DOCSLIB.ORG

The Toxic Truth: Children’S Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Toxic Truth: Children’S Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential The Toxic Truth: Children’s Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential The Toxic Truth: Children’s Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential I Acknowledgements This report has been jointly produced by UNICEF and Pure Earth. Authors Nicholas Rees Richard Fuller Overall Guidance and Direction Gautam Narasimhan Angela Bernhardt Abheet Solomon Design and Visualization Shangning Wang Editor Debbie M. Price Research and/or Review Yoonie Choi Gordon Binkhorst Fiorella Polo Jack Caravanos Kam Sripada Bret Ericson Lilydahn Stewart Greg Ferraro Amy Wickham Andrew McCartor Fangqian Xu Elena Rahona Sarzah Yeasmin We are very thankful to Michael Brauer, Jeff Zhao and Jeff Stanaway at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for global calculations on the number of children with elevated blood lead levels; Ernesto Sánchez-Triana and Santiago Enriquez at the World Bank for developing and contributing Chapter 4: Broader Economic Implications, including related analysis; David Heyman at Axis Maps for mapping support; and the NTNU Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN) for collaboration on this report. We are also very thankful for overall review and technical inputs from: Angela Bandemehr (US Environmental Protection Agency) Marie-Noël Bruné Drisse (World Health Organization) Dr. Howard Hu (University of Southern California) Dr. Philip Landrigan (Boston College) Dr. Bruce Lanphear (Simon Fraser University) Nicoline Lavanchy (United Nations Environment Programme) Desiree Raquel Narvaez (United Nations Environment Programme) Walker Smith (US Environmental Protection Agency) Joanna Tempowski (World Health Organization) Cover image: © Larry C. Price/Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting Disclaimer: The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF, the United Nations or Pure Earth. The designations in this publication do not imply an opinion on legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or the delimitation of frontiers. The Toxic Truth: Children’s Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................................................................1 1. HOW LEAD HARMS CHILDREN..........................................................................................................................................................................5 Health Impacts...............................................................................................................................................................................................7 Years of Productive Life Lost.........................................................................................................................................................................8 Cognitive and Neurological Development..................................................................................................................................................9 Mental Health, Violence and Crime............................................................................................................................................................12 Signs and Symptoms of Lead Poisoning ...............................................................................................................................................14 Prevention and Treatment of Health Effects..............................................................................................................................................17 2. A DEVASTATING TOLL......................................................................................................................................................................................20 A New Understanding...................................................................................................................................................................................21 3. SOURCES OF LEAD EXPOSURE......................................................................................................................................................................25 Lead-acid Batteries.......................................................................................................................................................................................28 Spices, Cosmetics and Toys.......................................................................................................................................................................31 Ceramics and Cookware..............................................................................................................................................................................35 Lead-based Paint and Pigments.................................................................................................................................................................38 Leaded Gasoline...........................................................................................................................................................................................40 Lead in Soil...................................................................................................................................................................................................41 Lead in Water................................................................................................................................................................................................42 Electronic Waste...........................................................................................................................................................................................44 Occupational Exposure...............................................................................................................................................................................47 IV 4. BROADER ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS............................................................................................................................................................49 Estimates of National/Subnational Economic Effects...............................................................................................................................50 Estimates of Global Health Economic Effects...........................................................................................................................................52 Benefits and Costs of Interventions to Reduce Lead Exposure................................................................................................................53 5. SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS CHILDREN’S LEAD EXPOSURE...........................................................................................................................55 Monitoring and Reporting Systems...........................................................................................................................................................57 Prevention and Control