DOCSLIB.ORG

The Hind Site and the Glacial Kame Burial Complex in Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Hind Site and the Glacial Kame Burial Complex in Ontario DONALDSON AND WORTNER THE HIND SITE ... 5 THE HIND SITE AND THE GLACIAL KAME BURIAL COMPLEX IN ONTARIO William S. Donaldson and Stanley Wortner The excavation of a comparatively large and well- Cunningham. He combined this with recent preserved group of Late/Transitional Archaic burials discoveries by others to produce a Glacial from the Big Bend Conservation Park, in southwestern Kame compendium. Much of this information, Ontario during the 1960s and 1970s produced a however, was still drawn from selectively wealth of new data on "Glacial Kame". The Hind site, recovered artifacts and eyewitness accounts by as well as a number of other similar burial sites in untrained individuals. Ontario, are described in detail for the first time and are While reports of similar interments in On- compared with known Late Archaic and Early tario have appeared in scientific journals since Woodland sites in the lower Great Lakes area. the turn of the century, until 1948 none of these discoveries were made under controlled condi- INTRODUCTION tions. In that year the Picton site, first reported by Wintemberg (1928:177), was excavated by The demand for sand and gravel during the rapid William A. Ritchie, at that time Curator of development of the American mid-west and southern Anthropology at the Rochester Museum of Arts Ontario in the nineteenth century brought about the and Sciences (Ritchie 1949). removal of numerous glacial kames and sand hills. By the late 1960s, quick action by non-pro- During the removal of these features, prehistoric burial fessional archaeologists in southwestern sites were often uncovered and destroyed by untrained Ontario had resulted in the partially controlled workers. Although verbal descriptions were usually excavation of several "Glacial Kame" burial sketchy and the recovery of the grave assemblages often sites (Coppieters and Bosveld 1964; Donaldson selective, archaeologists were able to classify many of 1966; Coppieters 1967), but the real break- these burials within known cultural and temporal through came in 1968. In the spring of that year sequences. Nevertheless, a considerable number of two Ontario Archaeological Society members, these burial sites defied all efforts to relate them to Edith Smith and Stanley Wortner, learned that recognized prehistoric groups. a local farmer had unearthed a human skull In 1897, Warren K. Moorehead, Curator of while operating an anhydrous ammonia appli- Archaeology for the Ohio Archaeological Society, cator and had later dug into and refilled a proposed the theory that a distinctive early culture nearby red ochre burial. Investigating, they (which he called "Glacial Kame" because many were discovered fragments of calcined and un- found in these geological features) was responsible for burned human bone, copper beads, a galena these enigmatic interments (Moorehead 1897). It was nodule, bits of green clay and red-stained sand not until the publication of Wilbur M. Cunningham's on the surface of a large sand knoll overlooking (1948) study of such burials, primarily in Michigan, Ohio the Thames River. This knoll measured some and Indiana, that any serious effort was directed to 75 metres southwest to northeast and 50 testing this idea. The next major advance was made by metres northwest to southeast. Because of the Robert N. Con-verse (1980), who incorporated rolling terrain and a general slope to the considerable information in the Ohio Historical Society's southeast, its height could only be roughly files that was either unavailable or unknown to estimated as 4.5 metres. Subsequent con- trolled excavations, under the direction of the writers, revealed 23 burial features containing nine cremation deposits (representing a mini- mum of 15 individuals), 22 primary inhumations and a wealth of associated artifacts (Donald-son 1973; Wortner 1972). 6 ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY No. 59, 1995 In this report we give a detailed description of 2.16), a similar site setting prevailed at the time it our findings on this burial location, now known was in use. as the Hind site, as well as all the information Work on this site commenced in May of 1968 and we could gather on other so-called "Glacial terminated in November, 1977. During this period 86 Kame" burial sites in southern Ontario (Figure five-foot (1.75 m) units were opened on the sand 1). We also provide the results of the various knoll where Mr. Hind had unearthed the human specialist analyses carried out on the recovered skull and red ochre burial, and 83 of these were material, compare these findings with those excavated to sterile subsoil (Figure 2). Our method pertaining to other related sites reported from of excavating these units was to remove the plow Ontario and adjacent areas, and offer some zone with trowel and brush, screen all removed soil tentative conclusions. through a 1/4 inch (6 mm) mesh, and plot all items recovered. Grave shafts and other large features THE HIND SITE (AdHk-1) encountered beneath the plow zone were excavated as a unit, often in quadrants to obtain accurate Background Information and Excavation plans and profiles. The soil within the grave shafts was screened through a 2 mm mesh. All material This site (named after Mr. Herman Hind, who within the grave shafts was plotted with reference was crop-leasing that portion of the property to the unit datum stake and an extensive from the Lower Thames Valley Conservation photographic record was maintained throughout. Authority at the time of its discovery) is located Where warranted; soil and radiocarbon dating sam- on the north half of Lot 13, Range 3, Mosa ples were taken