POLAND Poland (Polish: Polska) Is a Parliamentary Republic in Central Europe. Poland Is a Unitary State Divided Into 16 Administ

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POLAND Poland (Polish: Polska) is a parliamentary republic in Central Europe. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administratve subdivisions covering an area of 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi)with a populaton of over 38.5 million people. The cites are mostly small or medium-sized. Some 43 cites have populatons of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Warsaw, the capital and Poland's largest metropolitan area, has a populaton of 1.7 million people. Warsaw The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans (Polanie) that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century. The origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole (feld). First Polish state was recognized in second half of Xth century when the Piast dynasty connected a few territories ruled by local Slavic tribes. In 966 Poland was baptzed, and in 1025 the frst king- Bolesław Chrobry – was enthroned. Tatra mountains The country lies almost entrely on the North European Plain and is a land of gentle relief, rarely rising above 350 feet except along the southern border with the Sudety and Carpathian mountain ranges. Rysy is the highest mountain peak - 2,499 meters above sea level. The longest rivers which cross the country north-ward are the Vistula (667 miles in length) in the centre, and the Odra (530 miles) which fows along Poland's western border. Poland borders 7 countries: Germany on the west, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the south, Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania on the east, and Russia on the north. Poland has a climate characterized by relatvely cold winters and warm summers. The average summer temperature ranges from 20 °C (68 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F). Winters are cold – the average ranges from 3 °C (37,4 °F) in the northwest to –8 °C (17,6 °F) in the northeast. Poland is in the Central European tme zone and is thus one hour ahead of standard GMT in the winter months and two hours ahead from April to October. Kraków In September 1939 Poland was atacked by joint German (1 IX) and Soviet (17 IX) forces. Untl 1945 the country was occupied. Over 6 000 000 people (half of them Polish Jews) perished. Polish troops fought against Germany on numerous fronts of World War II. In 1991, Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined the North Atlantc Treaty Organizaton (NATO) alliance in 1999 along with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. Poles then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003, with Poland becoming a full member on 1 May 2004. The overwhelming majority of Poles are Roman Catholic. Masurian Lake District .

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PS T5 Druk Cyfrowy Ksiega 1.Indb 122 23.02.2017 11:25 C 3
PS T5_druk cyfrowy_ksiega 1.indb 122 23.02.2017 11:25 C 3 From a tribe to a state The archaeology of the early Middle Ages in the interior area between the Odra and Bug rivers – the so-called “tribal period” 124 Abstract 125 1. Introduction 130 2. The natural environment 132 3. The landscape of settlement 148 4. The economic landscape 153 5. The symbolic landscape 162 6. Conclusion 164 Bibliography PS T5_druk cyfrowy_ksiega 1.indb 123 23.02.2017 11:25 C 3 F©Ó° ¬ Ñ©Ï¶ª ÑÓ ¬ ²Ñ¬Ñª Abstract The present chapter is devoted to presenting the complexity of research issues related to the communities which inhabited Polish territory during the so-called tribal period (between the 7th and the middle of the 10th century AD). Despite long years of study, the most elementary questions remain unan- swered – as a result of the scarcity of material traces of the said communities and due to the changing nature of scholarly interest or the lack of enthusiasm for studying subjects beyond so-called tribal geography. The introduction presents the currently available data which may be used in the reconstruction of the natural en- vironment in the area in question, emphasizing the impact it may have had on the stability and structure of settlements. The following subchapter focuses on the forms of architec- ture and the often discussed issue of the possibly seasonal nature of the structures. A separate subsection discusses defensive structures which began to appear at the end of the period under analysis. It also takes note of the structural S³¬´Ó°Ï© MÓ;Ö¯ÏÓ®× dierences between the strongholds erected in south-eastern and in north-western regions of Polish territory, emphasiz- ing the ongoing discussion regarding the function of these structures, which indubitably went beyond strictly defensive purposes.
