DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Communications Commission FCC 16-59

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Federal Communications Commission FCC 16-59 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Applications of ) ) Charter Communications, Inc., ) MB Docket No. 15-149 Time Warner Cable Inc., and ) Advance/Newhouse Partnership ) ) For Consent to Assign or Transfer Control of ) Licenses and Authorizations ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Adopted: May 5, 2016 Released: May 10, 2016 By the Commission: Commissioner Clyburn approving in part, concurring in part, and issuing a separate statement; Commissioner O’Rielly approving in part, concurring in part, dissenting in part and issuing a separate statement; Commissioner Pai dissenting and issuing a separate statement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. EXECUTIVE SUMMMARY ................................................................................................................ 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRANSACTION ........................................................................................ 13 A. Description of the Parties ............................................................................................................... 13 B. The Proposed Transaction .............................................................................................................. 18 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND PUBLIC INTEREST FRAMEWORK .......................................... 26 IV. COMPLIANCE WITH COMMUNICATIONS ACT AND FCC RULES AND POLICIES .............. 31 V. POTENTIAL PUBLIC INTEREST HARMS ...................................................................................... 34 A. Applicants’ Incentives to Harm OVD Competition ....................................................................... 34 B. Use of Residential BIAS Retail Terms to Harm Video Competition ............................................ 48 1. Relevant Markets ..................................................................................................................... 50 2. Unilateral Effects ..................................................................................................................... 68 a. Data Caps and Usage-Based Pricing ................................................................................. 74 b. Standalone BIAS Pricing .................................................................................................. 87 C. Increased Concentration in Interconnection Services .................................................................... 93 1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 94 a. The Internet Interconnection Ecosystem .......................................................................... 94 b. The Applicants’ Interconnection Operations .................................................................. 101 2. Relevant Markets ................................................................................................................... 104 3. Increased Interconnection Costs ............................................................................................ 108 a. BIAS Subscriber Shares .................................................................................................. 110 b. Increased Bargaining Power within the Interconnection Market .................................... 113 c. Higher Interconnection Fees ........................................................................................... 118 4. Specific Harms to OVDs ....................................................................................................... 122 5. Conditions ............................................................................................................................. 131 a. Mandatory Interconnection ............................................................................................. 132 Federal Communications Commission FCC 16-59 b. Interconnection Disclosure ............................................................................................. 135 c. Open Internet Order Related Commitments ................................................................... 137 D. Competition in Video Distribution .............................................................................................. 140 1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 141 2. Relevant Markets ................................................................................................................... 146 3. Potential Effects .................................................................................................................... 154 E. Competitors’ Access to Programming ......................................................................................... 160 1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 161 2. Program Access ..................................................................................................................... 165 3. RSNs and Other Sports Programming ................................................................................... 166 4. Other Programming ............................................................................................................... 176 a. Program Access Attribution Rules.................................................................................. 177 b. Attributable Programming .............................................................................................. 179 c. Incentive and Ability to Foreclose or Raise Prices of Affiliated Programming ............. 188 F. Access to Online Content ............................................................................................................. 206 G. Other Potential Public Interest Harms and Issues Raised in the Record ...................................... 224 1. Fewer Regulatory Benchmarks ............................................................................................. 224 2. Increased Coordination in the BIAS Market among BIAS Providers ................................... 228 3. Cable Modems ....................................................................................................................... 237 4. Set-Top Boxes and Other Video Navigation Devices ........................................................... 248 5. Supply, Quality, and Diversity of Video Programming ........................................................ 264 a. Carriage Decisions for Diverse, Independent Programmers ........................................... 265 b. Creation of New Programming and Quality in the Video Programming Market ........... 276 (i) Video Programming Market ..................................................................................... 276 (ii) Latino Video Programming Market ......................................................................... 280 c. PEG Channels ................................................................................................................. 289 6. Competitors’ Higher Prices for Programming ...................................................................... 298 7. Local Broadband Competition .............................................................................................. 301 8. New Charter’s Debt ............................................................................................................... 305 9. NAB and Entravision Petitions ............................................................................................. 313 VI. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL BENEFITS ........................................................................................ 315 A. Analytical Framework ................................................................................................................. 316 B. Reduced Programming Acquisition Costs ................................................................................... 321 C. Conversion of Time Warner Cable and Bright House to All-Digital Service, and Related Increased Residential Broadband Speeds and Improved Video Services .................................... 347 1. Conversion to an All-Digital Network .................................................................................. 348 2. Residential BIAS Speed Upgrades ........................................................................................ 356 3. Improved Video Benefits ...................................................................................................... 362 D. Uniform Broadband Pricing and Marketing ................................................................................ 364 E. Increased Competition to Serve Commercial Customers ............................................................ 373 F. Network Buildout to Residential Customers ............................................................................... 382 G. Expanded Deployment of WiFi Access Points ............................................................................ 390 H. Deployment of a Mobile Video Application ................................................................................ 396 I. Video Device and User Interface Innovation ............................................................................... 400 J. Generalized Claims Related to Reduced Barriers to Innovation ................................................
Recommended publications
  • Cincinnati Bell-Hawaiian Telcom Merger Receives Hawaii PUC

