KASHMIR UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME BURMA By R; TALBOT KELLY, R.B.A., i.R.G.S. Containing 15 Full-page Illustrations in colour facsimile. INOlA By MORTIMBR MEN PES ~ TEXT BY FLORA ANNIE STBHL Containing 7S Full-page Illustrations in colour facsimile.

KASHMIR

DESCRIBED BY SIR FRANCIS YOUNGHUSBAND, K.C.I.E.

PAINTED BY MAJOR. E. MOLYNEUX, D.S.O.

." ... " . : . ., l : ~."

LONDPN A. & C. BLACK, L~~ 19 1 7 First published September 190 9 Reprinted 1911, 191 7

Ug. ~Lil £:7 ~~t .. 7~6lt TO

HIS HIGHNESS MAJOR-GENERAL MAHARAJA SIR PRATAP SINGH G.C.S.I.

MAHARAJA OF AND KASHMIR

. THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

IN RECOGNITION OF MUCH HOSPITALITY AND IN TOKEN OF

A FRIENDBHIP OF MANY YEARS PREFACE

WHEN Major Molyneux asked me to combine with him in the production of a book on Kashmir I could not resist the temptation to describe what he had so faithfully depicted, though my official duties naturally leave me insufficient time to do real justice to the theme. I have, not been able to write with the completeness that I should have wished; and I am aware, of many sins of omission. I can o~y hope that when the description fails the reader will be fortunate to have 'his atten­ tion irresistibly diverted to one or other of my collaborator's beautiful pictures.

THE RESIDENCY, , S.eptember 1908.

vii CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

SCENERY AND SEASONS Bernier's impression of Kashmir in 1665-Comparison of Kashmir and Switzerland-The ,road in-First signs of spring~Srinagar in March-A start for Shikar~Shikaris-l<'orest-clad hill-sides­ Signs of stag-View over the valley-Rosy mountains-Unrealised beauties-A duck·shoot-The view from Hokrar-Harwan in spring -Varying beauties of Kashmir-Harwan in May-Clouds on the mountains-A Kashmir village-Irises and roses-Trout-culture -A trout stream-Srinagar in April-The view from Gupkar-A spring scene-Unusual rain-The Bagh-Pandrathan­ Srinagar in summer-The valley in September-The end of the monsoon-The gorgeous autumn-A Hokrar duck-shoot-The valley in winter-Shikaris-Shooting in winter. 1

CHAP~ER II

TRAVEL' IN KASHMIR Travel in old times-My first entrance-My old retainer-Pre~ent modes of travel-Stages from the railway-Srinagar house-hoats­ Srinagar shops-Expeditions from Srinagar-The descent from the Tragbal 47

CHAPTER III

SRINAGAR AND NEIGHBOURHOOD An old capital-Tbe Maharaja's arrival-Procession through the city­ The European quarter-The Jama Masjid-Sbah Hamadan-Dr. ix b KASHMIR

Neve's Hospital-The Takht-i-Suliman-Pandrathan-The -The Nasim Bagh-The Shalimar Bngh-1'he Nishat Bugh -ParihasapUl'a , 63

CHAPTER IV

THE RESIDENCY GARDEN The .lirst week in March-Fruit trees in bloom-Kashmir tulipe­ Golden orioles-Roses in May-Stl'awbel'ries-Burbank's Del­ phiniums-The height of Bummer-The garden in autumn­ Autumnal colours ' 87

CHAPTER V

GULMARG

The

CHAPTER VI

THE VALLEYS AND PLACES OF INTEREST The --The Lolab-The Lidar Valley- Martand-Achibal 108

CHAPTER VII

SPORT Game Preservation-The year's bag-Duck-shooting-Fishing. 118

CHAPTER VIII

THE PEOPLE Kashmir beauties-The Pundits-Mohamedans-The Quadiani sect- Kashmiri villagers-Boatmen 125 CONTENTS

CHAPTER IX

THS H!STORV OF KASHMIR PO-Jaible effect of natural beauty-Ancient ruins-Martand-Greek inllucllce-Bud

