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Chapter 3 (Aberrations)
Chapter 3 Aberrations 3.1 Introduction In Chap. 2 we discussed the image-forming characteristics of optical systems, but we limited our consideration to an infinitesimal thread- like region about the optical axis called the paraxial region. In this chapter we will consider, in general terms, the behavior of lenses with finite apertures and fields of view. It has been pointed out that well- corrected optical systems behave nearly according to the rules of paraxial imagery given in Chap. 2. This is another way of stating that a lens without aberrations forms an image of the size and in the loca- tion given by the equations for the paraxial or first-order region. We shall measure the aberrations by the amount by which rays miss the paraxial image point. It can be seen that aberrations may be determined by calculating the location of the paraxial image of an object point and then tracing a large number of rays (by the exact trigonometrical ray-tracing equa- tions of Chap. 10) to determine the amounts by which the rays depart from the paraxial image point. Stated this baldly, the mathematical determination of the aberrations of a lens which covered any reason- able field at a real aperture would seem a formidable task, involving an almost infinite amount of labor. However, by classifying the various types of image faults and by understanding the behavior of each type, the work of determining the aberrations of a lens system can be sim- plified greatly, since only a few rays need be traced to evaluate each aberration; thus the problem assumes more manageable proportions. -
Tele Vue's New Eyepiece Field Tested
EQUIPMENT REVIEW The Ethos offers an ultrawide field of view at high power. ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ BY STEPHEN JAMES O’MEARA Tele Vue’s new eyepiece field tested When I first heard about Tele Vue Optics’ 13mm Ethos eyepiece with its 100° apparent field of TELE VUE ETHos EYEPIECE Apparent field of view: 100° view, I didn’t realize its significance or potential. Not until Focal length: 13mm I placed the eyepiece in my 5-inch Tele Vue NP-127 f/5.2 Eye relief: 15mm Barrel size: 2" and 11⁄4" refractor did I discover that, like Alice, I had gone through Weight: 1.2 lbs. (545g) Accepts: Tele Vue DIOPTRX astigmatism the looking glass and entered a new world south. Orange Antares sat on the eastern corrector of visual wonder. And that’s what I’d like to edge of the field, while blue Sigma (σ) Scor- Price: $620 share with you: the awe and beauty of the pii shone equidistant to the northwest. Ethos experience. I found the view “as dif- All these objects stood out against a ferent as possible.” backdrop of milky starlight, scrubbed in also of NGC 6144, which was now trans- places by streaks of dim nebulosity. The formed into a distinct globe with irregular A celestial window view was worthy of an artist’s brush. starlit edges and a slightly condensed core. My observing experience began with the When I switched over to the Ethos, I The “wow” factor of observing these magnitude 5.6 globular cluster M4 in Scor- immediately became disoriented. Here was objects magnified in a wide field of view is pius. -
Tele Vue--102 Operating Guide.Pdf
Tele Vue®-102-102-102 Operating Guide 880mm f/8.6 2-ELEMENT APO REFRACTOR Thank you for purchasing the Tele Vue-102. This 4” aperture telescope has an 880mm focal length f/8.6 APO doublet diffraction-limited objective. WARNING: NEVER try to look at the sun or point the telescope toward or near the sun without professional solar observing equipment rigidly secured in front of the objective lens. When observing the sun with the proper filters, use only the Tele Vue “Sol-Searcher” (SSF-1006) for finding the Sun. Remove any other finding devices such as Starbeam from the telescope. Instant and permanent eye damage may result from viewing the sun directly, even during a solar eclipse, or when viewing through thin clouds, or when the sun is near the horizon. Standard features of the optical tube assembly (O.T.A.) include: sliding dew shield, screw-on cover, 2” focuser, and custom hard-shell case. The Complete Package also includes a 2” Everbrite diagonal, 2” to 1¼” adapter, Ring Mount, and Plössl eyepiece. Mounting - The Tele Vue Ring Mount permits mounting to the Tele Vue Gibraltar, heavy duty camera tripods or equatorial mounts using Tele Vue adapters (consult your Tele Vue dealer). You will receive the two ¼-20 studs, wing knobs, Allen wrench and complete mount assembly instructions with the mount. Finders - We particularly recommend using the Starbeam reflex sight (part# SFT-2003) to complement the 3o field of the telescope and attaches directly to the Ring Mount. The case has a cutout for the Starbeam. The Quick Release Universal Finder Bracket (QFM-1008) holds a traditional 50mm finderscope and also attaches to the mount ring channels. -
Evaluating and Selecting Astronomical Eyepieces Gary J