Measures.............................................................................................................................................................58 Management, Treatment and Remediation...............................................................................................................................................59 Public Awareness and Behaviour Change................................................................................................................................................60 Legislation and Policy..................................................................................................................................................................................61 Global and Regional Action........................................................................................................................................................................62 ANNEX....................................................................................................................................................................................................................67 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................74 V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hundreds of millions of children are poisoned by lead. Some of these Childhood lead poisoning should command an urgent international children live in poor communities in rich countries, but the vast majority live in response. But because lead wreaks its havoc silently and insidiously, it often poor countries where they are exposed to lead through multiple routes. Often goes unrecognized. It irreversibly damages children's developing brains and unwittingly and with life-altering consequences, these children are growing up in nervous systems, the heart, lungs and kidneys and often does so whilst causing harm's way, inhaling dust and fumes from informal used lead-acid battery recycling no or only subtle symptoms in the early stages. Hence, the full magnitude of the operations and open-air smelters, eating food contaminated by lead-glazed pottery scale of global
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Valencia, Spain)
    ISSN 2255-2707 Edited by Institute for Social, Political and Legal Studies (Valencia, Spain) Honorary Chief Editor Antonio Pérez Martín, University of Murcia Chief Editor Aniceto Masferrer, University of Valencia Assistant Chief Editors Wim Decock, University of Leuven Juan A. Obarrio Moreno, University of Valencia Editorial Board Isabel Ramos Vázquez, University of Jaén (Secretary) José Franco-Chasán, University of Augsburg Fernando Hernández Fradejas, University of Valladolid Anna Taitslin, Australian National University – University of Canberra M.C. Mirow, Florida International University José Miguel Piquer, University of Valencia Andrew Simpson, University of Aberdeen International Advisory Board Javier Alvarado Planas, UNED; Juan Baró Pazos, University of Cantabria; Mary Sarah Bilder, Boston College; Orazio Condorelli, University of Catania; Emanuele Conte, University of Rome III; Daniel R. Coquillette, Boston College – Harvard University; Serge Dauchy, University of Lille; Salustiano de Dios, University of Salamanca; José Domingues, University of Lusíada; Seán Patrick Donlan, The University of the South Pacific; Matthew Dyson, University of Oxford; Antonio Fernández de Buján, University Autónoma de Madrid; Remedios Ferrero, University of Valencia; Manuel Gutan, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu; Alejandro Guzmán Brito, Pontificial Catholic University of Valparaiso; Jan Hallebeek, VU University Amsterdam; Dirk Heirbaut, Ghent University; Richard Helmholz, University of Chicago; David Ibbetson, University of Cambridge; Emily Kadens,
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Statement—Impact of Music, Music Lyrics, and Music Videos on Children and Youth
    Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of all Children Policy Statement—Impact of Music, Music Lyrics, and Music Videos on Children and Youth COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA abstract KEY WORDS Music plays an important role in the socialization of children and ado- music, lyrics, music videos, adolescents, violence lescents. Popular music is present almost everywhere, and it is easily This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors available through the radio, various recordings, the Internet, and new have filed conflict of interest statements with the American technologies, allowing adolescents to hear it in diverse settings and Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through situations, alone or shared with friends. Parents often are unaware of a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American the lyrics to which their children are listening because of the increas- Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of ing use of downloaded music and headphones. Research on popular this publication. music has explored its effects on schoolwork, social interactions, mood and affect, and particularly behavior. The effect that popular music has on children’s and adolescents’ behavior and emotions is of paramount concern. Lyrics have become more explicit in their refer- ences to drugs, sex, and violence over the years, particularly in certain genres. A teenager’s preference for certain types of music could be correlated or associated with certain behaviors.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of LEAD POISONING in the WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction the Center for Disease Control Classified the Cause
    HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING IN THE WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction The Center for Disease Control classified the causes of disease and death as follows: 50 % due to unhealthy life styles 25 % due to environment 25% due to innate biology and 25% due to inadequate health care. Lead poisoning is an environmental disease, but it is also a disease of life style. Lead is one of the best-studied toxic substances, and as a result we know more about the adverse health effects of lead than virtually any other chemical. The health problems caused by lead have been well documented over a wide range of exposures on every continent. The advancements in technology have made it possible to research lead exposure down to very low levels approaching the limits of detection. We clearly know how it gets into the body and the harm it causes once it is ingested, and most importantly, how to prevent it! Using advanced technology, we can trace the evolution of lead into our environment and discover the health damage resulting from its exposure. Early History Lead is a normal constituent of the earth’s crust, with trace amounts found naturally in soil, plants, and water. If left undisturbed, lead is practically immobile. However, once mined and transformed into man-made products, which are dispersed throughout the environment, lead becomes highly toxic. Solely as a result of man’s actions, lead has become the most widely scattered toxic metal in the world. Unfortunately for people, lead has a long environmental persistence and never looses its toxic potential, if ingested.