and complex features were removed Township, Middlesex County, and is just within intact for exposure in the laboratory. The soil from the entrance to the Big Bend Conservation the latter was passed through a 1 mm mesh. Park, approximately 4.8 kilometres southeast of Specialists were consulted to identify and verify our Wardsville, Ontario (Figure 1, inset). It is situ- findings. ated on a high sandy knoll overlooking a series Although the sandy soil of this site was ideal for of similar but smaller knolls within the park. trowelling and exposing complex features, it tended Noted on the plowed surface of several of these to shear and slump when dry. More-over, when smaller knolls were fragments of burned and devoid of groundcover, it was subject to severe wind unburned human bone, worked chert and erosion. Such erosion removed over 10 cm of the animal bone, Late Woodland potsherds and plow zone near the top of the knoll during the winter fragments of freshwater mollusc shell. The of 1968-1969. To avoid these problems, and to surface soil survey map for Middlesex County, ensure accurate plotting of the subtle colour and prepared by the Department of Chemistry, textural changes encountered in the features, we Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, in 1930, initially used portable water sprays during indicates the soil of these knolls is "Fox sand". excavation. This procedure required great care to This soil is a calcareous, shallow water, glacio- avoid contaminating soil and radiocarbon samples, lacustrine deposit, formed when the early and our final solution to this problem was to glacial lakes covered this area prior to 12,000 suspend all operations from about mid-May to mid- years ago. This soil's well-drained, high calcium September each year, spread oat straw over the carbonate content is probably responsible for knoll, and plant cedar trees in the excavated units at the excellent state of preservation of the the end of each season's work. Since the crop yield osteological material recovered during our on this knoll was not worth the effort of cultivating it, excavation. Mr. Hind was quite agreeable to this procedure. The Early historic land survey records indicate Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority that this site was within the Carolinian biotic provided the cedar trees. zone, specifically in a stand of basswood and maple trees within a predominately beech/ Features and Burials maple forest (Findlay 1978c). Since there have been no major geological or botanical changes Burial 1 (Figures 2, 3a) was the grave dug by for the last 4,500 years in this area (McAndrews et al. 1987:Plate 4) it is reasonable to suggest that, though slightly milder and less humid (Karrow and Warner 1990:34, Figure DONALDSON AND WORTNER THE HIND SITE ... 7 8 ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY No. 59, 1995 Figure 2. Plan Of Hind Site Excavation, Showing Location Of Burial Features And Disturbances DONALDSON AND WORTNER THE HIND SITE ... 9 Mr. Hind. Only the area of the feet remained excessive or premature ossification and arthri- undisturbed. These were at the western edge of the red tis. A bracelet of over 60 poorly preserved Type ochre-stained shaft, immediately above a large lump of 1 copper beads (Figure 7) was draped over her green clay. The remain-der of the burial, that of a right wrist. Many of these beads, which ranged female, 20 to 25 years of age, with stress-induced from 3.5 to 6 mm in length, 3 to 7 mm in spondylolysis of the lumbar vertebrae (Varney 1994:2), diameter and 1.6 to 2.2 mm across the was too disturbed to discern the original placement of stringing hole, were fused together by the body or grave goods. corrosion. Discovered beneath the right wrist On the surface and scattered throughout the and hand bones was an oval-shaped deposit of disturbed grave shaft were three long, thin cylindrical powdered red ochre. The ochre deposit, hand copper beads (Figure 5a), 44 short, thick cylindrical bones and bracelet were removed as a unit copper beads (Figure 5c), and several nodules of green and exposed with dental tools in the clay.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Limits to the Regulation of the Ottawa River 2019 Spring Flood Overview
    Ottawa River Commission de planification Regulation de la régularisation Planning Board de la rivière des Outaouais Limits to the Regulation of the Ottawa River 2019 Spring Flood Overview Ottawa River Regulation Secretariat Michael Sarich Manon Lalonde Ottawa River Watershed SPRING FLOODS VARY 1950-2018: Maximum daily flow at Carillon dam varied between 3,635 and 9,094 m3/s In 2019: Maximum daily flow on April 30th 9,217 m3/s The Water Cycle Natural Variability 2010 2017 2019 PETAWAWA RIVER 700 650 600 2019 Peak 46% higher than previous 550 historic peak of 1985 500 (Measurements from 1915 to 2019) 450 Note: Flows are within the green zone 50% of the time 400 350 300 250 DISCHARGE DISCHARGE (m³/s) 200 150 100 50 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC What about Flow Regulation? 13 Large Reservoirs Reservoirs: large bodies of water that are used to: Release water during winter Retain water in the spring Flow regulation Increase flows during winter Reduce flows during spring 1983 Agreement Integrated management The 1983 Canada-Ontario Quebec Agreement established: . Ottawa River Regulation Planning Board . Ottawa River Regulating Committee . Ottawa River Regulation Secretariat Main role : to ensure that the flow from the principal reservoirs of the Ottawa River Basin are managed on an integrated basis : minimize impacts – floods & droughts Secondary role : to ensure hydrological forecasts are made available to the public and government agencies for preparation of flood related messages How is the Planning Board structured?