CHAPTER :X

ADMINISTRATION System of rule - Personal-Sources of revenue - Land revenue assessment 183

CHAPTER XI

PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES Wool-Silk-Fruit-Rice-Other grains-Experim,ental farm-Soil­ Implements-Forests-Mineral products-Shilw!s-Carpets-5i1k -Papier-macM-Puttoo-Boat-building-Trade 194

CHAPTER XII

THE ELECTRICAL SCHEME Water-po,!er turned to electric power-The harnessed -The Bume-The power-house-Difficulties encountered-The dredging scheme 222

CHAPTER XIII

THE PEAKS AND MOu;NTAIN RANGES The Peak KLErrors in observation-Nanga Parbat-Rocks of great peaks-The Himalayan range 234 xii KASHMIR

CHAPTER XIV

THl!: STORY 01' THE MOUNTMNS Interest of study-.Kashmir under the 8_100,000,000 years ago­ Kashmir an archipelago-Finally upheaved--Cause of upheaval­ History of life-At first no land life-Ferns-The Coal Measures -Great reptiles-Mammals- a lake-Appear­ ance of man-Reflections on the story-Need to look forward­ Creating higher man. 251 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

By MAJOR E. MOLXNEUX, D.S.O.

PAOli: 1. Wild Rhododendrons Frontispiece 2. Approach to Srinagar 2 3. TIle Land of Roses . 4 4 Mouth of the Sind Valley 6 5. Sunset on the 8 6. Dawn in tlle Nulla . 10 7. Kotwal from the Forest above Kangan, Sind Valley '12 8. Above the Camping-Ground, , Sind Valley 14 9. The Kajnag from Sopur, Early Spring 16 10. Kotwal from near the Dal Darwaza . 18 11. The Lull before the Storm, Dal Lake 20 12. Above Lidarwat, Lidar Valley. 22 13. Sunset on the Jhelum, above Srinagar 24 14. Spring in Kashmir . 26 15. On tIle Dal Lake in Spring 28 16. Entrance to the Mar Canal 32 17. The Temple, ehenar Bagh 34 18. Ruins of Lalla Rookh's Gardens, Lake Manasbal 36 19. A Ladaki in Summer Costume. 52 xiii xiv KASHMIR PAGE 20. The Valley of Gurais 62 21. Market Boats on the Mar Canal, Srinagar 64 22. Above the Fifth Bridge, Srinagar 66 28. Shawl Merchants' Shops, Third Bridge~ Srinagar 68 !it4. Mosque of Shah Hamadan, Srinagar 70 !it5. A Hindu Temple, Srinagar 72 26. In the Mar Canal, Srinagar 74 27 Guggnbal Pointe on the Dal Lake 76 28. Lotus Lilies on the Dal Lake 78 29. Shalimar Gardens 80 80. The 82 81. A Terrace of the Nishat Bagh 84 82. The Residency and Club, Srinagar' 88 88. The Takht-i-Suliman, from the Residency Garden. 94 84. On the Circular Road, 100 85. In the Forest . 102 86. From the Circular Road, Gulmarg 104 87. Gorge of the Sind Valley at Guggangir '108 88. The Frozen Lake, Gangabal 110 89. Early Morning near Pahlgam, Lidar Valley 112 40. The Ruins of Martand 114 41. A Srinagar Bazaar 116 42. A Comer of the Village of Pahlgam, Lidar Valley 128 48. A Mountain Farm-House. 180 44. A Boatman and his Family 182 45. Ruins of Temples, Wangat, Sind Valley 184 46. Ruined Gateway of Martand 186 47. Ruined Temples of Avantipur 188 LlST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv ....OE 48. Gate of the Outer Wall, Hari Parbat Fort, Srinagar . 156 49. At the River's Edge, Srinagar . 160 50. Lalla Rookh's Tomb, Hassan Abdal . 162 51. Bridge of Burbur Shah, Chenar Bagh, Srinagar 164 52. Spring Floods in the Kutical Canal, Srinagar 166 53. Looking down the Gurais Valley, from Dudhgai Village 168 54. Akbar's Bridge, Karallayar 174 55. The Camping-Ground at LidarWat 198 56. A Wayside Shrine . 202 57. Evening on the Dal Lake 210 58. Mount Haramokh, from the Erin Nullah . 238 59. A Mountain Glen, before the Melting of the Snows . 240 60. Lake Shisha Nag, Lidar Valley 244 61. Distant·View of Nanga Parbat, from the Kamri Pass 246 62. Mount Kolahoi, Lidar Valley 248 63. Rampur, Jhelum Valley Road 252 64. In the Sind Valley 254 ti5. Lake Shisha Nag at Sunset 258 66. The Tannin Glen, Lidar Valley. 260 67. Going to the Wedding, Upper Indus Valley 262 68. Mountain Mists 264 69. Near the Kolahoi Glacier, Lidar Valley 266 70. Lake Sinsa Nag, Lidar Valley. 270