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26 2017-2 -Marek-Jedraszewski-Chrzest-Polski.Pdf
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne 26 (2017) 2 abp Marek Jędraszewski Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań CHRZEST POLSkI1 Słowa kluczowe: Chrzest Polski, Mieszko I, państwo polskie, Kościół katolicki, chrześci- jaństwo, tożsamość narodowa 1. Pierwsze historyczne wzmianki na temat Polski. 2. Decyzja Mieszka I. 3. Następstwa Chrztu Polski. 4. Znaczenie jedności narodu, państwa i Kościoła 1. Pierwsze historyczne wzmianki na temat POLSkI W Roczniku kapitulnym krakowskim (dawnym), prowadzonym przy katedrze wawelskiej już od XI w., znajdujemy dwa niezwykle cenne zapisy, odnoszące się do samych początków państwa polskiego. Pierwszy z nich brzmi: DCCCCLXV [Nongenti sexaginta quinque] Dobrouka ad Meskonem venit – „965 Dąbrówka przybyła do Mieszka”. Natomiast drugi odnosi się do wydarzenia późniejszego o rok: DCCCCLVI [Nongenti sexaginta sex] Mesco dux Polonie baptizatur – „966 Mieszko książę Polski przyjmuje chrzest”2. W naszej polskiej historii znamy tylko jedną datę, która odnosi się do wyda- rzenia, jakie nastąpiło jeszcze wcześniej, tzn. przed 966 rokiem. Chodzi o 963 r., w którym książę Mieszko I dwukrotnie poniósł klęskę w bitwach z Wichmanem, saskim hrabią i banitą, stojącym na czele pogańskich Wieletów. W jednej z nich po- legł nieznany z imienia brat Mieszka. Dodać należy, że cztery lata później, w 967 r., Mieszko I już jako chrześcijański władca pokonał Wichmana. Jak podaje kronikarz Widukind z Korbei, śmiertelnie ranny Wichman oddał swój miecz księciu Polan, a ten, jako amicus imperatori – „przyjaciel cesarza”, przesłał go Ottonowi I Wielkie- mu, który wtedy przebywał w Rzymie. W dowód wdzięczności rok później Mieszko I uzyskał dla swego państwa biskupstwo. To niezmiernie znaczące wydarzenie odno- tował w swej kronice Thietmar, pisząc, że w 968 r. Polonia coepit habere episcopum – „Polska zaczęła posiadać biskupa”.
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Polish Katarzyna DZIUBALSKA-KOŁACZYK and 1 Bogdan WALCZAK ( )
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1. Historical Setting
Copyrighted Material 1. HISTORICAL SETTING 1.1. In search of roots. Human collectives have always strived to discover their origins. Held fast by linguistic, tribal, or religious bonds, societies are wont to test the strength of their union by examining its age and provenience. In this quest for a genealogy the Slavs find them- selves in a less fortunate position than many other members of the Indo-European family of languages. Speakers of Greek and the Romance languages have the satisfaction of being heir to the glorious traditions of ancient Greece and Rome. The Celtic and Germanic peoples know much about their past from what was written about them by classical authors and from their own tales and legends. The Slavs, by contrast, did not enter the records of history until the sixth century a.d. Their early fates are veiled by the silence of their neighbors, the mute- ness of their own oral tradition, and the ambiguity of such nonverbal sources of information as archaeology, anthropology, or paleobotany. Yet, the darkness of prehistory has not inhibited the Slavs in their search for roots. Schol- ars have fanned the few flickers of evidence hoping to illumine the past and reveal some heretofore hidden contours and shapes. How useful a search of this kind may be is best il- lustrated by the ingenious investigations of the Polish botanist Józef Rostafin¿ski. Having no- ticed that Slavic lacked a native term for beech (Fagus silvatica) and for several other plants, Rostafin¿ski assumed that there was a correlation between the easterly extension of the beech and the western limit of prehistoric Slavic settlements and concluded that the original home- land of the Slavs was located in the basin of the upper and middle Dnieper.1 Such insights, however, are few and far between.
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Perception of Common Sense of Slavic Community in Polish and Bohemian Medieval Chronicles
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The Methodian Mission on the Polish Lands Until the Dawn of 11Th Century
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The Cultivation of A
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View Sample Test Report
ABC Results At last, science can help you answer the compelling questions: Who am I? Where does my genetic path begin? DNA Testing Centers of Canada will uncover your ancestry, specifically the journey of your DNA which shaped who you are today. Learn about the distinct genetic communities that share your origins, the routes your DNA traveled, and why it settled in particular places. Your DNA reflects exciting events throughout evolutionary history! DNA Testing Centers of Canada unique algorithm, developed by Dr Eran Elhaik and his team at the University of Sheffield, identifies with unprecedented accuracy where and when the key parts of your genetic makeup were formed. Let's begin your journey... HUMAN ORIGINS : OUR SHARED HISTORY TO YOUR STORY The questions of who we are and where we come from have been asked for throughout our history. Once we explained our origins with mythology and folklore but now we utilize modern science to answer them. Genetics help us tell the story of our origins from the beginning, through the formation of the human gene pools and to the last 2000 years of history. The test results you have just received, along with the following information, will help you understand your personal story, from the shared history of all humans to your unique family story. From Sea to Land: Our Shared History Our origins lie far beyond the first appearance of humans, with an evolutionary story common to many forms of life on earth. About 360 million years ago fish-like creatures ventured out of the Devonian Sea and became the first reptiles.
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