    [Show full text]
  • For Children 1
    1 500BOOKS FOR CHILDREN 1 NORA E. BEUST Specialist in School Libraries /114.4 14. or, . 11 4 -es . - ,0 I . A PW oh Bulletin 1939, No. 11 It t<1 maim STATICS DEPARTMENT OPTILEINTERIOR,HaroldL. Ickes,Seeman MIMIOFIDUCATION, J. W. Studebaker,Ceuradosiesar ailed States GarmasheetPrintingMks Wesklegtsa 44t re Oa tif fla 011111010111,stOfDmINIIN, WasiOntra,D. A hieslasea* . ,': i ....- ,..- i: : ... 4.1 :. - '' , .t t^ bayV . - - .4,)' 4: I r * $'` :f . o W...1*- 4"4'-' ' .''... r . 4l 4.47. .5 14.11$f 4'.'t :..!`'.: t I ' . r :" ' gi ' ,k, i 4't, 'I: - 4 , ' '... ..!1' 'et i; s :- i . 7.% t . t .. nzs 1 - 7,...., k trd, '; "'" ". , e" e 7 4 , J t, RAY, Ars "274LV,INi .th Wei LW" lb 1 s . CONTENTS Page FOREWORD_ 01, 411. v bi PRIPIACZ _ SECTIONI (Grades 1-3)__ 6 SECTIONII (Grades 4-6) ,. .......... - - - ........___ 20 , SECTIONIII (Grades 7-8) 38 NEWBRRTMEI3AL BOOKS _ 53 CALDICOTI' AWARDS__IMP MO OW as I ND 55 ILLUSTRATORS 59 PuBusaxas. 66 k hoax_ 110 am, airo 69 vt, In I 1 *0' e. 7t. ' A. " -.Or' ' ,s a __,* '--. .4- a .I, ,,,e vala. a,ra ., . * * i f, Or . N, :' * 10 ara.." .1,-*-vot. 1 v.irjrr; ,- ''4" 1,4-*vf.1.4 5 at: IC .._." 1. 1 ''''', , -4` -. % ... t p - _., J:, tit .3,..7" t. '-,,,....,....;lf,- riit, t,..12 ..PFle-... re .0* - .).... 1- . - ' .i. 41; , '9.14 a Onegift thefairiesgave me.(Three Theycommonlybestowedof yore.) Thelove ofbooks,the goldenkey Thatopenstheenchanteddoor. IOW ANDREW LANG. FromBallade oftheBookworm. Iv- - - 4. -'k,' 7 t45.11.. et* 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Programme Document 2011-2014
    Country Programme Document 2011-2014 Blacksmith Institute China Programme 2014 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10035 | t: 212.647.8330 | f: 212.647.8334 | www.blacksmithinstitute.org Contents I. Situational Analysis II. Past Cooperation Experiences and lessons Learnt III. Strategy & Approaches for 2011 - 2014 IV. Proposed Programme V. Programme Management, Monitoring and Evaluation VI. Key Partners Annex 1. Annex 1 Terms of References for China Technical Advisory Board 2. Annex 2 Country Programme Workplan for 2011 ± 2014 3. Annex 3 Country Team Priorities for the 4th Quarter of 2011 2014 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10035 | t: 212.647.8330 | f: 212.647.8334 | www.blacksmithinstitute.org Blacksmith Institute China Country Programme Document 2011-2014 I. Situational Analysis Background Since 1979, with the introduction of reforms and opening up, China's GDP has grown at an average of 9.8% annually, per capita income has increased fiftyfold and some 500 million people have been lifted out of poverty. Rapid economic growth has come at a serious environmental pollution costs. In the past few decades, although China has invested enormous financial resources in pollution control, but development is still lagging behind the ³green development´, leading to contamination of rivers and soil, and ecosystem degradation. China's globally significant biological diversity and ecological status of the system is under severe threats from the economic growth. With China's accelerated urbanization process and the conduct of inter-regional transfer of industries, the pressure on environment from social services, energy, infrastructure and housing will continue to increase. Since the 1990s, large and medium cities in China have experienced massive relocation of industrial enterprises in the phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Fables and Folk Stories
    .s;^ '^ "It--::;'*-' =^-^^^H > STC) yi^n^rnit-^,; ^r^-'-,. i-^*:;- ;v^ r:| '|r rra!rg; iiHSZuBs.;:^::^: >» y>| «^ Tif" ^..^..,... Jj AMERICMJ V:B00lt> eOMI^^NY"' ;y:»T:ii;TOiriai5ia5ty..>:y:uy4»r^x<aiiua^^ nu,S i ;:;ti! !fii!i i! !!ir:i!;^ | iM,,TOwnt;;ar NY PUBLIC LIBRARY THE BRANCH LIBRARIES 3 3333 08102 9908 G258034 Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/chinesefablesfolOOdavi CHINESE FABLES AND FOLK STORIES MARY HAYES DAVIS AND CHOW-LEUNG WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY YIN-CHWANG WANG TSEN-ZAN NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOKCOMPANY Copyright, 1908, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Copyright, 1908, Tokyo Chinese Fables W. p. 13 y\9^^ PROPERTY OF THE ^ CITY OF MW YOBK G^X£y:>^c^ TO MY FRIEND MARY F. NIXON-ROULET PREFACE It requires much study of the Oriental mind to catch even brief glimpses of the secret of its mysterious charm. An open mind and the wisdom of great sympathy are conditions essential to making it at all possible. Contemplative, gentle, and metaphysical in their habit of thought, the Chinese have reflected profoundly and worked out many riddles of the universe in ways peculiarly their own. Realization of the value and need to us of a more definite knowledge of the mental processes of our Oriental brothers, increases wonder- fully as one begins to comprehend the richness, depth, and beauty of their thought, ripened as it is by the hidden processes of evolution throughout the ages. To obtain literal translations from the mental store- house of the Chinese has not been found easy of accom- plishment; but it is a more difficult, and a most elusive task to attempt to translate their fancies, to see life itself as it appears from the Chinese point of view, and to retell these impressions without losing quite all of their color and charm.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Playbook: Investing in a Robust Environmental Health System Executive Summary