Sketch Map oj Kashmir at end of Volume. INDEX

Abbotabad, 6'T A1!tumn in Kashmir, 36, 38 Achibal, 60, 116, 123 Avantipur, 135 .' Administration, 183 Avantipura, 145 • Afghanistan, 138, 232 Avantivarman, 146, 1.46 Afghans, 169, 176' Awatkula, 111 Africa, 268, 265 South, 264 Baber, Emperor, 211 Aghil range, 237 Badakhshan, 143 Agra, Taj at, 157 Badwan, 123 . Aishmakam, 210 Baltistan, 3, 50, 61, 109, 120, 121, Ajit Singh, 166 164, 184, 232 Akbar, 142, 157 Governor of, 50 Alexander the Great, 139 Bandipur, 61, 62 Alfred, King, 143 , 17 Aliwal,168 Baramula, 6, 6, 57,69,104,124, Almonds, 199 146, 183, 206, 231, 232, 241 Amar Singh, Raja Sir, 68, 69, Road,84. 118, 184, 2] 5 Bara-singh. Setl U Kashmir stag.· Amaranth, 202 Barley, 200, 205 Amarnath, caves of, 60, 113,114 Barstow, Captain, 120 America, 257, 258 Basket work, 216 Aparwat, 106 Bauxite, 210 Apples, 196, 217 Bawan,112 Apricots, 96, 176, 199, 202 Beans, white, 201 trees,19, 36, 158 Beas river, 169 Archlllological Department Sur- . Bedford, Duke of, .122 vey,81 Bengal, 138 Arts, 210 settlement of, 191 Aru, 113, 123 Beom,123 Asia, Central, 61, 143, 263 Bernier, 1, 2, 158 Asoka, the Buddhist king, 33, 75, , 60, Ill, 112 138, 139, 140 Birches, 206 : Astor, 62, 120, 121 Biscoe's School, Mr., 72 Austin, Godwin, 236 Blue pine, 206 275 S5~ 276 KASHMIR