    Cincinnati Bell-Hawaiian Telcom Merger Receives Hawaii PUC

    Cincinnati Bell-Hawaiian Telcom Merger Receives Hawaiʻi PUC Approval CINCINNATI and HONOLULU, May 4, 2018 – Cincinnati Bell Inc. (NYSE: CBB) (the “Company”) announced that it has received unanimous approval from the Hawaiʻi Public Utilities Commission (“PUC” or the “Commission”) with respect to its pending acquisition of Honolulu-based Hawaiian Telcom (NASDAQ: HCOM), the leading integrated communications provider serving Hawaiʻi and the state’s fiber-centric technology leader. In approving the merger, the Commission concludes that net benefits will result from the transaction. “We greatly appreciate the support of the Hawaiʻi PUC and are pleased that the Commission has acknowledged that our combination with Hawaiian Telcom is expected to bring benefits to Hawaiʻi consumers as we continue to invest in next-generation fiber,” said Leigh Fox, President and Chief Executive Officer of Cincinnati Bell. “This marks a key milestone as we work to create a stronger communications and technology company that builds upon the complementary strengths of Cincinnati Bell and Hawaiian Telcom, allowing us to deliver more competitive products and services to customers.” The combination, previously announced on July 10, 2017, will accelerate Cincinnati Bell’s overarching strategy to create a diversified and balanced revenue mix by expanding the Company’s high-speed, high- bandwidth fiber optic network while building a complementary IT solutions and cloud services business. By leveraging Hawaiian Telcom’s local knowledge and continuing to invest in its deep fiber infrastructure, the combined company will be well-positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for strategic fiber offerings. Hawaiʻi PUC approval satisfies one of the conditions for the closing of the transaction.
  • Hawaiian Telcom Terms of Service for Residential Customers

    Hawaiian Telcom Terms of Service for Residential Customers

    Hawaiian Telcom Terms of Service & Acceptable Use Policy Hawaiian Telcom Terms of Service and Acceptable Use Policy For Residential Customers WELCOME TO HAWAIIAN TELCOM. THESE TERMS OF SERVICE AND ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS (“TERMS OF SERVICE”) CONTAIN IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS REGARDING YOUR USE OF HAWAIIAN TELCOM'S HIGH SPEED INTERNET ACCESS SERVICES AND YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH HAWAIIAN TELCOM AND ITS THIRD PARTY SUPPLIERS. READ THESE TERMS OF SERVICE CAREFULLY AS THEY CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING YOUR RIGHTS AS WELL AS THOSE OF HAWAIIAN TELCOM. 1. These Terms of Service are entered into by and between the subscriber ("you", "your", or "Subscriber") and Hawaiian Telcom Services Company, Inc. or its affiliate providers of this Agreement ("Hawaiian Telcom", "us" or "we"). Any terms or conditions included on any Service Quotation(s) ("Quotation"), Work Order, Service Agreement, point-of-sale purchase receipt, E-SIGN recording of a non-written contract, Promotional Offer Terms and Conditions, Broadband Policy, Acceptable Use Policy (attached as Appendix A), or Privacy Policy are incorporated into and made a part of these Terms of Service, which collectively form the Agreement between you and Hawaiian Telcom (the “Agreement”). The Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions under which you agree to use the Service (defined below), and under which Hawaiian Telcom agrees to provide the Service to you. By accessing and using the Service, you represent and agree that you have read, understand, and consent to be bound by the Agreement. If you do not consent to be bound by the Agreement, you must not use the Service or register as a subscriber of the Service, and must promptly call the Hawaiian Telcom customer service at (808) 643-3456 or (877)482-2211 to cancel the Service.
  • Plugable USB 2.0 OTG Micro-B to 10/100 Fast Ethernet Adapter (ASIX AX88772A Chipset) Compatiblity List