Observing Special Interest Group Session 5 – November 18, 2020 Hello everyone! It is almost time for another TAS Observing Special Interest Group (ObSIG) meeting, which will happen at 7:00 PM on Nov. 18th. I hope that all of you are well and have found time to do a lots of observing. This month we will start with a question and answer session. Please feel free to ask any question that has been holding you back from observing or would help you understand any technical issue that would help you observe better. Whaz up? What can you see tonight and the next few weeks? By Chaz Hafey What has the group been observing lately? I really hope that we have lots of people who have lots to share. Next, our guest speaker, Gary Carter, has a special presentation on eyepieces. The talk will cover how they developed, the way they are constructed, and what they can do and cannot do in a telescope. The presentation is in a pdf form so you can follow along. Second, there is a bonus spreadsheet of all the eyepieces currently on the market at this time. After the meeting a link to tooth the Power Point and spreadsheet will be posted on our TAS/ ObSIG web page. I would advise that you look over this presentation before Wednesday, if you have time, because there is a lot of very good information to take in here and it is going to come at you pretty fast. Best Regards Lloyd Lashbrook Texas Astronomical Society of Dallas 6001 Frontier Ln. -
Delos 14 Pkg.Pdf
WARRANTY REGISTRATION FORM We sincerely thank you for your purchase and wish you years of pleasure using it! Tele Vue Warranty Summary Eyepieces, Barlows, Powermates, & Paracorr have a “Lifetime Limited” warranty, telescopes & acces- sories are warranted for 5 years. Electronic parts are warranted for 1 year. Warranty is against defects in material or workmanship. No other warranty is expressed or implied. No returns without prior authoriza- tion. Lifetime Limited Warranty details online: http://bit.ly/TVOPTLIFE 5-Year/1-Year Warranty details online: http://bit.ly/TVOPTLIMITED Keep For Your Records Dealer: ________________________________ City/State/Country: ______________________ Date (day/month/yr): ______/______/________ 14.0 Delos (EDL-14.0) Please fill out, cut out, and mail form below within ® 2-weeks of product purchase. Please include copy of sales receipt that has your name, the Tele Vue 32 Elkay Drive dealer name, and product name. Chester, NY 10918-3001 Cut out mailing address at left, tape to envelope, insert form & sales receipt in envelope and apply U.S.A. sufficient postage to envelope. 14.0 Delos (EDL-14.0) How did you learn about this product? c Dealer c Friend c Tele Vue Blog c CloudyNights.com c TeleVue.com ______________________________________ c Social Media/Magazine/Other(s): Name Last First ______________________________________ Street Address What made you decide to buy this and your com- ments after using the product? ______________________________________ City State/Province ______________________________________ Postal Country Code Email*: _________________________________ Purchase Information Phone: _________________________________ Dealer: ________________________________ Astro Club: ____________________________ City/State/Country: ______________________ *c Check to receive email blog / newsletter Date (day/month/yr): ______/______/________ DELOS EYEPIECE INSTRUCTIONS Thank you for purchasing a Tele Vue Delos eyepiece. -
Representation of Wavefront Aberrations
Slide 1 4th Wavefront Congress - San Francisco - February 2003 Representation of Wavefront Aberrations Larry N. Thibos School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 [email protected] http://research.opt.indiana.edu/Library/wavefronts/index.htm The goal of this tutorial is to provide a brief introduction to how the optical imperfections of a human eye are represented by wavefront aberration maps and how these maps may be interpreted in a clinical context. Slide 2 Lecture outline • What is an aberration map? – Ray errors – Optical path length errors – Wavefront errors • How are aberration maps displayed? – Ray deviations – Optical path differences – Wavefront shape • How are aberrations classified? – Zernike expansion • How is the magnitude of an aberration specified? – Wavefront variance – Equivalent defocus – Retinal image quality • How are the derivatives of the aberration map interpreted? My lecture is organized around the following 5 questions. •First, What is an aberration map? Because the aberration map is such a fundamental description of the eye’ optical properties, I’m going to describe it from three different, but complementary, viewpoints: first as misdirected rays of light, second as unequal optical distances between object and image, and third as misshapen optical wavefronts. •Second, how are aberration maps displayed? The answer to that question depends on whether the aberrations are described in terms of rays or wavefronts. •Third, how are aberrations classified? Several methods are available for classifying aberrations. I will describe for you the most popular method, called Zernike analysis. lFourth, how is the magnitude of an aberration specified? I will describe three simple measures of the aberration map that are useful for quantifying the magnitude of optical error in a person’s eye. -
Tele Vue-76 Operating Guide