    Environmental Health Playbook: Investing in a Robust Environmental Health System Executive Summary Background and Need for Action Environmental Health is the branch of public health that focuses on the interrelationships between people and their environment, promotes human health and well-being, and fosters healthy and safe communities. As a fundamental component of a comprehensive public health system, environmental health works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures in air, water, soil, and food to protect residents and provide communities with healthier environments. Environmental health protects the public by tracking environmental exposures in communities across the United States and potential links with disease outcomes. To achieve a healthy community, homes should be safe, affordable, and healthy places for families to gather. Workplaces, schools, and child care centers should be free of exposures that negatively impact the health of workers or children. Nutritious, affordable foods should be safe for all community members. Access to safe and affordable multimodal transportation options, including biking and public transit, improves the environment and drives down obesity and other chronic illnesses. Outdoor and indoor air quality in all communities should be healthy and safe to breathe for everyone. Children and adults alike should have access to safe and clean public spaces, such as parks. When a disaster strikes, a community needs to be prepared; it should have the tools and resources to be resilient against physical (infrastructure and human) and emotional damage. All these activities require the participation of federal, state, local, and tribal governments. Building a Robust Environmental Health System Investing in essential governmental environmental health services through dedicated resources will create an effective environmental health system that proactively protects communities and helps everyone attain good health.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
    sustainability Article A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Guangwen Zhang 1, Zhongxing Du 1, Yaqun He 1,2,*, Haifeng Wang 1, Weining Xie 2,3 and Tao Zhang 4 1 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (Z.D.); [email protected] (H.W.) 2 Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; [email protected] 3 Jiangsu Huahong Technology Stock Limited Company, Wuxi 214400, China 4 Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-516-8359-2928; Fax: +86-516-8399-5026 Received: 15 March 2019; Accepted: 15 April 2019; Published: 20 April 2019 Abstract: The recovery of cathode and anode materials plays an important role in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Organic binders reduce the liberation efficiency and flotation efficiency of electrode materials derived from spent LIBs. In this study, pyrolysis technology is used to improve the recovery of cathode and anode materials from spent LIBs by removing organic binders. Pyrolysis characteristics of organics in electrode materials are investigated, and on this basis, the effects of pyrolysis parameters on the liberation efficiency of electrode materials are studied. Afterwards, flotation technology is used to separate cathode material from anode material. The results indicate that the optimum liberation efficiency of electrode materials is obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 ◦C, a pyrolysis time of 15 min and a pyrolysis heating rate of 10 ◦C/min.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Executive Summary
    WORKSHOP ON SOUND MANAGEMENT OF USED LEAD ACID BATTERIES REPORT 26-27 November 2015, Osaka, Japan Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Goal and Objectives of the Workshop ................................................................................................ 3 Participants ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Partners ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Programme ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Proceedings ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................................... 9 Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing Healthy Housing: a Strategy for Action Abbreviations