    Plugable USB 2.0 OTG Micro-B to 10/100 Fast Ethernet Adapter (ASIX AX88772A Chipset) Compatiblity List

    Plugable USB 2.0 OTG Micro-B to 10/100 Fast Ethernet Adapter (ASIX AX88772A chipset) Compatiblity List Maker Model reported/tested Driver Notes version Support Android Tablet/Phone Alldaymall EU-A10T 5.1 Yes Reported by customer Amazon Kindle Fire HD 8.9 No Amazon Kindle Fire 7, 7th Gen Yes reported by customer Am Pumpkin Radium 2 No Reported by customer ASUS Memo Pad 8 AST21 Yes Reported by customer ASUS Memo Pad 7 572CL 4.4.2 Yes Reported by customer ASUS Memo Pad 7 LTE 5.1.1 Yes Reported by customer ASUS MeMO Pad 7 ME176C2 4.4.2 No Reported by customer ASUS MeMO Pad HD 7 ME173X 4.4.1 No Reported by customer ASUS 7" K013 4.4.2 No Reported by customer ASUS 10.1" K010 4.4 Yes Reported by customer ASUS ZenPad 10 (Z300C/P023) 5.0.2 Yes Reported by customer ASUS ZenPad 8.0 Yes Reported by customer ASUS ZenPad 7.0（Z370KL) 6.0.1 Yes Reported by customer ASUS ZenFone 2 551ML No * Reported by customer, only for browsing worked ΛzICHI ADP-722A 4.4.2 Yes Reported by customer BQ Aquaris U 7.1.1 Yes Reported by customer BQ Aquaris X5 Plus 7.0 Yes Reported by customer BQ Aquaris X Pro 7.1.1 Yes Reported by customer Covia Fleas Pop 5.1 No Reported by customer Cubot Cubot H1 5.1 No Reported by customer Datawind 3G7 4.2.2 Yes Reported by customer Digital2 D2-912_BK 9-Inch Tablet Yes Reported by customer Fujitsu ARROWS Tab F-02F 4.4.2 No Reported by customer Google Chromecast Yes Reported by customer, by using OTG Y cable Google Nexus Player 5.x Yes Reported by customer Google Nexus Player 6.0.1 Yes Please apply the latest Android updates *** Google
  • KEEP AMERICANS CONNECTED PLEDGE 185 Providers Have Now Agreed to Take Specific Steps to Promote Connectivity for Americans During the Coronavirus Pandemic

    KEEP AMERICANS CONNECTED PLEDGE 185 Providers Have Now Agreed to Take Specific Steps to Promote Connectivity for Americans During the Coronavirus Pandemic

