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French Resistance and Charles De Gaulle in World War II, 1940-1944

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French Resistance and Charles De Gaulle in World War II, 1940-1944 French Resistance and Charles de Gaulle in World War II, 1940-1944 Hugo Joncquel Senior Division, Historical Paper 2014 Words Introduction From the Black Plague to the French revolution for a more equal life with democracy, France has known many events of both triumph and tragedy. During the twentieth century, this has been shown through, for example, World War I and II, causing millions of people to die and destroying the country’s economy. During World War II, Nazi Germany’s occupation of France awoke a will of rebellion in the country that lead to French units resisting and hindering the Nazi Germany by fighting back. The French Resistance grew through the year and fought to play an important role in the Triumph of France over the Nazi Germany occupation of France. Historical context of the French Resistance After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28 in 1919, subjected Germany to severe conditions: a 33-billion-dollar bill for the war, a reduced territory and the creation of nine new nations in eastern Europe. Germany, Britain and France had to rebuild what had been destroyed. The standard of living in Germany only got worse as other countries were asking for their loans to be paid back. Germany’s currency was at its lowest value because of the overprinting of bills1. In addition to the tough conditions of the treaty, it would require hard work to rebuild the country again. Germany was upset and left hopeless. This atmosphere of hopelessness lead the German people to support Hitler and allowed him to rise to power as he seeked and promised a better future. The nationalists were blaming the Treaty of Versailles. Hindenburg2 didn’t have the Reichstag3 on his side. He eventually offered Hitler the role of vice chancellor, but he refused and instead asked to be chancellor. Hitler became 1 “German Papiermark.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Nov. 2018, ​ ​ ​ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Papiermark. 2 Paul von Hinderburg, German chancellor from May 12, 1925 to August 2, 1934 3 German Parliament ​ 1 chancellor on January 30,1933 and as soon as he became chancellor, Hitler circumvented the Treaty of Versailles, grew an army and produced weapons to get ready for a new war. Fall of France In 1939, Hitler started taking over territories that were formerly German. He invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 to make Germany one land again as the Treaty of Versailles gave Poland an access to the Baltic sea. On September 3rd 1939, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. The first months of the war were called the Phoney War as no military actions took place4. It was this way until April 9 in 1940 when Hitler invaded the two Scandinavian countries Denmark and Norway. This operation was called Operation Weserübung5 and lasted two months. After conquering there, Hitler launched his Blitzkrieg on Holland and Belgium with the hopes of reaching France on May 10, 1940. The German army overrides the French army with more advanced and effective technology. The Germans reached and occupied Paris on June 14, 1940. Many French people emigrated to England to initiate a French Resistance by sending supplies to France and organizing the forces together. French army officer Charles de Gaulle6 was one of them and without doubt the most important. He lead the French Resistance through the war until D-day and inspired more French people into resisting against the occupation. On June 18, 1940, the famous “Appeal of June 18th” was heard on the radio for the first time and would come to be on the radio again during the next four years. The speech was a message to the 4 Trueman. “The Phoney War.” History Learning Site, History Learning Site, 20 Apr. 2015, ​ ​ ​ www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/the-phoney-war/. 5 “Operation Weserübung.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Dec. 2018, ​ ​ ​ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weserübung. 6 Charles de Gaulle was a french army officer who led French Resistance against Nazi Germany during World War ​ II. He chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic in order to re-establish democracy in France. 