Boat-building, 216 Cbenars, Isle of, 29, 78 Boatmen, 132 , 250 Bodhisattva, 141 Chittal, 154, 155, 176 Bokhara, 216 frontier, 62 Bombay, 196 Cholera, 232 Brahminism, 139 Christians, 272 Brahministic Hinduism, 141 Clarified butter. Ses .. Butter Brahmins, 112, 149, 156 Co~ Measures, 264, 266 British Govel'nment,168, 169,170, Co~ period, 266 173, 182, 183, 184, 210 Columbines, 93 troops, 167 Copper, 210, 220 Indian troops, 167 work, 214 • Resident, 183 - Cornwallis, Lord, 191 territory, 167 Cotton, 202, 205 Buckwheat, 201 cloth,216 Buddha, 135 piece-goods, 219 , 139, 140, 141 Cretaceoull period, late, 267 Buddhist monasteries, 61 Customs, the (source of revenue), temple, 5, 138 184,187 Bulbuls,7 Bullock carts, 56 Dabgrab,203 .. Bund," 69, 70 ' Dachigam stream, 26, 123, 124 Buniar, 134 _ valley, 27,79 Burbank, Mr. Luther, 94 Dak bung~oW8, 31, 56, 57 Burma, 249 Dal Darwaza look, the, 75, 78 Burrard, Colonel, 234, 236, 238, N Lake, 20, 28, 29, 32, 59, 74, 240, 242, 246, 250 75, 79, 81, 82, 132, 14], 159, Burzil, 123 198,203,209 Butter, clarified, 201, 218 Danjhibboy, 47 Darjiling, 3, 102, 236, 239 C~cutta, 31, 44, 196 Dauvergne, M., 211 Cambrian period, 262 Deccan, 138 rocks, pre-, 261 Decentralisation, Royal Com­ CarbonaceoUl! system, 257 mission on, 46 Carboniferous period, 268 Deodar forest, 116, 206 Carpets, 212 trees, 71, 206, 226 Cashmere, 171 Devonian period, 257 Cauvery -Falls, 223 Dhulip Singh, 166, 167 Chamba, 163, 170 Dhyan Singh, 164, 166 Charlemagne, 143 Dogra country, 163 , 208 Rajput,l63 Cbenar, trees, 6, 19, 20, 23, 27,28, Downes, Dr., 73 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 60, Dragon-Ilics, 39, 40 65, 66, 70, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, Drew, Mr., 174 84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 97, 112, Duck shooting, 16, 39, 41, 121 116, 208, 209 Dundee Chamber of C9mmeroe, foliage, 24 204 ..INDEX 1J.77

DungS-boats, 67, 611 Gorai,l23 Durbar, 64, 176, 238 Go~rdhanadhara, temple to the god,86 c East Company, 172 Grreco-Buddhist art,139 Edwards, Colonel, 41, 121 Grain, 49, 199 Egypt, 139 Grapes, 198 &yptian temples, U6 "Greater Vehicle of the Law," Efectric installation, 214 141 Electrical Department, 186 Greece, 133, 137, 139 Scheme, 222 , Gujars, 113 Elizabeth, Queen, 107 Gulab Singh, Raja, 160, 162, 163, Elm tree, 209 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, Elmslie, Dr., 73 111, 172, 173, 174, 177 Enamel work, 2U Gulmarg, 12,17,34,98,109, 114, Engineer, Chief, 186 .".. 206, 241, 249, 260 State, 185 'it Residency lit, 98, 104 Eocene period, II/i8 Gupkar, 28, 70 Erin, 123 . GUptll period, 11/1 Everest,~oun~2a5,Z37,248 Gurais, 34, 62, 183 Farozepnr nulle, 10/1- Hanji (boatmen), 132 Ferozepore fort, 167 Haramokh peak, 6, 17, 18, 28, 30, Ferozeshah, 168 . 61, 85, 110, 235, 237, 239, Field, ~r., 232 250 Fir, silver, 206 Hardinge, Governor - General, Flax, Russ~n, 204 LOrd, 168, 171 Forest Department, 184, 207, 227 Hari Parbat fort, 20, 32, 1/17 Forests, 206 Harsa, King, 100, 151 FOI'ests, Conservator of, IllS Harwan, 18, 19,20, 21, 24,25,26, Food grains, 199 27,141 Fowls,49 hatchery, 25, 122, 124 Fruit, 196 . Hayden, H. H., 234, 243, 244, 240, 246, 251, 264 Game Preservation Department, Hazara, 147, 169 118,.121 Hedin, Dr. Sven, 53 , , 60, 108 Hemp, 158 Gandhara, 11/1 . Hides, 218 Gangabal Lake, 60, 110, 123 Himalaya, 2, 36, 60, 131,234,239, Ganges, the, 144, 271 241, 244, 245, 246,247, 248, Gap, the, 28, 29 249, 200, 251, 255, 258, 260 Garuda,86 Hindu, the, 126, 128, 159, 161, Ghi, 201, 218 202,272 Gilgit, 62, 184 rule, 155 district, 121 rulers, 160 Gobi Desert, 262 temple, li, 67. 70, 72, 74, 76, 156 Gold-washings, 210 Hindustan, plains of, 160 Gopaditya, 74 Hira Singh, 166 278 KASHMIR