    Media Contact: Tina Pelkey, (202) 418-0536 [email protected] For Immediate Release 116 MORE BROADBAND AND TELEPHONE SERVICE PROVIDERS TAKE CHAIRMAN PAI’S KEEP AMERICANS CONNECTED PLEDGE 185 Providers Have Now Agreed to Take Specific Steps to Promote Connectivity for Americans During the Coronavirus Pandemic WASHINGTON, March 16, 2020—Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai announced today that 116 more broadband and telephone service providers have taken his Keep Americans Connected Pledge. Chairman Pai launched the Keep Americans Connected Pledge on Friday with 69 broadband and telephone providers across the country agreeing to take specific steps to help Americans stay connected for the next 60 days. This afternoon’s announcement means that 185 companies in total have now taken the Pledge. “It’s critical that Americans stay connected throughout the coronavirus pandemic so that they can remain in touch with loved ones, telework, engage in remote learning, participate in telehealth, and maintain the social distancing that is so important to combatting the spread of the virus,” said Chairman Pai. “The Keep Americans Connected Pledge is a critical step toward accomplishing that goal, and I thank each one of these additional companies that have made commitments to ensure that Americans can remain connected as a result of these exceptional circumstances.” New pledge-takers include Advanced Communications Technology, Agri-Valley Communications, Alaska Communications, Appalachian Wireless, ATMC, Ben Lomand Connect, BEVCOMM, Blackfoot
  • Not for Immediate Release

    Not for Immediate Release

    Contact: Name Dan Gaydou Email [email protected] Phone 616-222-5818 DIGITAL NEWS AND INFORMATION COMPANY, MLIVE MEDIA GROUP ANNOUNCED TODAY New Company to Serve Communities Across Michigan with Innovative Digital and Print Media Products. Key Support Services to be provided by Advance Central Services Michigan. Grand Rapids, Michigan – Nov. 2, 2011 – Two new companies – MLive Media Group and Advance Central Services Michigan – will take over the operations of Booth Newspapers and MLive.com, it was announced today by Dan Gaydou, president of MLive Media Group. The Michigan-based entities, which will begin operating on February 2, 2012, will serve the changing news and information needs of communities across Michigan. MLive Media Group will be a digital-first media company that encompasses all content, sales and marketing operations for its digital and print properties in Michigan, including all current newspapers (The Grand Rapids Press, The Muskegon Chronicle, The Jackson Citizen Patriot, The Flint Journal, The Bay City Times, The Saginaw News, Kalamazoo Gazette, AnnArbor.com, Advance Weeklies) and the MLive.com and AnnArbor.com web sites. “The news and advertising landscape is changing fast, but we are well-positioned to use our talented team and our long record of journalistic excellence to create a dynamic, competitive, digitally oriented news operation,” Gaydou said. “We will be highly responsive to the changing needs of our audiences, and deliver effective options for our advertisers and business partners. We are excited about our future and confident this new company will allow us to provide superior news coverage to our readers – online, on their phone or tablet, and in print.
  • The Magnificent Seven: American Telephony's Deregulatory Shootout, 50 Hastings L.J

    The Magnificent Seven: American Telephony's Deregulatory Shootout, 50 Hastings L.J

    Hastings Law Journal Volume 50 | Issue 6 Article 5 1-1999 The aM gnificent Seven: American Telephony's Deregulatory Shootout Jim Chen Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jim Chen, The Magnificent Seven: American Telephony's Deregulatory Shootout, 50 Hastings L.J. 1503 (1999). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol50/iss6/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. The Magnificent Seven: American Telephony's Deregulatory Shootout by JIM CHEN* Table of Contents I. High N oon .................................................................................. 1504 II. The Gunslingers, Then and Now ...................... 1506 A. The Opening Round ........................................................... 1507 B. The Magnificent Seven ...................................................... 1511 (1) POTS and PANS, Hedgehogs and Foxes ................... 1511 (2) Lord Low Everything Else ................. 1513 III. The Legal Mothers of Merger Mania ...................................... 1514 A. Statutory Starters .............. ............ 1515 (1) Section 251 and Allied Provisions ............................... 1516 (2) Section 271: BOC Entry into InterLATA Carriage .1519 * Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research
  • Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Telecommunications and Energy Cable Television Division

    Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Telecommunications and Energy Cable Television Division

    COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ENERGY CABLE TELEVISION DIVISION MediaOne of Massachusetts, Inc., MediaOne Group, Inc., and AT&T Corp., Appellants, v. CTV 99-2 Board of Selectmen of the Town of North Andover, Appellee. OPPOSITION OF TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER TO MOTION FOR EXPEDITED PROCESSING OF APPEAL The Town of North Andover ("North Andover") opposes the motion of MediaOne of Massachusetts, Inc, MediaOne Group, Inc., and AT&T Corp. (collectively, “Appellants”) to expedite the hearing or processing of this matter. For the reasons set forth below, the Massachusetts Department of Telecommunication and Energy, Cable Television Division (the "Division"), should deny the Appellants’ motion to expedite this proceeding and should schedule this matter for a full evidentiary hearing, giving appropriate consideration to the complex legal and factual matters at issue in the case. I. Introduction North Andover has moved that the Division consolidate any and all hearings with respect to the review of decisions by North Andover (CTV 99-2), Cambridge (CTV 99-4), Quincy (CTV 99-3) and Somerville (CTV 99-5) to deny or to conditionally approve the transfer of cable licenses from MediaOne Group, Inc. ("MediaOne") to AT&T Corp. ("AT&T") pursuant to M.G.L. c. 166A §7 and applicable regulations. Each of the decisions has as a common requirement that AT&T provide open or nondiscriminatory access to cable broadband for Internet and on-line services. The open access requirement, which preserves consumer choice and preserves competition among Internet and on-line service providers, should be reviewed by the Division in a consolidated evidentiary hearing that will allow for a complete and efficient presentation of this critical public policy question.
  • On the Path to the Digital Beloved Community: a Civil Rights Agenda for the Technological Age

    On the Path to the Digital Beloved Community: a Civil Rights Agenda for the Technological Age

    ON THE PATH TO THE DIGITAL BELOVED COMMUNITY: A Civil Rights Agenda for the Technological Age January 2012 ON THE PATH TO THE DIGITAL BELOVED COMMUNITY: A Civil Rights Agenda for the Technological Age By Joycelyn James, Esq., Latoya Livingston, Esq., Marcella Gadson, Dorrissa Griffin, Esq., Gavin Logan, Esq. & Innis Buggs Foreword By Henry Rivera, Esq., Chair Emeritus Minority Media and Telecommunications Council Minority Media and Telecommunications Council Washington, D.C. January 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword.................................................................................................................................................iii I Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................1 II. The Evolution of the “Beloved Community” through Dr. King’s Vision.............................................3 A. How Media and Technology Were Used During the Civil Rights Movement to Work Toward Dr. King’s Vision.....................................................................4 III. A Vision of the Future: What is the Digital Beloved Community? ....................................................6 A. Digital Beloved Community Means Genuine Digital Equal Opportunity: The Civil Rights Issue of the 21st Century............................................................................7 IV. A Roadmap to the Beloved Community: What Will It Take to Get Us There?...............................10 A. Access and Deployment......................................................................................................10
  • Colossus Record High Definition Video to Your PC!

    Colossus Record High Definition Video to Your PC!

    Colossus Record High Definition video to your PC! Record your Xbox®360 and PlayStation®3 video game play in HD. Share your best games with your friends*! Record TV programs in HD from cable & satellite set top boxes using high quality H.264 Burn your HD recordings to Blu-ray compatible DVD discs Technical Specifications System Requirements • Hardware encoder: • PC with 3.0 GHz single core or 2.0 GHz multi-core processor (or – H.264 AVCHD high definition video encoder faster) – Multi-channel audio (2 or 5.1 channel audio) from optical • Microsoft® Windows® 7 (32 or 64-bit), Windows Vista or audio or HDMI input, or two channel stereo audio Windows XP Service Pack 3 – Recording datarate: • 512 MB RAM (1 GB recommended) from 1 to 20 Mbits/sec • Graphics card with 256 MB memory – Recording formats: • Sound card AVCHD (.TS and .M2TS) and .MP4 • 220 MB free hard disk space Resolution up to 1080i from component (YCrCb and YPrPb) • CD-ROM drive (for Software installation) and HDMI video The video input format determines the recorded format. For Bundled software applications example, 1080i input records at 1080i, 720p records at 720p, • Arcsoft TotalMediaExtreme: for video capture, preview, playback, etc. Hauppauge’s WinTV v7 application, to schedule the recording of • Input/output connections your TV and other video programs. – HDMI input, from non-encrypted HDMI sources such as the • ArcSoft ShowBiz, with these features: Xbox 360 and D-SLR cameras – Video capture for recording video game play Note: Colossus will not record video from HDMI sources with – Authoring, trimming and burning your video recordings onto a HDCP copy protection.
  • UNIVERSAL BROADBAND ADOPTION: How to Get There, and Why America Needs It