Tele Vue® -76 Operating Guide 480mm f/6.3 2-ELEMENT APO REFRACTOR Thank you for purchasing the Tele Vue-76. We hope it brings great enjoyment to your observing ex- perience. The wonderfully versatile hand-built 3” aperture telescope features a diffraction limited, 480mm focal length, f/6.3 APO doublet objective which delivers razor sharp images sure to please you for years to come and wherever you observing interests lead you. WARNING: NEVER try to look at the sun or point the telescope toward or near the sun without professional solar observing equipment rigidly secured in front of the objective lens. When observing the sun with the proper filters, use only the Tele Vue “Sol-Searcher” (SSF-1006) for finding the Sun. Remove any other finding devices such as Starbeam from the telescope. Instant and permanent eye damage may result from viewing the sun directly, even during a solar eclipse, or when viewing through thin clouds, or when the sun is near the horizon. Standard features of the optical tube assembly (O.T.A.) include: sliding dew shield, screw-on cover, 2” rack and pinion focuser with 10:1 reduction, and custom padded carrying bag. Accessories TV-76 Accessory Package - includes a 2” Everbrite diagonal, 2” to 1¼” adapter, Ring Mount, Telescope Balance Adapter, and DeLite eyepiece. Mounting - The optional Tele Vue Ring Mount (available separately or in the package) permits mounting to the Tele Vue Gibraltar, Panoramic, and Tele-Pod mounts, or heavy duty camera tripods. You will receive the two ¼-20 studs, wing knobs, Allen wrench and complete mount assembly instructions with the mount. -
Wavefront Aberrations
11 Wavefront Aberrations Mirko Resan, Miroslav Vukosavljević and Milorad Milivojević Eye Clinic, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia 1. Introduction The eye is an optical system having several optical elements that focus light rays representing images onto the retina. Imperfections in the components and materials in the eye may cause light rays to deviate from the desired path. These deviations, referred to as optical or wavefront aberrations, result in blurred images and decreased visual performance (1). Wavefront aberrations are optical imperfections of the eye that prevent light from focusing perfectly on the retina, resulting in defects in the visual image. There are two kinds of aberrations: 1. Lower order aberrations (0, 1st and 2nd order) 2. Higher order aberrations (3rd, 4th, … order) Lower order aberrations are another way to describe refractive errors: myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, correctible with glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery. Lower order aberrations is a term used in wavefront technology to describe second-order Zernike polynomials. Second-order Zernike terms represent the conventional aberrations defocus (myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism). Lower order aberrations make up about 85 per cent of all aberrations in the eye. Higher order aberrations are optical imperfections which cannot be corrected by any reliable means of present technology. All eyes have at least some degree of higher order aberrations. These aberrations are now more recognized because technology has been developed to diagnose them properly. Wavefront aberrometer is actually used to diagnose and measure higher order aberrations. Higher order aberrations is a term used to describe Zernike aberrations above second-order. Third-order Zernike terms are coma and trefoil. -
Digital Light Field Photography
DIGITAL LIGHT FIELD PHOTOGRAPHY a dissertation submitted to the department of computer science and the committee on graduate studies of stanford university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy Ren Ng July © Copyright by Ren Ng All Rights Reserved ii IcertifythatIhavereadthisdissertationandthat,inmyopinion,itisfully adequateinscopeandqualityasadissertationforthedegreeofDoctorof Philosophy. Patrick Hanrahan Principal Adviser IcertifythatIhavereadthisdissertationandthat,inmyopinion,itisfully adequateinscopeandqualityasadissertationforthedegreeofDoctorof Philosophy. Marc Levoy IcertifythatIhavereadthisdissertationandthat,inmyopinion,itisfully adequateinscopeandqualityasadissertationforthedegreeofDoctorof Philosophy. Mark Horowitz Approved for the University Committee on Graduate Studies. iii iv Acknowledgments I feel tremendously lucky to have had the opportunity to work with Pat Hanrahan, Marc Levoy and Mark Horowitz on the ideas in this dissertation, and I would like to thank them for their support. Pat instilled in me a love for simulating the flow of light, agreed to take me on as a graduate student, and encouraged me to immerse myself in something I had a passion for.Icouldnothaveaskedforafinermentor.MarcLevoyistheonewhooriginallydrewme to computer graphics, has worked side by side with me at the optical bench, and is vigorously carrying these ideas to new frontiers in light field microscopy. Mark Horowitz inspired me to assemble my camera by sharing his love for dismantling old things and building new ones. I have never met a professor more generous with his time and experience. I am grateful to Brian Wandell and Dwight Nishimura for serving on my orals commit- tee. Dwight has been an unfailing source of encouragement during my time at Stanford. I would like to acknowledge the fine work of the other individuals who have contributed to this camera research. Mathieu Brédif worked closely with me in developing the simulation system, and he implemented the original lens correction software. -
Ethos 13 Pkg.Pdf