Hiuen Tsiang, Chinese Buddhist Jaunsar period, 257 pilgrim, 141 Jayasimha, King, 153 Hokrar,17 . Jehangir, MoghaI Emperor, 80, Ghat, "jheel," 16 83,157 marsh,l38 Jhelum, the, 5, 17,31,49, 60, 61, Lake, 38 63,74,85, 104, 120,124,135, Home Department, 184 145, 149, 182, 183, 200, 206, Horse chestnut, 24, 92, 102, 206 208, 209, 210, 214, 223, 225, House-boats, 67, 70, 216 226, 232, 249, 270, 271 Hunza, 3, 62, 164, 243 Josephine, Empress, 211 frontier, 63 Judiciary, The, 184 river,243 . Judge of the High'Court, 184 Judge, Chief, 50, 187 Ibex, 120, 121 Ice mountain, 248 KB peak, 235.236,237,.238,239, Imports, 219 241,243,244,248 India, 38, 137, 139,2111,236,267, Kabul, 142, 163 263,270 KagfJlri, 198 Central, 142 Kaj Nag mountains, 17.20,120 Geological Survey of, 236, 247, . Kalhana, 154 261 Kamri Pass, 250 Government of, 180, 186, 219, Kanauj, king of, 143, 144 234,236 . Kangra, 147, 163 Native States of, 183 KanibaI,116 plains of, 224,225,240 Kanishka, King, 140 Superiptendentin the Geological Pass, 62, 61 Survey of, 234 range, 235, 236, 248 Surveyor-General bf, 234 Karewa, a, 84, 270 Indian Civil Service, 185 Kashmir. Governor of, 184, 186 Forest Department, 185 history of, 133 Ocean, 36 the people, 125 Peninsula, 265 Proper, 2, 183 , 169, 170, 171, 210, Province, 126 250 range, North, 183, 250 Industlies, 216 stag, 9, 10, 13, 41 Iris, 21, 24, 25, 32, 91 j:!tate, 70, 126. 183, 209, 210, Iron, 210, 217 236,240 Islam, 159 tulips, 66, 90 Islamabad, 33, 68, 60, 112, 116, valley of, 2, 3, 6, 28, 34, 79, \ 136, 161, 162, 210 114, 117, 121, 134, 136, 165, lyesthesvara, 14 183,225,237,241 village, 25 Jama Masjid, the, 71 Kashmirian architecture, 134, 141i Jammu, 126, 163, 164, 167. 168, Kashmiris,98, 130, 137,138,186, 169, 178, 210 199, 201, 205, 216, 217, Governor of, 184 220 State, 183 Kennard, Mr. M. T., 68, 121 INDEX le79

