static versions of the well-known Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model (Jongwanich and others, 2009; Strutt, 2009). The current study uses GDyn, a dynamic global CGE model, developed by Ianchovichina and McDougall (2000), based on the GTAP model (Hertel, 1997).1 The GDyn model incorporates most features of the GTAP model, including bilateral trade flows, a sophisticated consumer demand function and intersectoral factor mobility.