    [Show full text]
  • University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates Xii H
    [Ru)Ioc!RBo1, Vol.. 10, 1968, P. 61-114] UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN RADIOCARBON DATES XII H. R. CRANE and JAMES B. GRIFFIN The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The following is a list of dates obtained since the compilation of List XI in December 1965. The method is essentially the same as de- scribed in that list. Two C02-CS2 Geiger counter systems were used. Equipment and counting techniques have been described elsewhere (Crane, 1961). Dates and estimates of error in this list follow the practice recommended by the International Radiocarbon Dating Conferences of 1962 and 1965, in that (a) dates are computed on the basis of the Libby half-life, 5570 yr, (b) A.D. 1950 is used as the zero of the age scale, and (c) the errors quoted are the standard deviations obtained from the numbers of counts only. In previous Michigan date lists up to and in- cluding VII, we have quoted errors at least twice as great as the statisti- cal errors of counting, to take account of other errors in the over-all process. If the reader wishes to obtain a standard deviation figure which will allow ample room for the many sources of error in the dating process, we suggest doubling the figures that are given in this list. We wish to acknowledge the help of Patricia Dahlstrom in pre- paring chemical samples and David M. Griffin and Linda B. Halsey in preparing the descriptions. I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 9240 ± 1000 M-1291. Hosterman's Pit, Pennsylvania 7290 B.C. Charcoal from Hosterman's Pit (40° 53' 34" N Lat, 77° 26' 22" W Long), Centre Co., Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250
    The Ohio Naturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Volume VIII. JANUARY. 1908. No. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SCHEPFEL—An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250 AN ESKER GROUP SOUTH OF DAYTON, OHIO.1 EARL R. SCHEFFEL Contents. Introduction. General Discussion of Eskers. Preliminary Description of Region. Bearing on Archaeology. Topographic Relations. Theories of Origin. Detailed Description of Eskers. Kame Area to the West of Eskers. Studies. Proximity of Eskers. Altitude of These Deposits. Height of Eskers. Composition of Eskers. Reticulation. Rock Weathering. Knolls. Crest-Lines. Economic Importance. Area to the East. Conclusion and Summary. Introduction. This paper has for its object the discussion of an esker group2 south of Dayton, Ohio;3 which group constitutes a part of the first or outer moraine of the Miami Lobe of the Late Wisconsin ice where it forms the east bluff of the Great Miami River south of Dayton.4 1. Given before the Ohio Academy of Science, Nov. 30, 1907, at Oxford, O., repre- senting work performed under the direction of Professor Frank Carney as partial requirement for the Master's Degree. 2. F: G. Clapp, Jour, of Geol., Vol. XII, (1904), pp. 203-210. 3. The writer's attention was first called to the group the past year under the name "Morainic Ridges," by Professor W. B. Werthner, of Steele High School, located in the city mentioned. Professor Werthner stated that Professor August P. Foerste of the same school and himself had spent some time together in the study of this region, but that the field was still clear for inves- tigation and publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Trip F the PINNACLE HILLS and the MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A
    F-1 Trip F THE PINNACLE HILLS AND THE MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A. Sanders Department of Geosciences Monroe Community College INTRODUCTION The Pinnacle Hills, fortunately, were voluminously described with many excellent photographs by Fairchild, (1923). In 1973 the Range still stands as a conspicuous east-west ridge extending from the town of Brighton, at about Hillside Avenue, four miles to the Genesee River at the University of Rochester campus, referred to as Oak Hill. But, for over thirty years the Range was butchered for sand and gravel, which was both a crime and blessing from the geological point of view (plates I-VI). First, it destroyed the original land form shapes which were subsequently covered with man-made structures drawing the shade on its original beauty. Secondly, it allowed study of its structure by a man with a brilliantly analytical mind, Herman L. Fair­ child. It is an excellent example of morainal deposition at an ice front in a state of dynamic equilibrium, except for minor fluctuations. The Mendon Kame area on the other hand, represents the result of a block of stagnant ice, probably detached and draped over drumlins and drumloidal hills, melting away with tunnels, crevasses, and per­ foration deposits spilling or squirting their included debris over a more or less square area leaving topographically high kames and esker F-2 segments with many kettles and a large central area of impounded drainage. There appears to be several wave-cut levels at around the + 700 1 Lake Dana level, (Fairchild, 1923). The author in no way pretends to be a Pleistocene expert, but an attempt is made to give a few possible interpretations of the many diverse forms found in the Mendon Kames area.