Khagan range, 17, 20, 79 Liddar valley, 210 Khagan snows, 30, 78 Lilac,93 Khunnu,264 Limestone, lUO Khurruk Singh, Maharaja, 169 Linseed, 33, 34, 201, 218 Kinchinjunga peak, 103, 237,243, Log bridge, 6 248 Lolab, the, 48, 110, 161 range. 235 valley, 209, 271 King-Emperor, 67 Lotbiniere, Major Alain de, R.E., Kir hiz,211 145, 146, 222, 223, 225, 226, Kisfenganga, 123, 249 232 Kishtwar range, 18 Lotu~, the, 77 Kofwara, 111 . Lumberdars, 187 Kohala, 183 Kolahoi glacier, 60, 113 M'Mahon, Lieutenant· General, peak,114 _- 244 Kolar gold-fields, 223 Madagascar, 2M Kotwal,161 Madras, 223 Kumaon,248 Mah~eo peak, 20, 22, 23, 79 Kurseong, 239 lUaharaja, H.H. See Pratab Singh the late, 73, 181 Ladak, 51, 62, 04, 61, 109, 120, Mabaraja's preserves, 122 164, 184, 210, 232 Mahdi of the Mohamedans, 129 Lahore, 163, 166, 166, 167, 169, Mahmud of Ghazni, 150, 155 171, 173 Maize, 200,205,217 Court, 165 , 37, 210 Government at, 168, 169 Manchester, cotton goods, 219 State, ~69, 170 Manjis, 132 Treaty of, 169, 171 Manufactures, 194, 210 Lahonl,170 Maple, 206 Lalitaditya, King, 63, 86, Ill., , a, 120, 121 142,143 Marshal, Mr., 115 structures, 146 Martand, 50, 85, 114, 116, 135, Lalpura, 111 144 La! Singh, 167, 168 Marwar, 123 Land Revenue administration, "Meadow of Flowers," 98 184 . Mecca, '11 . Lawrence, Mr., 109,191, 200, 208 Meruvad-dhana, minister, 75 Lawrence, Sir Henry, 69, 173 Messiah of the Jews, 129 Lawrence, Sir Walter, 126, 127, Metals, 220 . 131,188 Middlemiss, Mr., 259 Leh,61 Mihirakula, the "White Hun," LetterBOj ({u.een Victoria, The, 171 141 Lhasa~ 61 Millet, 201 Lidar stream, 112 Mineral products, 209 valley, 34, 60, 111. 136, 270 Minto, LOrd, 27, 38, 69, 117, 123, Lidarwat, 113 124,204 Liddar, the, 123 Mirza Haider, 156 ~o KASHMIR

Mirpur, 163 Nerbudda, 271 Mitchell, Mr. Frank, 122, 124 Neve, Dr. Arthur, 73 Moghal emperol'S, 156 Neve, Dr. Ernest, 73 Empire, 159 Neve, Miss, 73 gardens, 29, li9, 116 Neve's Hospital, Dr., 72 _ times, 77, 84 Nichols, Dr. 81 Moghals, the, 81, 1liO, 157, 159,198 Nicholson, John, 69 Mohamed, 143 Nisbat Bagh, 29,32, li9,77, 78, Mohamed Jan, li9 80,82,157 Mohamedan buildings, 71 Northern Canon, The, 141 dynasty, 100 Nun Kun peaks, 249 period,154 Nurmahal, 80, 157 Mobamedanism, 100, 105, 160 Mohamedans, 126, 128, 129, 161, Oil-seeds, 201 186,272 Oudh,l63 Monsoon, the, 35 Ovis Poli, 62 Montgomerie, Colonel, 235,237 Moorcroft, Mr., 48, 49, 160, 161 Pahlgam, 34,60,100,112, 113,IU Mosquitoes, 39 Pamirs, the, 52,61, 62, 243 Mothi,201 Pampur, 63, 135, 202, 210 Mount Everest, 235, 237. 248 plateau, 64 . Mountain ranges, 234, 247 Pandit Rada Klehen Kol, 50 Mudki,168 Pandl'athap, 33, 75, 135, 139 Mulberry, 22, 24, 28, 35, 36, 43, Papier-macM, 214 85, 89, 92, 116, 176, 199 Paraspur, 84 trees, 195, 196 Pariansipura, plateau of, 63 Multan, 167 Parihasapura, 84, 85, 144 Mung, 201 Parsi shops, 70 Munshi Bagh, 68, 69 Pashm, 211, 212 Munsiff,187 Patan, 135 Munee hill, 07, 232 temples of, 135 Musberbrttm Peak, 243 Patwari, 189 M uSBouri, 23~ Payech,135 Mustagh Pass, liO, 51, 248 Peaks, tbe, 234 Mustard,203 Pears, 197, 217 fields, 32, 33, 34 Peas, 201 Mutiny, the, 174 Peat, 210 Mysore,223 Peking, 50,143,236 Peychaud, M. 197 N~arjuna, 141 P1uJBeolUi aconitjfolitl8, 201 Nmb-tehsildars, 186 P1uJBeolUi MUfI!Jo, 201 Nanga Parbat peak, 6, 61, 101, Pha8eolUi ,.adiatUl, 201 103, 104, .106, 237, 241, 243, Picea morinda, 206 244, 248, 2liO, 253, 260 Pint18 III1JC1l18a, 206 Naeim Bagh, 59, 78, 79 , 11, 13, 17,20, Nedou's hotel, 47, 57, 70 28, 35, 37, 43, 79, 98, 105, Nepal, 234, 23li 114, 241, 249 -INDEX !\!81

