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http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Kua Huri Taku Tira: The Rereahu Journey Towards Autonomy A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Māori and Pacific Development in Development Studies at The University of Waikato by Jenny Te Huamanuka Crown 2019 Pepeha Ko Pureora, Pirongia Titiraupenga, Tongariro, Taranaki ngā maunga Ko Tainui, Te Arawa, Aotea ngā waka Ko Waimiha, Waipā, Waikato, Waitara ngā awa Ko Rereahu, Ngāti Apakura, Ngāti Raukawa, Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Te Atiawa ngā iwi Ko Jenny Te Huamanuka Crown tāku ingoa He mihi tēnei ki a koutou katoa, tēnā koutou tēnā koutou tēnā tātou katoa. ii Kōrero Tairitenga – Poem Hurakia Tirohia atu rā e hoa mā, ngā maunga teitei Te Iringa o te tapu papanui o Tāne Kua ngaro i te Toki-parau a te Kiritea. Ka aroha hoki au, ki te iwi kua hīangahia e te hunga kua heke no ki te kōnuitanga o te motu e takoto nei. Pureora te maunga e tū tahanga ana, hei Tou whaka-āta kite ao tu. Whakamau te titiro ki Hurakia te ohākī a te Tini kua wehe atu ki te ao pōuri Kua raungaitihia e Te Rohe Pōtae te paepae o Rereahu Whakamaunga o Pipiri, Tauranga rua o Rēhua ki te ao nei. My friends look at those tall sacred hanging mountains The wide courtyard (forests) of Tāne – Gone, lost because of the enslaved axe of the White Man. I feel oh so sad for my people who have been misled by those who have shifted on into the wide country beyond. Pureora is the mountain now standing naked – a sight for the world to see. Gaze (look) at Hurakia the sacred epitaph of those who have descended into the world of darkness The Rohe Pōtae has enclosed the Paepae of Rereahu The pathway of Canopus, the second coming of Orion. (R. Pehikino, personal communication, May 29, 1986). iii He Whakarāpopoto - Abstract The establishment of the Native Land Court in Aotearoa New Zealand by the settler government caused much upheaval for tangata whenua. Traditional land tenure was interrupted by the colonised view of land ownership. Impetus to establish individual ownership of land was placed upon iwi and hapū Māori. This necessitated the iwi and hapū of the Rohe Pōtae to define their own individual boundaries within the autonomous region. Over one hundred years later, the New Zealand government were under pressure from the Māori community. Iwi and hapū were vociferous in their requirements. The returning of land and natural resources to Māori was of paramount importance. The implementation of the Māori Trust Board Act enabled iwi and hapū to establish governance entities which permitted access to government funding. These entities also provided a vehicle through which iwi could pursue cultural redress from the Crown. This was the only way forward – the way dictated by the Crown. Devolution was to become a reality and a sign of the decolonisation process at play. Such would allow Māori to re-establish autonomy which had been lost over a century prior. Destructive notions such as marginalisation, disenfranchisement and displacement would be reversed and Māori would regain control over their own cultural practices, cultural resources and future. Under the Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand this became a reality for some iwi and hapū. This thesis investigates the attempts made by the Rereahu iwi in securing such recognition. Interrogation into the many ways in which Rereahu has attempted to navigate the multiple political landscapes which still exist and continue to control iwi and hapū have been discussed. The study develops a theoretical framework of iv Māori wide concepts as applied through a Rereahu-centric lens. Thus, allowing for a balanced approach to the collection, collation and analysis of all evidence utilised in this thesis. Key findings bring to light the effects colonisation has had and continues to have on Rereahu autonomy. The ways in which Rereahu has been misrepresented, and how Rereahu has responded to threats of colonisation in the 21st century are apparent. This thesis contributes new knowledge to the realm of academia through the experiences of the iwi Rereahu; and offers indigenous discourse regarding resilience and resistance. The ongoing effects of colonisation being felt by the Rereahu iwi in this contemporary landscape are defined. It is an example of how the oppressed can easily become the oppressor. This thesis goes some way to highlighting the destructive nature of the Waitangi Tribunal process in regards to Rereahu. The knowledge presented in this thesis could be utilised by the Office of Treaty Settlements, education and health establishments, policy makers and the iwi of Rereahu in addressing and combating the negative effects created by the cycle of colonisation. v Ngā Mihi Whānui – Acknowledgements This literary composition is the culmination of multiple synergies. A thesis only made possible through collaborative means. My heartfelt gratitude must therefore be given to my whānau, marae, iwi and friends. Thank you for showing an interest, giving of your time and for all the words of support. An abundance of respect and gratitude must go to my two reverent matriarchs. Tāku whaea - my mum; the brave and tireless mahi you so selflessly and crucially committed to some three decades ago is ensconced in the fabric of our world. This thesis is an adage to the formidable foundations you prepared. I will be forever grateful for all that you have done and all that you continue to do. My Nana, who prefers subtlety over spectacle; your wisdom, patience, kindness and enduring hospitality were the essential elements to the elixir of enlightenment. Self-care is key. Aroha nui ki a kōrua. My whānau I express the utmost thanks for supporting me with your myriad of skills and energies. My Mr and Pop, you have been constant reminders of why this journey was so important and necessary. You are the next generation. I know you will be as brave, as intuitive and as humble as your tūpuna. Pahi, it still seems surreal that we have journeyed the master's pathway together. It has been a pleasure navigating with you. Sal, your passion, love, pride and desire of justice for our people gave me sustenance and grounding throughout this journey. Janet, your willingness to use your legal and academic expertise to help me will always be remembered. Hinga, you created such valuable sharing and learning opportunities vi for me. Glen, you created time to support and share your knowledge with me. Pat, the kindness you showed me, even through sickness was so humbling. Whaea Moenohotu, your passing came near the end of my writing journey. I will cherish how freely you shared with me. Moe mai rā e te whaea, hoki atu rā ki ō mātua tūpuna. Dad, so steeped you were in the ways of our tūpuna; your intelligence, knowledge and wisdom knew no bounds. With quiet unshakable fortitude and with mum astutely at your side, you reignited 'The Rereahu Journey Towards Autonomy' for the betterment of our people. This is my contribution as guided by your foresight, for our people passed, our people present and our people yet to come. Brother, you bravely traversed the path travelled by our Dad. You navigated the variables with pure intentions and thus your love for our people was prevalent in all you did. Ēnoka Murphy, what a privilege it has been. Your robust scholarly advice, guidance, questioning and grasp of both te reo Māori and Pākehā enabled me to develop as a researcher and writer. You allowed me the freedom to pursue what had already been predestined. I would also like to acknowledge Hinerangi and the organisers of Te Toi o Matariki writing retreats for openly sharing your expertise and assistance. Many thanks to Maraeroa C Incorporation, Tiroa E and Te Hape B Trusts', Tuaropaki Trust, Tūwharetoa Māori Trust Board, Raukawa Charitable Trust, Waikato Tainui, Paraninihi ki Waitōtara and The Ministry of Education Teach NZ whose financial support made this journey possible. Nei rā aku mihi aroha ki a koutou katoa. vii Rārangi Upoko - Table of Contents Pepeha ..................................................................................................................... ii Kōrero Tairitenga – Poem ...................................................................................... iii He Whakarāpopoto - Abstract ................................................................................ iv Ngā Mihi Whānui – Acknowledgements ............................................................... vi Rārangi Whakaahua - List of Figures .................................................................... xi Rārangi Ahanoa – List of Tables ........................................................................... xi He Kuputaka - Glossary ........................................................................................ xii Rārangi Kupu Whakapoto – List of Abbreviations..............................................

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