2 French people telling them to fight for France and the country’s freedom. At the end of the speech De Gaulle said : “Whatever happens, the flame of French Resistance must not be blown out- and shall not be blown out”7 which became one of his most famous quotes. Division of France, Occupied France and Vichy regime After an overwhelming victory for the Germans on June 22, 1940, Marshall Pétain8 signed an armistice with the Germans, taking France into German occupation. This armistice was the start of four years of tragedy in the history of France. Paris was supplanted by swastika flags. France was divided into two parts: Occupied France, where all access to the ocean was removed, and the Vichy regime which was a free zone controlled and directed by the Vichy regime9 (See Appendix A). France had to provide its resources to Germany, including harvests and coal to help Germany in the war effort. On October 3rd, 1940, Vichy’s anti-Jewish legislation was established. This legislation designate Jews as inferior and deprived them of their citizenship. Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps where they were often killed. The Vichy regime was adopting Hitler’s ideas without Germany asking for it, meaning they were getting closer to the Nazi Germany’s ideology. First steps of the French Resistance After such a defeat, French people deserted by their government and figured that the only way for them to revoke the occupation was by fighting back by themselves. French Resistance 7 “The Appeal of June 18th, 1940, The Grand Master of the Order - Museum of the Order of the Liberation.” Musée ​ ​ De L'Ordre De La Libération, ​ 8 Philippe Pétain, French General and french war hero for his victory at the Bataille of Verdun in World War I and chief of state of the French government at Vichy in World War II. 9 Vichy France is the name of the French State headed by Marshall Pétain during World War II. ​ 3 began during the summer of 1940 with the first underground paper (See Appendix B) and acts of vandalism such as taking down propaganda posters or slashing tires. In both parts of France, people were finding ways to get around the restrictions set by the occupying forces. Solidarity grew to help people stay away and stay safe from the Gestapo. In the north of France, it reminded people of what happened during World War I and when Nazi Germany came, people emigrated west or south to flee. However this effort was useless as the progression of the enemy was way faster than what people could have expected. Years of fighting From 1940 to 1944, French people formed groups of resistance throughout the whole country. The resistance started with non-violent missions, but as the war went on, French Resistance became more organized and well supplied with weapons with the help of Great Britain. The armed resistance started in 1941 when the SOE10 (Special Operations Executive) provided bombs, weapons, false papers, money and other fighting gear (See Appendix C). Bombings became more and more frequent and went from the intention to slow down the exportation of goods to killing Germans themselves. On February 16, 1943, the STO (Service du Travail Obligatoire)11 was created, requiring able-bodied Frenchmen to work in Germany. The deal was that, for every three Frenchmen workers that were sent to work in Germany, one political prisoner would be freed. The STO caused the French to flee to the countryside and take part in the resistance as maquis12. During this period, the resistance grew really fast as young 10 British World War II organisation. Its purpose was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in ​ occupied Europe. 11 Universalis, Encyclopædia. “SERVICE DU TRAVAIL OBLIGATOIRE.” Encyclopædia Universalis, ​ ​ ​ ​ www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/service-du-travail-obligatoire/. ​ 12 Name for resistant in the countryside. ​ 4 men refused to serve and work for Nazi Germany. ( because of that, more than 40,000 men or 80% of the resistance at this time, fled to the countryside and took part in the Resistance). Jean Moulin was a resistant and war hero. He refused to cooperate with the German army. He got arrested and tortured and also attempted to commit suicide while in prison by cutting his throat with a piece of broken glass, but he didn’t succeed and was released from prison after recovering. Moulin was against the Vichy regime and wanted to overthrow it which explains why he went and visited Charles de Gaulle in London in 1941. Because of his knowledge of the situation, Charles de Gaulle decided that Moulin should become leader of the French Resistance in France. Jean Moulin was parachuted in France on January 1, 1942. He used money to develop the underground press and bring more people together to resist. Moulin was arrested by the Gestapo on June 21, 1943 and died on July 8, 1943 while being tortured. Today he is remembered as a war hero for his work on uniting the different groups of resistance throughout France and amplifying its effects on the war. He wrote a letter to his mom and sister before dying(See Appendix D). Role of resistance in D-day and liberation of France Before Operation Overlord (or D-day)13, the Allies of France encouraged the French Resistance to increase their acts of sabotage. The goal was to set up the way to Paris for the imminent landing on Normandy beaches (See Appendix E) even though the French Resistance didn’t know about it.
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