    [Show full text]
  • Eemian Interglacial Deposits at Haćki Near Bielsk Podlaski: Implications for the Limit of the Last Glaciation in Northeastern Poland
    Geological Quarterly, 2002, 46 (1): 75-80 Eemian Interglacial deposits at Haćki near Bielsk Podlaski: implications for the limit of the last glaciation in northeastern Poland Stanisław BRUD and Mirosława KUPRYJANOWICZ Brud S. and Kupryjanowicz M. (2002) — Eemian Interglacial deposits at Haćki near Bielsk Podlaski: implications forthe limit of the last glaciation in northeastern Poland. Geol. Quart., 46 (1): 75-80. Warszawa. Pollen analysis was conducted on organic deposits on a kame ridge at Haćki in northeastern Poland. The deposits are referred to the Eemian Interglacial. Slope sediments only covered these Biogenic deposits. The glacigenic landforms therefore relate to the Wartanian Glaciation, and so this area has not been occupied By an ice sheet of the Vistulian Glaciation. Stanisław Brud, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2A, PL-30-063 Kraków, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]; Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Department o f Botany, Institute o f Biology, University o f Białystok, Świerkowa 20b, PL-15-950 Białystok, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] (received: November 3, 2000; accepted: February 26, 2001). Key words: NE Poland, Wartanian Glaciation, Eemian Interglacial, Vistulian, kames, pollen analysis. INTRODUCTION (Mojski, 1969) (Fig. 2). This deglaciation consisted of gradual reduction in ice sheet thickness, its dismembering into individ­ ual dead ice blocks, and their further melting. The most com­ mon landforms occurring north of Bielsk Podlaski are kames Numerous sites with biogenic deposits have Been found (Mojski and Nowicki, 1961). They rise from a few to aBout a during geological mapping of the Bielsk Podlaski sheet De­ dozen metres above melt-out depressions, marking an accumu­ tailed Geological Map of Poland, 1:50 000 scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Processes and Landforms-Transport and Deposition
    Glacial Processes and Landforms—Transport and Deposition☆ John Menziesa and Martin Rossb, aDepartment of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction 2 2 Towards deposition—Sediment transport 4 3 Sediment deposition 5 3.1 Landforms/bedforms directly attributable to active/passive ice activity 6 3.1.1 Drumlins 6 3.1.2 Flutes moraines and mega scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) 8 3.1.3 Ribbed (Rogen) moraines 10 3.1.4 Marginal moraines 11 3.2 Landforms/bedforms indirectly attributable to active/passive ice activity 12 3.2.1 Esker systems and meltwater corridors 12 3.2.2 Kames and kame terraces 15 3.2.3 Outwash fans and deltas 15 3.2.4 Till deltas/tongues and grounding lines 15 Future perspectives 16 References 16 Glossary De Geer moraine Named after Swedish geologist G.J. De Geer (1858–1943), these moraines are low amplitude ridges that developed subaqueously by a combination of sediment deposition and squeezing and pushing of sediment along the grounding-line of a water-terminating ice margin. They typically occur as a series of closely-spaced ridges presumably recording annual retreat-push cycles under limited sediment supply. Equifinality A term used to convey the fact that many landforms or bedforms, although of different origins and with differing sediment contents, may end up looking remarkably similar in the final form. Equilibrium line It is the altitude on an ice mass that marks the point below which all previous year’s snow has melted.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape and Astronomy in Megalithic Portugal: the Carregal Do Sal Nucleus and Star Mountain Range Fabio Silva*
