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Dissertação De Mestrado Apresentada Ao Programa UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO CENTRO-OESTE SETOR DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E AMBIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA Associação ampla entre a UEPG e a UNICENTRO LETICIA DE MATTOS ESTRUTURA FLORAL EM ESPÉCIES DE PASSIFLORA COM DIFERENTES SÍNDROMES DE POLINIZAÇÃO GUARAPUAVA 2017 LETICIA DE MATTOS ESTRUTURA FLORAL EM ESPÉCIES DE PASSIFLORA COM DIFERENTES SÍNDROMES DE POLINIZAÇÃO Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva na Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste em associação com a Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Área de concentração em Biologia Evolutiva). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adriano Silvério. GUARAPUAVA 2017 Catalogação na Publicação Biblioteca Central da Unicentro, Campus Cedeteg Mattos, Leticia de M444e Estrutura floral em espécies de Passiflora com diferentes síndromes de polinização / Leticia de Mattos. – – Guarapuava, 2017 xiii, 61 f. : il. ; 28 cm Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, em associação com a Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, área de concentração em Biologia Evolutiva, 2017 Orientador: Adriano Silvério Banca examinadora: Adriano Silvério, Luiz Antônio de Souza, André Luiz Gaglioti Bibliografia 1. Ciências biológicas. 2. Anatomia floral. 3.concentração de açúcares . 4.Recompensa floral . 5. Nectário. 6. Passifloraceae. 7. Maracujá. I. Título. II. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva. CDD 583.456 Dedico esse trabalho aos meus pais, que são exemplos de luta, dedicação e otimismo, a minha irmã e o meu marido por todo o incentivo. AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente agradeço a Deus pela vida, saúde e perseverança concedida a mim. Aos meu pais Mauri e Ivete, a minha irmã Luana ao meu marido Álvaro que são meus alicerces, que com todo o amor carinho e dedicação sempre me incentivaram, me apoiaram e me ajudaram em tudo, principalmente emocionalmente. Agradeço ao meu orientador, professor Dr. Adriano, pela confiança, oportunidade, amizade e pela orientação na realização desse trabalho. Aos meus amigos e companheiros de mestrado, Lari, Cami, Gi, Maíra, Daia, Rick, Jesus, Mi, Tay, Jo e Claúdia, agradeço pela alegria que me proporcionaram neste tempo de convivência tornando esta fase mais descontraída. Aos meus colegas do Laboratório de Botânica Estrutural, Le, Laura, Elo, Jhonnatan, Jaiana, Cris e Daiane, pelo trabalho, colaboração e companheirismo, tornando os dias menos exaustivos. Agradeço aos professores Dr. André, Dr. Paulo e Dr. Sergio pela oportunidade de continuar meus estudos. Agradeço ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva pela oportunidade e a CAPES pelo aporte financeiro. Enfim, faço aqui um agradecimento geral para todos que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a minha formação. “Talvez não tenha conseguido fazer o melhor, mas lutei para que o melhor fosse feito. Não sou o que deveria ser, mas Graças a Deus, não sou o que era antes.” Marthin Luther King RESUMO Leticia de Mattos. Estrutura floral em espécies de Passiflora com diferentes síndromes de polinização. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel é uma família de angiospermas com distribuição tropical e subtropical, sua reprodução pode envolver tanto sistema auto-compatíveis como auto-incompatíveis, também há casos em que pode ocorrer ambos na mesma espécie. O comportamento dos polinizadores pode ser influenciado pelas características químicas e morfológicas das flores. Dentre as recompensas ao polinizador está o néctar. Este estudo objetivou analisar a anatomia do tubo do cálice de diferentes espécies de Passiflora L., relacionando com a síndrome de polinização. Em campo foi medido a concentração de açúcares no néctar com refratômetro de bolso. Os estudos anatômicos foram realizados com amostras já fixadas, submetidas em meio de inclusão em resina plástica, seccionadas em micrótomo de rotação e analisadas em microscópio de campo claro. As concentrações de açúcar no néctar apresentaram variação de acordo com o horário de coleta. A análise anatômica evidenciou a presença de idioblastos contendo oxalato de cálcio e células com compostos fenólicos. A exsudação do néctar ocorre pela própria epiderme em Passiflora tholozanii Sacco, P. guazumifolia Juss., P. suberosa L., por meio de estômatos modificados e pela própria epiderme em P. villosa Vell., P. tenuifila L., P. caerulea L., P. actinia Hooker, P. galbana Masters, P. amethystina Mikan, por meio de papilas em P. mixta L., P. tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm- Niels. & P. Jorg., P. tarminiana Coppens & V.E. Barney. O amido esteve presente por todo o tecido secretor, antes de iniciar a secreção encontrava-se próximo aos vasos condutores. Os compostos fenólicos produzidos atuem