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Kurunegala, Sri Lanka 1 WASPA Asia Project Report Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation for Poverty Alleviation Background Report: Kurunegala, Sri Lanka Rashika Nishshanka, Shyamalie de Silva, Alexandra Clemett, Priyanka Dissanayake, Priyantha Jayakody and Palitha Jayaweera 2006 International WaterManagement Institute Table of Contents 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 2 Administrative Units and Level of Project Interventions................................... 3 Administrative Units of Sri Lanka ...................................................................................... 3 Project Interventions and Locations.................................................................................. 5 3 Physical Characteristics...................................................................................... 7 Climate and Geography....................................................................................................... 8 Water resources................................................................................................................... 9 4 People................................................................................................................. 11 Population, Diversity and Gender .................................................................................... 11 Education Levels................................................................................................................ 12 Labour Force, Livelihoods and Income........................................................................... 12 Mean household income ............................................................................................ 13 Poverty Levels.................................................................................................................... 14 5 Water Supply and Sanitation............................................................................. 15 Sanitation Facilities ........................................................................................................... 15 Water Supply Facilities...................................................................................................... 17 6 Wastewater and Water Quality.......................................................................... 19 Introduction: Issues in Sri Lanka ..................................................................................... 19 Legislation and Institutions .............................................................................................. 19 Wastewater Issues in Kurunegala.................................................................................... 20 Proposed sewerage treatment plant .......................................................................... 25 7 Agriculture.......................................................................................................... 26 Land Utilization .................................................................................................................. 26 Land Tenure and Legislation ............................................................................................ 27 Agriculture in the Project Area ......................................................................................... 28 i 8 Industry............................................................................................................... 30 References .................................................................................................................. 31 List of Annexes Annex I: List of Stakeholder meetings .............................................................................................. I Annex II: Long-term average monthly rainfall 1971-1998 ................................................................ I Annex III: Population, Annual Growth Rate between 1981 and 2001 and Population Density....... II Annex IV: Employed population of Sri Lanka by gender and sector, 2004 .................................... III Annex V: Households in occupied housing units by G.N. division and source of drinking water...IV Annex VI: National Environmental (Protection and Quality) Regulations No.1 Of 1990 ................V Annex VII: Proposed Ambient Water Quality Standards for Inland Waters Sri Lanka ..................VII Annex VIII: Registered industries within municipality area 2006.....................................................X List of Tables Table 2.1: Grama Niladhari Divisions in Kurunegla Municipal Area................................................ 6 Table 3.1: Land and water area of Sri Lanka, NWP and Kurunegala District ................................. 8 Table 3.2: Kurunegala District agro-ecological zones ..................................................................... 8 Table 4.1: Population, annual growth rate between 1981 and 2001 and population density........ 11 Table 4.2: Occupied housing units, households and occupants by GN division, 2001................. 12 Table 4.3: Economically active population aged 10 and over ....................................................... 13 Table 4.4: Mean monthly household income 2002........................................................................ 13 Table 4.5: Headcount Index from 1990 to 2001 ............................................................................ 14 Table 5.1: Access to improved sanitation and water sources in 2001 .......................................... 15 Table 5.2: Sanitary details within Kurunegala municipality area 2004 .......................................... 16 Table 5.3: Occupied households by source of drinking water....................................................... 18 Table 6.1: NWSDB feasibility study sampling points..................................................................... 21 Table 6.2: Surface water analysis of Beu Ela and wastes discharged into Beu Ela ..................... 22 Table 6.3: Number of cases of key water related diseases in Kurunegala ................................... 23 Table 6.4: Quality parameters of Wan Ela, Beu Ela and irrigation canal ...................................... 24 Table 6.5: Details of proposed service connections...................................................................... 25 Table 7.1: Extent of paddy by mode of irrigation, 2002/03 Maha.................................................. 26 Table 7.2: Land area under Wennaru Wewa irrigation scheme.................................................... 29 ii List of Figures Figure 2.1: Provinces and Districts in Sri Lanka.............................................................................. 4 Figure 2.2: Schematic of how the project area fits within the Municipality and Division ................. 6 Figure 3.1: Maps showing location of Kurunegala District and District Secretariat Division ........... 7 Figure 3.2: Long-term monthly average rainfall data for Kurunegala (1971-1998) ......................... 9 Figure 4.1: Employed population aged 10 years and over by industry, 2001 ............................... 14 Figure 5.1: Access to toilets in Kurunegala DS Division, 2001 ..................................................... 16 Figure 5.2: Sanitation facilities by type for different administrative levels in Sri Lanka................. 17 Figure 7.1: Distribution of crop area in Kurunegala District........................................................... 26 Figure 7.2: Histogram of the Kurunegala paddy farmers who are using wastewater.................... 29 Figure 8.1: Summary of industrial and commercial units in Kurunegala City................................ 30 iii Acronyms, Abbreviations and Technical Terms CEA Central Environmental Authority CPH Census of Population and Housing DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DAS Department of Agrarian Services DCS Department of Census and Statistics DOA Department of Agriculture DOI Department of Irrigation DS Divisional Secretariat ECL Engineering Consultants Limited EPL Environnemental Protection Licences FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FOs Farmer Organizations GDP Gross Domestic Product GN Grama Niladhari HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey MC Municipal Council MT Metric tonnes NWP North Western Province NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board PEA Provincial Environmental Authority PHA Provincial Health Authority RYPS Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils UDA Urban Development Authority UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USAEP United State Asia Environmental Partnership WASPA Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation for Poverty Alleviation WSDB Water Supply and Drainage Board Anicut Weir Chena Traditional slash and burn agriculture Ela Stream or drain Grama Niladhari Lowest level of government office Wewa Irrigation water tank (similar to a pond) iv 1 Introduction This report has been produced as part of the sharing”. They therefore operate at a Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation for number of levels, in which their role at the Poverty Alleviation in Asia (WASPA Asia) local level is essentially to bring together: project, funded by the European the various communities who produce or Commission under its Asia Pro Eco II use wastewater, such as farmers, urban Program. The objective of the project is to residents, industrialists and traders; those improve the livelihoods of urban and peri- who regulate or manage wastewater such urban farmers who are using wastewater in as the Municipal
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