    PIA Volume 22 (2012), 99-114 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.405 Landscape and Astronomy in Megalithic Portugal: the Carregal do Sal Nucleus and Star Mountain Range Fabio Silva* Central Portugal, delimited by the Douro river to the north and the Mondego to the south, is the second densest region of megalithic monuments in the country. The Neolithic archaeological record indicates seasonal transhumance between higher pastures in the summer and lower grounds in the winter. The monuments are found in lower ground and it has been suggested that they were built during the winter occupation of their surroundings. The astronomi- cal orientation of their entrances lends further support to this hypothesis. A recent survey of the orientation of the chambers and corridors of these dolmens, conducted by the author, found good agreement with prior surveys, but also demonstrated that other interpretations are possible. This paper presents an update on the survey, including extra sites surveyed in the spring of 2011, as well as the GIS confirmation of all horizon altitudes that couldn’t be empirically measured. The megalithic nucleus of Carregal do Sal, on the Mondego valley, is then looked at in more detail. It is found that there is a preference for the orientation of dolmens towards Star Mountain Range in- line with the topographic arguments of landscape archaeology. In addition, it was found that the topography also marks the rise of particular red stars, Betelgeuse and Aldebaran, during the period of megalithic building, at the onset of spring marking the transition from low ground to the high pastures.
    [Show full text]
  • Native American Indians
    Native American Indians Local Camp Sites, Forts and Mounds Indian Trails Native American Indians Also see Maps Album - Maps of Native American Tribes, Trails, Camps Indian Trails in the Bedford - Walton Hills area Early Indian Trails and Villages in Pre-Pioneer Times Indian Trails Passing through our area Recorded Indian Sites in the Bedford - Walton Hills area Also see Album - Maps Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Lower Tinkers Creek Region - Also see Maps Album Tinkers Creek Valley Tinkers Creek from its Source to its Mouth, in 3 sections/pages The Many Fingers of Tinkers Creek in our area Tinkers Creek and its Tributaries 1961 map of Proposed Lake Shawnee, map 1 1961 map of Proposed Lake Shawnee, map 2 - Also see Maps Album Tinkers Creek Valley 1923-1933 Scenic and Historic Tinkers Creek Valley Map of Tinkers Creek Valley Legend and Map of Tinkers Creek Valley Legend and Map of Deerlick Creek Valley 1989 - Bedford Reservation and Cuyahoga Valley National Park areas within Walton Hills Boundaries - Also see Maps Album Special Areas of the Tinkers Creek Valley, Bedford Reservation 1923-1933 Topography and Elevations Streams Woodlands Trails and Lanes Early Residents - homes, bams Legend and Map - Places of Interest Also see Native American items on exhibit at Walton Hills Historical Resource Center, Community Room, Walton Hills Village Hall, corner of Walton and Alexander Roads, Walton Hills, Ohio CHAPTER 4 INDIAN SITES For many years, from mid Spring through Autumn, bands of woodland Indians camped in the western half of Walton Hills. Their summer campsites were near major Indian trails for east-west and north-south travel.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain-Derived Versus Shelf-Based Glaciations on the Western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2
    Mountain-derived versus shelf-based glaciations on the western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2 1 Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, GeoCenter II, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden 2 Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Keywords Abstract Siberian geology; glacial inception; glacial history. The early Russian researchers working in central Siberia seem to have preferred scenarios in which glaciations, in accordance with the classical gla- Correspondence ciological concept, originated in the mountains. However, during the last 30 C. Hjort, Quaternary Sciences, Lund years or so the interest in the glacial history of the region has concentrated on University, GeoCenter II, Sölvegatan 12, ice sheets spreading from the Kara Sea shelf. There, they could have originated SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. E-mail: from ice caps formed on areas that, for eustatic reasons, became dry land [email protected] during global glacial maximum periods, or from grounded ice shelves. Such ice doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00068.x sheets have been shown to repeatedly inundate much of the Taymyr Peninsula from the north-west. However, work on westernmost Taymyr has now also documented glaciations coming from inland. On at least two occasions, with the latest one dated to the Saale glaciation (marine isotope stage 6 [MIS 6]), warm-based, bedrock-sculpturing glaciers originating in the Byrranga Moun- tains, and in the hills west of the range, expanded westwards, and at least once did such glaciers, after moving 50–60 km or more over the present land areas, cross today’s Kara Sea coastline.