na defesa contra a herbivoria e surrupiadores de néctar. A anatomia demonstrou que plantas com mesma síndrome de polinização apresentam característica anatômicas semelhantes. PALAVRAS–CHAVE: Anatomia floral, Concentração de açúcares, Recompensa floral, Nectário, Passifloraceae, Maracujá. ABSTRACT Leticia de Mattos. Floral structure in Passiflora species with different pollination syndromes. Passifloraceae Juss. Ex Roussel is a angiosperms family with tropical and subtropical distribution, their reproduction may involve both self-compatible and self-incompatible systems, there are also cases where both may occur in the same species. The behavior of the pollinators can be influenced by the chemical and morphological characteristics of the flowers. Among the rewards to the pollinator is nectar. This study aimed to analyze the anatomy of the flower tube of different species of Passiflora L., related to the pollination syndrome. The concentration of sugars in nectar was measured in field with a refractometer. The anatomical studies were performed with samples already fixed, submitted in plastic resin inclusion medium, sectioned in a rotating microtome and analyzed under a light field microscope. The concentrations of sugar in the nectar presented variation according to the collection schedule. The anatomical analysis evidenced the presence of idioblasts containing calcium oxalate and cells with phenolic compounds. The exudation of nectar occurs by the epidermis itself in Passiflora tholozanii Sacco, P. guazumifolia Juss., P. suberosa L., by modified stomata and by the epidermis itself in P. villosa Vell., P. tenuifila L., P. caerulea L., P. actinia Hooker, P. galbana Masters, P. amethystina Mikan. By means of papillae in P. mixta L., P. tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jorg., P. tarminiana Coppens & V.E. Barney. The starch was present throughout the secretory tissue, before initiating the secretion was near the conducting vessels. The phenolic compounds produced act in the defense against herbivory and nectar scavengers. The anatomy evidenced that plants with the same pollination syndrome have similar anatomical characteristics. KEY WORDS: Floral anatomy, Concentration of sugars, Floral reward, Nectary, Passifloraceae, Passion fruit. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO...........................................................................................................1 2. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA...................................................................................2 2.1 .A Família....................................................................................................................2 2.2. Histórico.....................................................................................................................3 2.3. Descrição Morfológica...............................................................................................3 2.4. Os subgêneros de Passiflora.......................................................................................4 2.5. Importância econômica do gênero............................................................................10 2.6. Polinização e recursos florais em Passiflora............................................................10 3. OBJETIVOS..............................................................................................................13 3.1. Objetivo geral...........................................................................................................13 3.2. Objetivos específicos................................................................................................13 4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS.....................................................................................14 4.1. Material vegetal........................................................................................................14 4.2. Concentração de açúcares no néctar.........................................................................15 4.3. Anatomia do tubo do cálice......................................................................................15 5. RESULTADOS..........................................................................................................17 5.1. Biossíntese do néctar e hidrólise do amido..............................................................17 5.2. Concentração de néctar e tamanho floral.................................................................20 5.3. Anatomia e morfologia floral...................................................................................20 6- DISCUSSÃO..............................................................................................................42 6.1. Dinâmica do néctar...................................................................................................42
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