Platanw orilmttlJi8, 208 Ranbir,Singh, Maharaja, 174, 175 Pohru river, III Ranjit Singh, 48, 159, 162, 164, Police, the, 184 166,167 Poplar trees, 21, 24, 32, 33, 31S, Ranjit Singh's I>ewan, 164 86, 6(;, 90, 91, 209 Rape, 201, 202 Post Office, 70 , 170 Potala at Lhasa, 1(;7 Rawal Pindi, 5, 50, 56, 69, 196, Potatoes, 203, 218 224 Pratab Model Farm, 208 Rawlence, I>r, 78 Pratab Singh, Maharaja Sir, Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 236 G.C.S.I., 16, 26, 27, 38, 50, Residency, the, 53, ~4, 70 64, 61S, 66, 67, 87, 98, 117, garden, 87, 208, 209 118, 123, 124, 145, 181, 184, Resident, the, 16, 38, 43, 53, 65, 186, 187, 203, 222, 232 68 Palace, 68 ' Re1'lmue from land, 187, i93 Products, 194 Rice, 199,205,217 Protozoa, 261 fields, 23, 35, 158 PubllcVVorksI>epartment,184,131S Robinson, Miss, 73 Punch, 153 Roses, 25, 92, 94 House of, 149 Royal Engineer Officer, 185 Raja ot', 164 Royal Geographical Society, 236 River, 123 Pundits, 126 , Saffron, 1(;8, 202 Punjab, the, 6, 48, 49, 129, 138,' Salt, 219 139, 143, 147, 150, 1M, 159, Sapphires, 210 163, 166, 168, 171, 172, 177, SesamlJ.,m indicum, 202 186, 198, ~OO, 203,206,207, Settlement Commissioner, 1851 217, 218, 220, 224, 232 Shadipur, 37, 50, 61, 84, 85, 136, Bank,70 144 peasants, 219 Shah Hamadan, Mosque of, 67, 71 Puranadhisthana,75 Shah Jahan, Emperor, 71 .. Puttoo" cloth, 195, 215 Shah Mir, 156, 166 , Shalimar &gh, 29, 59, 77, 78, 79, Quadiana sect, 129, 130 80, 82, 83, 157 Quinces, 198 Shalimar garden, 123, 203 Shawls, 134, 170, 194, 210, 211 Boola,201 Sher Singh, 162, 166 Radclifi'e, Mr" 270 Shikar suit, a, 216 Rahem Sheikh,.43 Shikara, 58, 65 Rajat:\rangini, the, 85 Shikari, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 38, 41, Rajavihara, the, 86 ' 43,57 ' Rajput Hill States, 171 Shi~ha Nag, 113 Rajputana, 163, 252 Shukar Ali, 51, 62, 53, 54 Rakaposhi peak, 243 Shupaiyon, 161, 162 Ramnager, Raja of, 164 Siberian duck, 38 Rampur, (;,57,135,206,210,223, Sikh army, 167, 168 226,252 . Government, 160, 169, 172 KASHMIR