    [Show full text]
  • Detroit Heritage River Nomination Report
    Nomination of the Detroit River Submission Requirements This document sets out the criteria of the Canadian Heritage Rivers Board (CHRS) for the nomination of the Detroit River as a Heritage River within the Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS). The CHRS is the vehicle by which the nominating agency identifies the heritage significance of a river and justifies its inclusion in the CHRS. The purpose of this format is to act as a guide to nominating agencies and to provide consistency in the nomination process. CHRS provides an opportunity for the recognition and conservation of rivers deemed to be of outstanding Canadian heritage value. This value is obtained when it has been determined that a river is an outstanding representative of or unique in a province or territory. By the inclusion of such rivers in a single coast-to-coast system, they become representative of Canada’s river heritage as a whole, thus reflecting a “Canadian value”. 1 Nomination of the Detroit River Canadian Heritage Rivers System The Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS) has been established by the federal, provincial and territorial governments to recognize outstanding rivers of Canada and ensuring management which will protect these rivers and enhance their significant heritage values for the long term benefit and enjoyment of Canadians. To qualify for the Canadian Heritage Rivers System, a river or section of a river must be of outstanding significance in one or more areas: natural heritage, human heritage, or recreational values. The nominated section should be large enough to encompass these values and provide the user with an appreciation of the river’s resources, as well as an enjoyable recreational experience.
    [Show full text]
  • National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan Will Provide Even Greater Opportunities for Canadians to Understand and Celebrate Our National Heritage
    PROUDLY BRINGING YOU CANADA AT ITS BEST National Historic Sites of Canada S YSTEM P LAN Parks Parcs Canada Canada 2 6 5 Identification of images on the front cover photo montage: 1 1. Lower Fort Garry 4 2. Inuksuk 3. Portia White 3 4. John McCrae 5. Jeanne Mance 6. Old Town Lunenburg © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, (2000) ISBN: 0-662-29189-1 Cat: R64-234/2000E Cette publication est aussi disponible en français www.parkscanada.pch.gc.ca National Historic Sites of Canada S YSTEM P LAN Foreword Canadians take great pride in the people, places and events that shape our history and identify our country. We are inspired by the bravery of our soldiers at Normandy and moved by the words of John McCrae’s "In Flanders Fields." We are amazed at the vision of Louis-Joseph Papineau and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. We are enchanted by the paintings of Emily Carr and the writings of Lucy Maud Montgomery. We look back in awe at the wisdom of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George-Étienne Cartier. We are moved to tears of joy by the humour of Stephen Leacock and tears of gratitude for the courage of Tecumseh. We hold in high regard the determination of Emily Murphy and Rev. Josiah Henson to overcome obstacles which stood in the way of their dreams. We give thanks for the work of the Victorian Order of Nurses and those who organ- ized the Underground Railroad. We think of those who suffered and died at Grosse Île in the dream of reaching a new home.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Studies in Constance Bay, Ontario and Pointe Gatineau, Quebec
    ICLR Quick Response Program Final Report Case Studies in Constance Bay, Ontario and Pointe Gatineau, Quebec By: Brent Doberstein, Shaieree Cottar, Brittney Wong, Michelle Anagnostou, and Shawna Hamilton 2021 Government -sponsored home buyout programs and post-flood decisions to retreat: Case studies in Constance Bay, Ontario and Pointe Gatineau, Quebec ICLR Quick Response Program Final Report Authors: Brent Doberstein1, Shaieree Cottar1, Brittney Wong1, Michelle Anagnostou1, and Shawna Hamilton1 Cover: Flooded commercial building, Pointe Gatineau, Quebec: May 2019. Photograph by Brent Doberstein Photographs: all photos taken by Doberstein, B. 2019. Publication Date: 2021 1 University of Waterloo, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Management Acknowledgments This research was funded under the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction’s Quick Response Program. We are grateful for ICLR’s support as the research would not have otherwise been possible. 2 CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 Research Questions and Methods ....................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Research Methods ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]