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Master's Thesis 2009:106 MASTER'S THESIS Design a Nano-Satellite for Observation of Transient Lunar Phenomena(TLP) Bao Han Luleå University of Technology Master Thesis, Continuation Courses Space Science and Technology Department of Space Science, Kiruna 2009:106 - ISSN: 1653-0187 - ISRN: LTU-PB-EX--09/106--SE Design a Nano-Satellite for Observation of Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLP) SpaceMaster Thesis I Students: Bao Han Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hakan Kayal Date of Submission: 24 Sep 2009 II DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person or material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of other degree or diploma of university or other institute of high learning, except due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Würzburg, the 20th, September, 2009 _______________________ (Bao Han) III ACKNOWLEGMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. First I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Hakan Kayal for providing me the possibility to do a very interesting and changeling master thesis by contributing to the Nano-Satellite project and his stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis. This thesis work allowed me to have a good insight in the Nano-satellite project while gaining many satellite system design experience in many fields. I have furthermore to thank the Prof. Klaus Schilling, the chair of the computer science VII department, who encouraged me to go ahead with my thesis. Also, I thank Dr. Victoria Barabash from Luleå University of Technology for supervising the thesis remotely and assisting me. Especially in satellite system design I would always count on much support from the side of Jian Ma as well as the whole team of S2ANSat team and also the other people of computer science department. Many thanks go to Dr. Lei Ma who was giving me a lot of help in both academic and daily life in Würzburg. He was not only my teacher in Würzburg but also our elder brother in my life. In general I also want to say big ‗thank you‘ to my friends in Würzburg. Especially I am obliged to my friends Meng Zhou, Yu‘ang Yang and Jin Yu. You gave me support and motivation during the whole time. At last I am thankful to my parents who gave me the opportunity to study in Germany and supporting me in many ways in my life. IV Abstract For more than two centuries terrestrial observers have recorded a number of events which have been grouped under the title of Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLP). TLPs are basically apparent short term and regional changes on the moon surface, although different types exist. The possible causes of these phenomena have always been subject to considerable debate. On the other hand, with respect to planned expeditions and permanently manned bases to the Moon, and as a prerequisite to extended human presence into our solar system, it is important to gather the information on TLP, do the evaluation and give the explanations on the courses of these yet unexplained space phenomena. In this project, a dedicated and low cost TLP observation satellite which consist a constellation with two satellites to attain the sustained time coverage was proposed. The paper describes the motivation, objectives, key requirements and the mission concept for the autonomous detection and observation of the Transient Lunar Phenomenon (TLP). The focus of the design was put on the payload and the most important subsystem interacting with it. Furthermore, the paper shows it is feasible to observe the TLP by using a Nano-satellite. V Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 DEFINITION OF MASTER THESIS ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 CONTRIBUTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF THESIS....................................................................................... 2 2. TRANSIENT LUNAR PHENOMENON (TLP) ................................................................................. 3 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF TLP ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 HYPOTHESES FOR EXPLAINING TLP EVENTS ....................................................................................... 4 2.3 OBSERVATION FOR LOCALIZATION AND RECORDING TLP .................................................................. 5 2.3.1 Past Lunar Observation Programs ............................................................................................ 5 2.3.2 Currently Active Programs ........................................................................................................ 6 2.3.3 Future Programs ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 DEFICITS OF EARTH BASED MOON OBSERVATION ................................................................................ 6 3. MISSION OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 MISSION OBJECTIVES AND SCIENCE OBJECTIVES .............................................................................. 10 3.1.1 Mission Objectives ................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Science Objectives ................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 MISSION SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 MISSION DRIVING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................... 14 3.4 MISSION DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 15 3.4.1 Mission Orbit Design ............................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2 Orbit Eclipse Analysis ............................................................................................................. 16 3.4.3 Mission Operation Consideration ........................................................................................... 17 3.5 MISSION ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................... 18 3.6 LUNCH VEHICLE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 19 3.6.1 Candidate Launch Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 20 3.6.2 Launcher Accommodation and Mechanical Interface ............................................................. 21 3.7 MISSION TIMELINE ............................................................................................................................ 21 3.7.1 Mission Phases ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.7.2 LEOP Tentative Mission Timeline ........................................................................................... 22 3.8 MISSION OPERATIONS AND DATA FLOW ............................................................................................ 23 3.8.1 Space & Ground Data system .................................................................................................. 23 i 4. SPACE SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1 System Functional Block Diagram .......................................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Hardware Block Diagram ....................................................................................................... 26 4.2 SYSTEM BUDGET ............................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Space System Mass Budget ...................................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Space System power Budget .................................................................................................... 30 4.2.3 System Link Budget .................................................................................................................. 31 4.3 SCIENTIFIC PAYLOAD INSTRUMENT ................................................................................................... 33 4.3.1 Design Requirements ............................................................................................................... 33 4.3.2 Optics and Sensors .................................................................................................................. 35 4.3.3 Payload Data Handling (PDH) system ................................................................................... 39 4.4 ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AND CONTROL
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