    UNIVERSAL BROADBAND ADOPTION: How to Get There, and Why America Needs It

    UNIVERSAL BROADBAND ADOPTION: How To Get There, And Why America Needs It Universal Broadband Adoption: How to Get There, And Why America Needs It TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................9 PART ONE – THE DIGITAL IMPERATIVE: CLOSING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE.....................................................11 Chapter 1 – The Importance of Broadband to Minorities............................................................12 Why Connecting the Unconnected to Broadband Helps Everyone on the Network.............................12 How People of Color Use Broadband.............................................................................................13 8 Reasons to Adopt Broadband Now..............................................................................................14 Minorities Embrace Internet Access in the Palm of their Hands.....................................................16 How to Sustain Innovation in the Wireless Sector...........................................................................17 Further Evidence of a Looming Spectrum Crisis.............................................................................18 Chapter 2 – Minorities and The Digital Divide.............................................................................19 Why Broadband is the Top Civil Rights Issue of the 21st Century...................................................19 Why the Unconnected are Second-Class
  • Advisor Bulletin May 18/05/2020 Current Global Economic Outlook

    Advisor Bulletin May 18/05/2020 Current Global Economic Outlook

    Advisor Bulletin May 18/05/2020 Current Global Economic Outlook ➢ A global recession is possible. ➢ Stock markets have factored in a recession. ➢ Economies will likely improve from here. ➢ As countries start to re- open businesses, this should help to re start economies. We are moving past the crisis ➢ The Bloomberg U.S. Financial Conditions Index tracks the overall level of financial stress in the U.S. money, bond, and equity markets to help assess the availability and cost of credit. ➢ S&P 500 tends to follow the Index higher. ➢ Financial conditions in the U.S., as measured by Bloomberg, show that the brief risk of a liquidity- driven crisis has been almost totally recovered. Federal Reserve is ready to act. Powell pointed to uncertainty over how well future outbreaks of the virus can be controlled and how quickly a vaccine or therapy can be developed, and said policymakers needed to be ready to address “a range” of possible outcomes. “It will take some time to get back to where we were,” Powell said in a webcast interview with Adam Posen, the director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. “There is a sense, growing sense I think, that the recovery may come more slowly than we would like. But it will come, and that may mean that it’s necessary for us to do more.” For a central banker who spent part of his career as a deficit hawk and has tried to avoid giving advice to elected officials, the remarks marked an extraordinary nod to the risks the U.S.
  • The Rise of Talk Radio and Its Impact on Politics and Public Policy

    The Rise of Talk Radio and Its Impact on Politics and Public Policy

    Mount Rushmore: The Rise of Talk Radio and Its Impact on Politics and Public Policy Brian Asher Rosenwald Wynnewood, PA Master of Arts, University of Virginia, 2009 Bachelor of Arts, University of Pennsylvania, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Virginia August, 2015 !1 © Copyright 2015 by Brian Asher Rosenwald All Rights Reserved August 2015 !2 Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to the many people without whom this project would not have been possible. First, a huge thank you to the more than two hundred and twenty five people from the radio and political worlds who graciously took time from their busy schedules to answer my questions. Some of them put up with repeated follow ups and nagging emails as I tried to develop an understanding of the business and its political implications. They allowed me to keep most things on the record, and provided me with an understanding that simply would not have been possible without their participation. When I began this project, I never imagined that I would interview anywhere near this many people, but now, almost five years later, I cannot imagine the project without the information gleaned from these invaluable interviews. I have been fortunate enough to receive fellowships from the Fox Leadership Program at the University of Pennsylvania and the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia, which made it far easier to complete this dissertation. I am grateful to be a part of the Fox family, both because of the great work that the program does, but also because of the terrific people who work at Fox.