    healthyhomes.hud.gov Advancing Healthy Housing A STRATEGY FOR ACTION 2013 A Report from the Federal Healthy Homes Work Group Table of Contents Abbreviations __________________________________________________________________3 Executive Summary ________________________________________________________________4 Introduction __________________________________________________________________8 Advancing Healthy Housing Goals ___________________________________________________16 Goal 1 Establish Healthy Homes Recommendations _________________________________17 1.1 Establish Recommendations for Assessing Health and Safety Hazards ______17 Goal 2 Encourage Adoption of Healthy Homes Recommendations _____________________19 2.1 Obtain Commitments from Agencies to Advance Healthy Housing ________19 2.2 Strengthen Federal Efforts to Reduce Public Health Risks in Housing _______20 2.3 Explore Ways to Leverage Funding across Federal and Non-Federal Programs _______________________________________________21 Goal 3 Create and Support Training and Workforce Development to Address Health Hazards in Housing ______________________________________________________22 3.1 Support Enhanced Healthy Homes Training and Workforce Development __22 3.2 Accelerate Replication of Successful Local Healthy Housing Programs ______23 3.3 Encourage Pilots or Demonstration Programs that Advance Healthy Housing ____________________________________________23 Goal 4 Educate the Public about Healthy Homes ____________________________________24 4.1 Develop a Communications Strategy
    [Show full text]
  • Emission Estimation Technique Manual
    1DWLRQDO3ROOXWDQW,QYHQWRU\ Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Lead Concentrating, Smelting and Refining First published in December 1999 EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR LEAD CONCENTRATING, SMELTING AND REFINING TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Context of this Manual 1 1.2 EETs Should be Considered as “Points of Reference” 2 1.3 Hierarchical Approach Recommended in Applying EETs 3 1.4 NPI Emissions in the Environmental Context 3 1.5 NPI Reporting Requirements 3 1.6 Use of this Manual 4 2.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 5 2.1 General 5 2.2 Lead Processing 6 2.2.1 Lead Concentrating 6 2.2.2 Smelting Process 8 2.3 Secondary Lead Processing 11 3.0 ANCILLARY ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED FACILITIES 13 3.1 Ancillary Activities 13 3.1.1 Acid Plant 13 3.1.2 Selenium Removal Process 13 3.1.3 Zinc Recovery 15 3.1.4 Cadmium Plant 15 3.2 Associated Facilities 15 3.2.1 Fuel and Organic Liquid Storage 15 3.2.2 Fossil Fuel Electric Generation 16 3.2.3 Combustion Engines 16 3.3 Maintenance Activities 16 4.0 POSSIBLE EMISSIONS 17 4.1 Reporting Thresholds 19 4.2 Reporting Requirements 21 5.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION 22 5.1 Emission Estimation Techniques 22 5.1.1 Direct Measurement 32 5.1.2 Engineering Calculations 33 5.1.3 Mass Balance 33 5.1.4 Emission Factors 35 5.2 Acceptable Reliability and Uncertainty 36 5.2.1 Direct Measurement 36 5.2.2 Mass Balance 36 5.2.3 Engineering Calculations 37 5.2.4 Emission Factors 37 5.3 NPI Reporting Steps 38 Lead Concentrating, Smelting, and Refining i LEAD CONCENTRATING, SMELTING AND REFINING TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT’ 6.0
    [Show full text]
  • Chelation Therapy
    Corporate Medical Policy Chelation Therapy File Name: chelation_therapy Origination: 12/1995 Last CAP Review: 2/2021 Next CAP Review: 2/2022 Last Review: 2/2021 Description of Procedure or Service Chelation therapy is an established treatment for the removal of metal toxins by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted in the urine. Chelation therapy comprises intravenous or oral administration of chelating agents that remove metal ions such as lead, aluminum, mercury, arsenic, zinc, iron, copper, and calcium from the body. Specific chelating agents are used for particular heavy metal toxicities. For example, desferroxamine (not Food and Drug Administration [FDA] approved) is used for patients with iron toxicity, and calcium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used for patients with lead poisoning. Note that disodium-EDTA is not recommended for acute lead poisoning due to the increased risk of death from hypocalcemia. Another class of chelating agents, called metal protein attenuating compounds (MPACs), is under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, which is associated with the disequilibrium of cerebral metals. Unlike traditional systemic chelators that bind and remove metals from tissues systemically, MPACs have subtle effects on metal homeostasis and abnormal metal interactions. In animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, they promote the solubilization and clearance of β-amyloid protein by binding to its metal-ion complex and also inhibit redox reactions that generate neurotoxic free radicals. MPACs therefore interrupt two putative pathogenic processes of Alzheimer’s disease. However, no MPACs have received FDA approval for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Chelation therapy has also been investigated as a treatment for other indications including atherosclerosis and autism spectrum disorder.
    [Show full text]