WARRANTY REGISTRATION FORM We sincerely thank you for your purchase and wish you years of pleasure using it! Tele Vue Warranty Summary Eyepieces, Barlows, Powermates, & Paracorr have a “Lifetime Limited” warranty, telescopes & acces- sories are warranted for 5 years. Electronic parts are warranted for 1 year. Warranty is against defects in material or workmanship. No other warranty is expressed or implied. No returns without prior authoriza- tion. Lifetime Limited Warranty details online: http://bit.ly/TVOPTLIFE 5-Year/1-Year Warranty details online: http://bit.ly/TVOPTLIMITED Keep For Your Records Dealer: ________________________________ City/State/Country: ______________________ Date (day/month/yr): ______/______/________ 13.0 Ethos (ETH-13.0) Please fill out, cut out, and mail form below within ® 2-weeks of product purchase. Please include copy of sales receipt that has your name, the Tele Vue 32 Elkay Drive dealer name, and product name. Chester, NY 10918-3001 Cut out mailing address at left, tape to envelope, insert form & sales receipt in envelope and apply U.S.A. sufficient postage to envelope. 13.0 Ethos (ETH-13.0) How did you learn about this product? c Dealer c Friend c Tele Vue Blog c CloudyNights.com c TeleVue.com ______________________________________ c Social Media/Magazine/Other(s): Name Last First ______________________________________ Street Address What made you decide to buy this and your com- ments after using the product? ______________________________________ City State/Province ______________________________________ Postal Country Code Email*: _________________________________ Purchase Information Phone: _________________________________ Dealer: ________________________________ Astro Club: ____________________________ City/State/Country: ______________________ *c Check to receive email blog / newsletter Date (day/month/yr): ______/______/________ Ethos 6, 8, 10, & 13mm 100° Eyepieces Thank you for purchasing this Ethos eyepiece. -
A Wide-Field Imager's Dream Scope
EQUIpmEnt REVIEW Tele Vue’s NP101is delivers ultra-sharp images. ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ BY JIM BURNELL A wide-field imager’s dream scope changing focus thanks to a four-point collar As CCD chips have grown in size, so built into the focuser’s drawtube. too have the demands they place on telescopes. In 2004, Tele More than a scope Vue Optics of Chester, New York, started work on a new The “is” series has a comprehensive set of design to address this demand. The Imaging System (“is”) imaging accessories. Among them is a set series provides a suitable image field for use with these chips. of camera adapters, a 0.8x focal reducer, and a single-element large-field corrector I participated in the development of the minimize vignetting (shadowing of the (needed only for the largest CCD chips). “is” series as a prototype-tester. During field that shows up as dark edges on Spacer rings go between the focal reducer evaluation, I imaged with each of the images) on a focal plane up to 2" (51.9mm) or large-field corrector and the scopes using several different CCD cam- across. Its focuser has an entrance aperture CCD chip to optimize eras. I took images of dense star fields from of 3" (76mm) and a full 2.4" (61mm) of performance. my observatory, which I scrutinized clear aperture throughout its length. intensely to assess the image quality. Mechani- cally, Tele Vue’s The “is” series new focuser Tele Vue’s “is” series consists of the TV-60is can support the (a 60mm f/6 APO doublet), the NP101is (a heaviest CCD 101mm f/5.4 four-element Nagler-Petzval), camera without the NP127is (a 127mm f/5.2 four-element flexing. -
(S15) Joseph A
Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw – Montana State University The Wave-Front Aberration Polynomial Ideal imaging systems perform point-to-point imaging. This requires that a spherical wave front expanding from each object point (o) is converted to a spherical wave front converging to a corresponding image point (o’). However, real optical systems produce an imperfect “aberrated” image. The aberrated wave front indicated by the solid red line below corresponds to rays near the axis focusing near point a and rays near the margin of the pupil focusing near point b. optical system o b a o’ W(x,y) = awf –rs entrance pupil exit pupil The “wave front aberration function” describes the optical path difference between the aberrated wave front and a spherical reference wave (typically measured in m or “waves”). W(x,y) = aberrated wave front – spherical reference wave front 1 Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw – Montana State University Coordinate System The unique rotationally invariant combinations of the exit-pupil and image-plane coordinates shown below are x2 + y2, x + yand All others are combinations of these. y x exit pupil image plane For rotationally symmetric optical systems, we can choose the “meridional” plane as our plane of symmetry so that we only need to consider rays that pass through the pupil in the plane. Then = 0 and our variables become the following … = 0 → x2 + y2, y We now convert to circular coordinates in the pupil plane and replace with to match Geary. y x2 + y2 → 2 = normalized exit-pupil radius y → cos = exit-pupil angle from meridional plane → = normalized height of ray intersection in image plane exit pupil image plane 2 Optical Design (S15) Joseph A.