Sikh rulers, 163 Taj at Agra, 80, 136 soldiery, 166 Takbt-i-Suliman, 28, 34, 70, 74., State, 171 76, 135, 253, 257 Sikbsj 147, 161, 164, 165, 169, Tannin, 123 176 Tatakuti peak, 17,249 ofthe Plains, 171 Tea, 220 Silk, 213, 218 Tehsildars, 186 Silurian period, 262 Tej Singh, 167 , Silver fir, 206 Tertiary period, 258, 267, 268 work,214 Third Great Council of the , 34, 37, 60, 61, 63, 70, Church, 140 78,85, 108, Ill, 113,'135, Throv Deo, 163 253,270 Tian Shan mountains, 211 Singhlire, 132 Tibet" 102, 164, 194, 23/S, 239, Siva, the god, 74 258 Skins, 218 Tibetan goat, 194, 211 Sobraon, 168 Til, 201, 202 Sonamarg, 34, 61, ]00, 108, TiIall,62 109 , Timber, 218 Sopur, 111, 145, 203, 210 Tobacco, 202 Spiti,262 Tonga, 47, 66, 56 Sport, 118 Trade, 217 Spring in Kashmir, 27, 30, 83 Trsgbal, 61, 62, 100, 123 Spruce, Himalayan, 206 Pass, 61 ,Srinagar, 6, 6, 7, 16, 18, 26, 27, Travel in Kashmir, 47 28, 30, 33,41, 44, 48, 49, 55, Turkestan, 61, 128, 235 66, 67, 69, 63, 65, 69, 70, 71, plains of, 243 74, 75, 80, 88, 98, 103, 110, Chinese, 61, 52, 194, 211 112, 123, 127, 129, 130, 135, Turkie. See 1\Ioghals 139, 142, 146, 148, 153, 173, 181, 187, 195, 196, 203, 213, Uri, 49, 134, 206 214, 219, 231, 232, 249, 253, Usb TurIan, 211 257,264 City of the Sun, 63 Vaishu stream, 124 Guest House, 69 Vecula, King, 152 1\1 useum, 69, 212 'Vernag, springs of, 60 road, 84 Viceroy, 43 State, the, 178, 184, 185, 192, Viceroys, sport of, 27 196, 213, 216 ' Victoria, Queen, Lettera of, 171 State Hospital, 69 Vigne, 161, 164 Stein, Dr., 74, 137, 145 Vishnu; 75,112 Sugar, 220 Mahavaraha, temple of, 86 Sulphur springs, 210 Muktakesava, temple of, 86 Summer in Kashmir, 34 Paribasakesave, temple of, Sutlej river, 163, 167, 249 85 Suyya, 145, 146 Vishu, 123 Swadeshi movement, 196, 216 Volcanoes, 257 INDEX !lBS

Walker, General, 236 Wilson, Mr. S., 73 Walnut, 22, 24, 27, 35, 85, Wood-carving, 214 92, Ill, 116, 158, 198, 202, Wool,218 209 Wular Lake, -1i8, 61, 103, 1M, ~rangat, river, 123 132,271 W Rngat ruins, 60 Valley, 110 Yarkand,51 Ward, Colonel, 112, 122 serai,66 , Water-lilies, 39 Yus Asaf, 129, 130 Water nuts, 132 Wheat, 158, 201, 205 Zain-ul-ab-ul·din, King, lli6 fields, 33 Zenana hospital, 66 Wigraro, Major, 87, 118, 121,124, Zewan, 253 197 Zoji Pass, 250 Willow, 22, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 70, Zoji-la-Pass, 61, 109, 249 85, 88, 89, 209, 211i Zoliwar Singh, 164

TKEEND

Printed 6y R. Be R. C:r..ARK, L[)UTBD, Edinburg-A.

78 80

KASHMIR Natur al ;>cale 1, 5 ,600.0 0 0 English S latute )[ilea .. 00 "

Long. };as t 76 of Greenwich 78

l ~&.A...1(.kimstoo.. Lim:it.,}.~ MAP ACCOMPANYING " KASH MIR " by SIR FRANCIS YOUNGHUSBANO, K.C.I. E., & MAJOR E. MOLYNEUX, O.S.O.

hhli.;1. r: a.by A!.'c.;olllLC"k,Ltd.,L ondOD.